Materials and methods of construction

What is a Green Material?          This is a question, and cannot be separated from the question of how we can reduce the use of materials.  In a sense, they are two articulations of the same dilemma: how to understand, revalue and reorganize flows in the economy.

        A green material is one that simultaneously does the most with the least, fits most harmoniously within ecosystem processes, helps eliminate the use of other materials and energy, and contributes to the attainment of a service-based economy.

Green building uses construction practices and materials that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient from the design phase through to maintenance, and ideally to renovation and deconstruction as well.

BenefitsAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, green buildings use energy, water and other resources more efficiently; protect occupant health and improve employee productivity; and reduce waste, pollution and environmental degradation

What Is the Definition of Green Building?

 

Siting and structure design efficiencyThe foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

Energy efficiencyGreen buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and

install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy has assumed much greater importance – and may make up as much as 30% of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Studies such as the U.S. LCI Database Project show buildings built primarily with wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with brick, concrete or steel.To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.

reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer. [16]

Water efficiencyReducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and

Poperties of green building materials

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Materials efficiencyBuilding materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, insulating concrete forms, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) , etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects. Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in

their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximise benefits of off-site manufacture including minimising waste, maximising recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, better OHSmanagement, less

Cold and sunnyDegree College and Hill Council Complex, LehAirport and staff housing colony, KargilLEDeG Trainees’ Hostel, LehSarai for Tabo Gompa, Spiti

Climate zones of india

CompositePEDA office complex, ChandigarhBidani House, FaridabadCentre for Science and Environment (CSE), New DelhiTransport Corporation of India Ltd, GurgaonSOS Tibetan Children’s Village, Rajpur, DehradunRedevelopment of property at Civil Lines, DelhiIntegrated Rural Energy Programme Training Centre, DelhiTapasya Block (Phase 1), Sri Aurobindo Ashram, New DelhiWater and Land Management Institute, BhopalBaptist Church, ChandigarhSolar Energy Centre, Gual Pahari, GurgaonNational Media Centre Co-operative Housing Scheme, GurgaonITC Centre, GurgaonCII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, HyderabadGreen Leaf Hotel, Jasola

Warm and humidNisha’s Play School, GoaOffice building of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency, KolkataOffice-cum-laboratory for the West Bengal Pollution Control Board, KolkataSilent Valley, KalasaVikas Apartments, AurovilleLa Cuisine Solaire, AurovilleKindergarten School, AurovilleVisitors’ Centre, Auroville

Moderate/TemperateResidence for Mary Mathew, BangaloreTERI office building-cum-guest house, Bangalore

Hot and dryIndian Institute of Health Management Research, JaipurSangath – an architect’s studio, AhmedabadTorrent Research Centre, Ahmedabad Residence for Mahendra Patel, AhmedabadSolar passive hostel, Jodhpur

Places in india where we found green buildings (according to weather)

Bamboo

WoodWood is classified as a green building material. Wood costs very little to produce both in terms of money and environmental impact. Wood provides the frame for many houses all over the world. Once the building is constructed, the ready availability and low cost of wood allows for easy renovation. When the building has reached the end of its life, the wood within it can be recycled

Bamboo is a plant that is native to Asia, Australia and the Americas. Bamboo is used as a building material in many ways. It can be made into many different products, from wall insulation to floors. Bamboo has superior tensile strength, withstands compression very well and is environmentally sustainable. Bamboo grows faster than wood and is very lightweight

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CorkCork is mostly associated with the wine industry. However, cork also has a large place in the world of building supplies. Cork has anti-vibrational, anti-sound and unique thermal properties, with a long history as an insulating material. Cork is used in floors, walls and ceilings. Cork comes from a species of oak tree and is harvested once every nine years. Each tree produces hundreds of pounds of cork.

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Brief description of some green building materials

Go green

Brick

MATERIALS AND METHODS GREEN BUILDING NILAKASH DUTTA DATE- 18.10.2011 OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ROLL-001110201023 SHEET NO.-

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY-DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE