New Method for Environmental Performance Evaluation of … · New Method for Environmental...

New Method for Environmental Performance Evaluation of

Ro-Ro Passenger Ships

By Hans Otto Holmegaard Kristensen

Senior researcher, M.Sc.Technical University of Denmark

([email protected])

02/09/2011Trafikdage i Ålborg 20112 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Overview of presentation

1. Definition of a Ro Ro passenger ship and examples

2. The dilemma how to distribute the total emissions on the different types of cargo

3. State of the art in IMO/MEPC for Ro-Ro passenger ships

4. Presentation of the principles in the new evaluation method

5. Analysis result

6. Calculation example

7. Summary and conclusion


Ro – Ro passenger ship definition

A Ro-Ro passenger ship is a ship which:

1) Carries more than 12 passengers and which has

2) Ro-Ro spaces or special category spaces

which means that a Ro-Ro passenger ship transports:

1) Passengers (day and night facilities)2) Cars3) Busses4) Trucks and trailers5) Trains etc.


Danish ferry ‘Kalundborg’ 1931


Danish ferry ‘Prinsesse Anne Marie’ 1960


Danish ferry ‘Peder Paars’ 1985


Danish ferry ‘Mette Mols’ 1996


Day and night ferry ‘Pearl of Scandinavia’Copenhagen – Oslo route


Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI)

Total CO2 emissions

EEOI = _________________

Capacity x Speed

Capacity can be:

• Deadweight

• Payload

• Lanemeters

• Passengers

• Gross tonnage (GT)


Environmental performance (EPI)

Emissions

EPI = _________________

Cargo type x Speed

Cargo type can be:

• Truck (depending on length)

• Bus

• Van

• Car

• Passenger (unberhed)

• Passenger (berthed)



Emissions

EPI = _________________

Cargo type x Speed

• How can the emissions be allocated to the different types of cargo in correct way ?

• Ro-Ro passenger ships carry a mix of cargo (trucks, busses, cars, vans passengers etc.)

• The mix of cargo differs from trip to trip !



Basic assumption for new calculation method:

1. The emissions are related to the weight of each cargo type including the fraction of the ships lightweight which is associated with the carriage of the actual cargo

2. If the average weight density of the need cargo space is nearly constant irrespective of cargo type, the emissions can be related to the volume of each cargo type



Types of spaces related to Ro Ro pass. ships:

1. Space for rolling cargo (trucks, busses, vans, cars - including space for casings and ventilation and similar)

2. Space for passengers (cafeterias, restaurants, lounges, corridors and toilets)

3. Service volume (galleys, store rooms, air condition rooms, shop offices and similar)

4. Sleeping accommodation for passengers (cabins and associated corridors)


Environmental performance (trucks and lorries)

Volume per lanemeter:

24 m3

1974 - 2010Volume = 22.8 x lanemetres

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

0 700 1400 2100 2800 3500Lanemetres

Volume (m³)

2000 - 2010Volume = 24.1 x lanemetres

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000Lanemetres

Volume (m³)


Environmental performance (cars)

Volume per car:

67.5 m3

1974 - 2010Volume = 62.3 x cars

0

15000

30000

45000

60000

0 300 600 900Car capacity

Volume (m³)

2000 - 2010Volume = 65.9 x cars + 1327

0

15000

30000

45000

60000

0 300 600 900Car capacity

Volume (m³)


Environmental performance (passenger volume)

Volume = 9.2 x passengers

Volume = 5.0 x passengers0

6000

12000

18000

24000

30000

0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000Passengers

Volume (m³)

High comfort class

Low comfort class

a


Environmental performance (service volume)

Volume = 3.4 x pass. + 500

Volume = 2.1 x pass. + 1450

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Passengers

Volume (m³)

high comfortlow comfortLinear (high comfort)Linear (low comfort)


Environmental performance (cabins/berths)

Volume = 13 x berths

0

8000

16000

24000

32000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Berths

Volume (m³)


Environmental performance (area and volume)

Area and volume equivalentsGeneral Low comfort High comfort

m2 per lanemeter 4 - -

m3 per lanemeter 24 - -

m2 per car 15 - -

m3 per car 67.5 - -

m2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5

m3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13

m2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - -

m3 per berthed passenger 13 - -


Environmental performance (weight density)

Area and volume equivalentsGeneral Cargo density (t/m3) Weight density (t/m3) Total density

m2 per lanemeter 4

m3 per lanemeter 24 0.119 0.08 0.199

m2 per car 15

m3 per car 67.5 0.019 0.08 0.099

m2 per unberthed passenger 3.5

m3 per unberthed passenger 10 0.008 0.15 0.158

m2 per berthed passenger 4.5

m3 per berthed passenger 13 0.0062 0.15 0.156

1 truck: 14 m and 40 tons

1 car: 1.25 tons

1 person: 80 kg


Environmental performance (calculation principles)

Maximum number of units Units Volume per unit in m3 Product Emissions per cargo unit per nautical mile

N1 Lanemetres 24 V1 = N1 x 24 E1 = 24/Vn x Q/V

N2 Cars 67.5 V2 = N2 x 67.5 E2 = 67.5/Vn x Q/V

N3 Unberthed pass. 10 V3 = N3 x 10 E3 = 10/Vn x Q/V

N4 Berthed pass. 13 V4 = N4 x 13 E4 = 13/Vn x Q/V

Vn = sum of this column

Emissions per hour (g/hour) Q

Speed (knots) V


Environmental performance (Equivalent volume)Ro-Ro passenger ships

0

25000

50000

75000

100000

125000

30 70 110 150 190 230

Length pp (m)

Car

go v

olum

e (m

3 )


Environmental performance (100 % loaded)Ro-Ro passenger ships

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Length pp (m)

gram

CO

2/m3 /n

m


Environmental performance (100 % loaded)Ro-Ro passenger ships

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

30 70 110 150 190 230

Length pp (m)

Serv

ice

spee

d (k

nots

)


Environmental performance (100 % loaded)Ro-Ro cargo ships

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Lanemeter

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/lm

/nau

t.mile

)


Environmental performance (100 % loaded)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

30 70 110 150 190 230

Length pp (m)

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/lm

/nau

t.mile

)

Ro-Ro cargo shipsRo-Ro passenger shipsTruck


Environmental performance calculation example

Mols Line (Aarhus - Kalundborg) - 2010Maximum Maximum volume equivalent Actual value Actual volume equivalent Allocation in pct.

Lanemeters 1200 28800 486 11673 81.4Cars 0 0 31 2064 14.4Unberthed passengers 600 4200 85 595 4.2Berthed passengers 0 0 0 0Total volume equivalent - 33000 - 14331 100.0

Passenger comfort class (1 = low comfort, 2 = general, 3 = high comfort) 1Average capacity utilization based on calculated volume equivalents (pct.) 43.4

Area and volume equivalentsGeneral Low comfort High comfort Cargo density (t/m3) Weight density (t/m3)

m2 per lanemeter 4 - -m3 per lanemeter 24 - - 0.119 0.08m2 per car 15 - -m3 per car 67.5 - - 0.019 0.08m2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5m3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13 0.008 0.15m2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - -m3 per berthed passenger 13 - - 0.0062 0.15

Oil consumption and speedFuel oil per hour kg/hour 1162 Crossing time (minutes) 170Diesel oil per hour kg/hour 113Speed knots 16.6

EEOI (CO2 per transport unit per nautical mile) CO2 per lorry (or bus) per nm (kg/nm)

The ship kg/nm 240 12 m lorry 15 m lorry 18 m lorryLanes g/m/nm 402 4.82 6.03 7.23Cars g/car/nm 1130Unberthed passengers g/pass/nm 117Berthed passengers g/pass/nm -



Mols Line (Aarhus - Kalundborg) - 2011Maximum Maximum volume equivalent Actual value Actual volume equivalent

Lanemeters 1200 28800 671 16108 84Cars 0 0 37 2476 13Unberthed passengers 600 4200 85 595 3Berthed passengers 0 0 0 0Total volume equivalent - 33000 - 19180 100

Passenger comfort class (1 = low comfort, 2 = general, 3 = high comfort) 1Average capacity utilization based on calculated volume equivalents (pct.) 58.1

Area and volume equivalentsGeneral Low comfort High comfort Cargo density (t/m3) Weight density (t/m3)

m2 per lanemeter 4 - -m3 per lanemeter 24 - - 0.119 0.08m2 per car 15 - -m3 per car 67.5 - - 0.019 0.08m2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5m3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13 0.008 0.15m2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - -m3 per berthed passenger 13 - - 0.0062 0.15

Oil consumption and speedFuel oil per hour kg/hour 934 Crossing time (minutes) 180Diesel oil per hour kg/hour 91Speed knots 15.7

EEOI (CO2 per transport unit per nautical mile) CO2 per lorry (or bus) per nm (kg/nm)

The ship kg/nm 204 12 m lorry 15 m lorry 18 m lorryLanes g/m/nm 255 3.07 3.83 4.60Cars g/car/nm 718Unberthed passengers g/pass/nm 75Berthed passengers g/pass/nm -


Thank you !

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