new industrial rport.doc

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Sierra

Chapter 1

Introduction to the training

organisation

Report on In-Plant Training - 1 -


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Sierra

1.1.1 Sierra CONSTRUCTION LIMITED

Sierra Constructions Limited was established on August 20, 1981 presently having its ead

o!!ice at 112, aveloc" #oad, Colombo$0%&

'he scope o! Sierra is a diversi!ied one and covers the !ollowing areas&

• Civil and structural (ngineering

• 'elecommunication (ngineering

• (lectrical (ngineering

• )ater supply * Sewerage (ngineering

• +n!ormation 'echnology

Sierra presents itsel! to the customers as the their in!rastructural partner& 'hus Sierra

Construction Limited, underta"es turn "ey proects or individual segments in-

Telecommunication Engineering

Construction o! e.ternal plant networ"s

+nstallation o! switching centers

+nstallation o! transmission lin"s

Supply and erection o! sel! supporting antenna towers

Civil and Structural Engineering:

/esign and construction o! houses and high$rise buildings

/rainage and water supply wor" #oad construction

ridge construction



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Sierra

Electrical Engineering:

Construction o! transmission lines

#ehabilitation o! transmission lines

Laying underground cables

+nstallation o! sub$stations

Information Tecnolog! divi"ion

roviding +nternet services

So!tware development and networ"ing

+t was early 80s, that Sierra has ventured in to the !ields o! 'elecommunication and Civil

(ngineering& Since then, its e.pertise in the latest techni3ues o! design and construction has

e3uipped it to handle any maor construction wor" 'he speed, e!!iciency and reliability with

which it delivers the goods they impressed its clients here and abroad&

Sierras team o! highly motivated e.perts has built up and e.cellent record& 4et these men

are not complacent about their per!ormance& 'hey strive constantly to do better& 'his is the

driving !orce that has ta"en sierra to a commanding position in its chosen !ields&

A wide range o! e3uipment, machinery and vehicles !acilitates Sierras wor" in any location&

'he company regularly updates and e.pands its resource base with e3uipment drawn !rom

leading suppliers abroad& 'hus it "eeps abreast o! modern trends and techni3ues in a

burgeoning, !ast changing industry&

+ts own wor"shops handle their repair and maintenance o! its vehicles and heavy machinery&

Sierras (ngineering and monitoring s"ills in construction, management and implementation

have won the trust o! its large and prestigious clientele ranging !rom national and local

government institutions, the armed services and local companies, to the multi national giants

o! global industry&



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Sierra

Sierras strong base in the design and construction o! telecommunication services has made

it an e.pert in tower&

All Sierras managers count many years e.perience in their respective disciplines& So their

competence is hard won and accrued, "nowledge is the dynamic, which inspires sierra togive o! its best and stay at the top&

ealth and sa!ety are vital aspects o! modern industry& Sierras comprehensive sa!e 3uads are

regularly reviewed and its wor"ers instructed in the measurers ta"en !or their personal

bene!its&

5uality is Sierras "ey concern& 6nly the highest international standards are good enough !or

its client&

Sierra used computer technology in its daily proect operation& 'rained sta!! use computer

!or their logistic control and monitoring progress, invoicing and other connected activities,

so clients can be sure o! prompt and satis!actory service&

'echnologies, environment, business methods are changing !ast& Sierra stays alert to new

opportunities and challenges in constantly re!ining the service it o!!ers its clients&

Sa!ety and 3uality control are paramount in sierras wor"ing system& 'his protected wor"ing

environment also ensures e.cellent output& Although sierra with highly advanced

technologies, the human !actor is never !orgotten&



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Sierra

1.1.# COM$%N& STRUCTURE


7eneral eeting6! Shareholders

Statutory

Auditors

oard o!

/irectors

Chie! (.ecutive 6!!icer

+nspection * 5uality Control /ivision

urchasing /ivision

Account * inance /ivision

aintenance /ivision

ersonal * Administration /ivision

/ata rocessing /ivision

Logistics Control /ivision'echnical * 'raining

ar"eting * Sales /ivision

(ngineering /ivision

'elecommunication (ngineering /ivision

Civil (ngineering /ivision

)ater Supply * Sewerage (ng& /ivision

6verseas usiness /ivision

'echnical * 'raining /ivision

roect 6!!ice

#egional 6!!ice

7eneral A!!airs * Legal /ivision


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#.1.1 LOC%TION O* T+E SITE

'he ;a""apalliya water supply scheme is conveniently located < "m !rom the adampe city

to get !resh water !rom ;adupity oya&

#.1.# DET%ILS O* T+E $RO,ECT

roect =ame - Sri Lan"a third water supply * sanitation proect

;a""apalliya )ater Supply scheme $ uttlam

Contract =o -A/ 0< > 02 > ;A;A > */ >) > 2002 > 0?

unded by -Asian /evelopment an" @ A/

Loan =o -A/ 1%B% S#+ @S

Civil wor"s Construction o! +nta"e, 'reatment plant, 'wo

'owers, Storage #eservoir * 5uarters

Appointed (.ecuting agency -=ational )ater Supply * /rainage oard

Contractor - Sierra Construction @ pvt Ltd

Contract Amount -#s& 112,%00,01?&


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Sierra

#.1.' SITE M%N%)EMENT

6rgani:ation structure o! the site is given in Fig2.1.3.a

&& $ roect anager

S&(& $ Site (ngineer

T $ 'ower

TP $ 'reatment lant


S&(&

T/Q

S&(&

I/TP

5&S&(&A

T

(&A

T

(&A

TP

(&A

I

@


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I $ +nta"e

Q $ 5uarters

AC $ Accountant Clar"

5S $ 5uantity Surveyor

S; $ Store ;eeper

AS; $ Ass&Store ;eeper

S $ Supervisor

(A $ (ngineering Assistant

$ oreman

$ echanical oreman

anagement o! a construction site involves several routing activities& Some o! the main

activities are planning and control, co$ordination and communication, e.ecution o! wor",

3uality control, maintenance o! site records, purchases, storing and accounting wor"s, etc&

#.1.- SITE %DMINISTR%TION %ND REL%TIONS

+n the ;a""apalliya )&S&S& site, the !ollowing sta!! involved in the managerial matters&

• roect manager

• Site (ngineer @


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2&1&E&1&1& #6F(C' A=A7(# @(ng& &7& Fayarathna

6ur site && is r& &7& Fayarathna& e is responsible !or all construction wor" and

administrative activities o! the site& e is mainly responsible !or the planning o! the proect

!or the success!ul completion within the given period& or this, he has to co$ordinate the site,

the head o!!ice, consultants, client etc&

At the commencement o! the proect, he has to prepare the program o! wor" * then maintain

the activities to this program& or this, he has to arrange the construction sta!!, sub

contractors, laborers, material supplies etc&

All the o!!icers employed in the site are under his control * he should give instructions to

them&

2&1&E&1&2& S+'( (=7+=((# S

'he civil engineer has to study the drawings * speci!ications !or carrying out the

construction accordingly& e is responsible !or all the technical aspects o! the proect *

preceding the wor" to the program& e also has to instruct the technical o!!icers&

e also has to maintain logboo"s and site records, maintaining daily>!ortnight>monthly

records, etc&

e has to deal with the && * other parties * ma"es suggestions regarding any steps to

achieve the re3uired progress&

2&1&E&1&


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Sierra

2&1&E&1&%& S'6#(;(((#

e is in charge o! the stores and "eeps inventory o! the e3uipments * materials& e records

daily issues o! tools * chec"s whether they are all returned& e is responsible !or the

tidiness, cleanness, sa!ety and security o! all tools, plant * materials&

'he store"eeper has to in!orm the engineer about material re3uisitions, be!ore running out o!

them causing interruptions to ordinary site wor"&

#.1.-.# CO ORDIN%TION %ND COMMUNIC%TION

6ne o! the most important modes o! communication is through site meetings& /uring

the construction period a variety o! meetings too" place at the site& Some were !ormally

arranged at regular intervals and concerned with co ordination and progress control o! the

site, while a short notice to resolve urgent problems called others& eetings with the client,

meetings with subcontractors were arranged when necessary&

#.1.-.'. M%INTEN%NCE O* SITE RECORDS

• /rawings

6n receipt they were chec"ed, recorded in the register and previous issue was

removed i! revised& 'hey were maintained well with a protective transparent

covering preventing tearing when using them&

• Labour distribution chart

'his is a daily$maintained chart which indicates the distribution o! wor"s in the site&

@i&e& how many direct laboures and how many lasbourers o! each subcontractor are

wor"ing in that day& y re!erring this chart, one can directly recogni:e labor

strength o! the site& =ormally a supervisor updates this a!ter ta"ing details !rom each

subcontractor&



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Sierra

• )eather report

aintenance o! a weather report is very important !or a construction site because

weather directly a!!ects the amount o! wor" done in the site during the construction

period& +! there is any delay in construction wor"s due to bad weather conditions, this

report will be help!ul to prove it& A weather report sheet is attached to the Anne. /&

#.1.-.-. $RO)RESS CONTROL

roect control, which includes both progress control and cost control& 'he control

plan must ensure that the proect is per!orming according to the schedule recogni:ing

deadlines with attention paid to resources& 'he comparison o! actual progress with the

planned progress is called the progress monitoring& lanning !uture tas"s to get the proect

bac" to schedule is called updating& rogress monitoring, ta"ing corrective actions and up

dating altogether is called progress control&

+n the site, meetings were held with all the parties involved in the proect such as client,

consultant and the contractor when necessary and bar charts were updated regularly in order

to control the progress o! the site& Corrective actions were ta"en !or any problem occurred,

de la ys and co st ov er ru ns be!ore a serious condition occurs& rogress report was updatedmonthly and a copy was sent to the head o!!ice to update the progress o! the organi:ation&

#.1.-.. S$ECI%L RE$ORTS

/uring construction periodJ construction is going on the site also document

wor"s are going in the o!!ice& 'he good o!!ice practice may lead to good construction& 'here

is various type o! document in side o! the o!!ice& /ocument is considered one by one&

#.1.-..1. DELI(ER& S+EET

)hen some material buys !rom subcontractors or suppliers, transport !rom

plant to site directly, delivery sheet is issued& 'he description o! the material, 3uantity, price

and vehicle number has been mentioned in the delivery sheet& Also the person who is in

charge o! site is singed when material received to site&



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#.1.-..#. $RO)R%SS RE$ORT

'he item that is !inished mar"ed on the progress chartJ wee" by wee" mar"ed

the !inished item& 'hen can be ta"en a speed o! the construction and the place o! program&

'here is a program chart& +t is prepared be!ore start the site& Also mention there the item

should complete at what time is& +! we maintain a progress chart can be compared with

progress and programme chart& 'hen can be decided, what are the rates o! wor"ing&

#.1.-..'. D%IL& RE$ORT

'his is the brie! description o! day$to$day site& +t is mention detail o! weather

chart, construction management sta!!, machineries and other details& Anyone can under stand

what the capacity o! site& 'his is using mainly easiness o! consultant and high ran" o!!icers

o! contractor&

#.1.-..-. )OOD RECEI(ED NOTE

+! some material were received to the site !rom head o!!ice, good received

note has to be !illed& )hat is the type o! materialJ 3uantities o! material were mention in the

good received note& e!ore receiving the material good receiving note should be signed&

'here!ore o!!icer have a responsibility o! material&

#.1.-... STOC/ 0OO/

A!ter received the material !rom head o!!ice it should be stoc"ed in the stores&

e!ore enter the stores, what the name o! material, 3uantity o! material should be entered in

the stoc" boo"& Also when wor"ers materials bring !rom stores to site, the name o! material,

3uantity o! material and the name o! labour, are mention the stoc" boo"& 'hen anytime, i!

stoc" boo" is chec"ed, all material in mention in stoc" boo" should be there inside o! the

stores&



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#.1.-... )OOD TR%NS*ER NOTE

)hen some goods sent !rom site to site, good trans!er note is issued& 'he

name o! material, the 3uantity o! material, what the sending site and what the receiving site

are mention in the good trans!er note& Also be!ore sent the material, authori:ed person

should be singed& A!ter received the material store"eeper o! that site should be singed&

#.1.-..2. SU0CONTR%CTOR 0ILL

ost o! wor"s are given !or sub contractors& 'hey success!ully completed

that wor" under the supervision o! main contractorIs sta!!& A!ter !inish the wor" main

contractor pay to subcontractor& 'his payment is going through subcontractor bill& 'he name

o! the item, description o! item, rate, unit, this period total, previous period total and !inal

total are mention in the subcontractor bill&

#.# MO0ILI3%TION 4OR/

Site mobili:ation o! the +nta"e, )ater tower and water treatment plant proect at

"a""apalliya was very tough tas"& 'he proect named "a""apalliya water supply scheme&

ut treatment plant, inta"e and elevated tower were established at =elumpo"una adampe&

=elumpo"una is very rural village& And also that village is too !ar !rom adampe town& 'he

proposed area was !ully coved !rom trees and bushes& 'here!ore long time allocated !or site

mobili:ation wor"

+n order to achieve this ob needed so machines such as, )heel Loaders, (.cavator,

ac"hoe loader @FC as well as /ump 'ruc"s !or delivery wor"s&

Apart !rom clearing wor"s we had considered about removing o! topsoil& +t, s about

1%0mm$topsoil layer has to be removed& Layer thic"ness was varied depends on the

topography o! the ground&

And also it is di!!icult to !ind residents !or site sta!!& +n !irst month, * other sta!!

coming !rom !ar plases to the site daily&



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#.' E5C%(%TION 4OR/

#.'.1 MET+OD ST%TEMENT O* E5C%(%TION @Specially prepare !or give to

the consultant

♦ Cleaning o! site

♦ #emoved the top soil by using FC @ac"hoe Loader

♦ Setting out o! the struc?ture !oundation will be done according to the drawings

and the permanent o!!set o! pegs will be !i.ed about two or three meter away

!rom the out line

♦ (.cavation will be ta"en place by using e.cavator up to the re3uired depth and

minimum wor"ing space about %00mm&

♦ /isposal e.cavated soil away !rom the site& ut the soil which can reused wereseparated to the bac"!illing

♦ (.cavation was done by manually @with ade3uate labour !orce !or the balance

3uantity

♦ Compaction was done be!ore lying o! lean concrete&

2&


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Sierra

('6/ 6

(KCAHA'+6=

A=GAL (KCAHA'+6= AC+=( (KCAHA'+6=

#.'.#.1. M%NU%L E5C%(%TION

anual e.cavation is the most economical method, but not suitable, when 3uantity is

massive to e.cavate& Slow out put, time waste and re3uirement o! lot o! manpower are the

other disadvantage in the method& +n this site manual e.cavation was used as a secondary

support&

#.'.#.#. M%C+INE E5C%(%TION

achine e.cavation is the most common and rapid method used when the 3uantity to be

e.cavated is massive& Selection o! type o! machine will govern by the space available in the

site, type o! soil, access to the site etc& the process consist depositing e.cavated materiel in

to the tipper, the tipper should be placed in such position as not interrupt, to the moment o!

the machine and other public vehicles& S"inless o! the operator depends on the speed, and

the 3uantity o! the wor" done& +n this site machines used to,

(.cavate !oundation base

(.cavate retaining wall bases

(.cavation o! the +nta"e )ell

(.cavation o! the ground #eservoir

(.cavation o! the Clari!ier

+n construction wor" e.cavation !or !oundation base is one o! the vital parts& ecause,

stability o! the main structure depends on the basement& +n our site e.cavation was carried

out using ac"hoe machines, and e.cavator&



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Sierra

#.'.' $RO0LEM ENCOUNTERED 4+EN E5C%(%TIN)

aor problem have to be !aced is, we were unable to get the convenient

good soil !or the construction wor"& So we had to e.cavate very large soil

amount up to get the good soil sur!aces&

)hen we e.cavating soil sometimes bra"ing large amount o! soil because

when the soil is loose&

(.cavating very deep, di!!icult to e.cavate correctly& 'here!ore we should

e.cavate remaining amount by manually&

6nly we can chard !oundation capacity& 'here!ore e.tra e.pense to e.cavate

wor"ing space& +t is not included in our site 65



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Sierra

#.- *ORM4OR/

#.-.1. INTRODUCTION

ormwor" is the temporary structural system, which provides casing to enable wet concrete

to attain the re3uired shape& ormwor" should have a su!!icient strength and sti!!nessto withstand !ollowing loads,

• 'otal weight o! !ormwor", rein!orcement and concrete

• Construction loads @ e!!ect o! placing and compacting o! concrete

• )ind loads

'he !inal appearances o! the structure very much depend on the 3uality * wor"manship o!

the !ormwor"&

Selection o! !ormwor" depend on,

• Cost o! !ormwor" total cost o! !orms, accessories, labour and supervision

• #euses number o! times that can be used

• roductivity units o! !ormwor" accomplished in a given period o! time

• Sur!ace !inish

+n a good !ormwor",

• Striping o! !ormwor" a!ter concreting must be easy

• Foints must be simple and there shouldnIt be lea"ages through oints

• 'imber should not be too dry or too wet

Special things

• )hen we want to a "moot !inishing we use double coated plywood



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?000mm

1E0

1E0

12

φE00


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/imensions are in millimeters

Sierra

• Separators


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Sierra

#.-.'. *ORM4OR/ %RR%N)EMENT O* T+E -7 M' )ROUND

RESER(OIR 4%LL

e!ore !i.ing, !orm oil @grease, dissolved in diesel is applied on the inner sur!aces o! the

!ormwor"& 'his avoids absorption o! water to the !orms !rom the concrete& ence application

o! !orm oil is important !or the proper strength o! the concrete as well as the durability o! the

!orms @boars are not adhered to the concrete sur!ace& A strip o! !oam rubber is "ept to ma"e

the !orm grout tight &At the outside o! the ointsJ a strip o! gum tape is pasted to provide an

additional seal !or water&

'hen !i.ed the created plywood in the inner side, at the correct level& 'hen !i.ed the

separators * !i.ed the outer side& 'hen apply vertical 7&+& pipes to ply& 'hen apply the

hori:ontal long 7&+& pipe to it& 'hen support ply using ' base, G base Adustable ac", etc&

inally chec"ing aligning * Herticality * present to the consultant to get approval&

#.-.-. *ORM4OR/ %RR%N)EMENT O* T+E COLUMN

A!ter !i.ing "ic"er, the !ormwor" was oin to that "ic"er by using wire nails& 'hen we !irstly

ma"e plywood panels according to the column si:e& 'hen remove the set concrete *

moisture !rom the panel& +! it was used previously& )hen ma"ing !ormwor" !or columns we

have to leave a removable section o! the bottom o! the !ormwor"& 'his allows removing

rubbish be!ore concreting& 'hat hole called cleanout trap&

♦ Applying some mould oil to the inner sur!ace o! the panel * wipeout o!!& i.ing cover

bloc"s to the rein!orcement o! the column& Cleaning the e.isting concrete sur!aces until

dirt, wooden saw dust, tie wire clippings, nailsN&&etc& are removed& 'hen tightening the

sides o! in columns in correct positions using 7&+& pipes laterally to bear the lateral

pressure * stresses& 'o do that !orm ties, separators * short 7&+& pipes were used * those

were placed at su!!icient intervals& inally we have to plume the erected column to "eepin correct positions using adustable a craw ac"s * OGI ase supporting to !our sides&

A!ter concreting the column , again chec" whether the plumbing wor" is in correct or

not



23/67

Sideboards 2. 2 'imber

Fig2.4.4.a– Tree !ideboard! are a!!e"bled togeter

Setting out line

lumb bob

Fig.2.4.4.b– pl#"bing of te col#"n

Sideboards

Sierra


Fig.2.4.4.c–For"$or% arrange"ent of te col#"n

lan

12mm lyw

2. 2'imb

7+ pipes

(levation

Adustable Fac"s


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Sierra

#.-. CIRCUL%R S+%$E *ORM4OR/

8for 9al" of 1777 m' 6 -7 m' 9ater to9er 9all

)e used steel shatter !or wall o! 1000 m< * E%0 m< tower walls& or made that, we used

E0.E0.? mm ML Angle& At !irst we cut this l angle 2E20 mm pieces& A!ter that curved it by

ammer * man power& 'hen !i.ed it cross L angle to not change& 'hen !i.ed it to the E mm

thic" steel plate by using 7+ structure support&

#.-.. REMO(IN) *ORM4OR/

'he removal o! !ormwor" has to be done a!ter the concrete gained its strength, to resist

de!ormations due to sel!$weight * imposed loads&

7enerally, !ormwor"s are removed a!ter the below mentioned periods a!ter concreting&

C66=(=' 6#S A#( #(6H(/ A'(# N @/aysColumns 01

eams outer sideboards 01

Slab !ormwor" 1E

eam !ormwor"s 21

)hen removing, a great care has to be given to minimi:e the damages to the !orms, as they

are re usable&

7enerally, a !ormwor" made out o! ordinary plywood sheets can be use


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Sierra

#.-.2. $RO0LEM ENCOUNTERED 4+EN M%/IN) *ORM 4OR/

+n our site to getting smooth !inishing use double coated plywood& ut that plywood

havenIt good 3uality& 'here!ore that ply using ma.imum 2 times&

irst one month in my training + was in a E%0 m< tower site& +n that site we made

circular structure using 2 . 2 * ply& 'hat structure directly open to the sun !ew days&

'here!ore in !i.ing that structure was very di!!icult&

+n second month to upward + was in 7round #eservoir&+n this structure we made wall

"ic"er with tapered three side& ut we trying to getting concrete approval !rom our

consultant, e said all !our sides have tapered& ut this is not shown in plan& ow

ever we have to ma"e another taper !or remaining wall&

+n !irst li!ting o! 7& wall there was a support engaged to the one wall& 'he 65

speciali:ed that support must stainless steel& 'he si:e o! that support is

B% . B% . 10 mm ML angle& 'hat is not available in Sri Lan"a at that time& 'here!ore

we have to go another option& inal decision is 18 mm diameter stainless steel screw

engaged to the wall and stainless steel ML angle !i.ed to it& 'ill getting this decision

our wall !orm wor" e.plored to the sun& there!ore it was di!!icult to the aliening that

!orm wor"&



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Sierra

+t is your responsibility to "eep all tools and materials away !orm the edges o! the sca!!old

and plat!orm openings&

Sca!!olding over %0 !eet high shall be inspected by the (nvironmental ealth * Sa!ety

/epartment&

asically there are two !orms o! sca!!oldingJ

utlog sca!!old&

+ndependent sca!!old&

oth these sca!!olding systems were used in our site&

#..1 $UTLO) SC%**OLD

'his !orm o! sca!!olding consists o! a signal row o! uprights or standards set away !rom the

wall at a distance, which will accommodate the re3uired width o! the wor"ing plat!orm& 'he

standards are oined together with hori:ontal members called ledgers and are tied to the

building with cross members called putlogs& 'he sca!!old is erected as the building rises and

is mostly used !or building o! bric" construction& +n our site putlog sca!!old was used to

!ormwor" and concreting wor" o! upper walls&

+ )eneral ;ur;o"e

a.imum standard spacing 2&1 m

a.imum loading 200 ;g



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Sierra

#..# INDE$ENDENT SC%**OLD

An independent sca!!old has two rows o! standards, which are tied by cross members

called transoms& 'his !orm o! sca!!old does not rely upon the building !or support and is

there!ore suitable !or use in conunction with !ramed structures&

(very sca!!old should be securely tied to the building at intervals o! appro.imately


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Sierra

S;lit =oint ;in - A connection !itting used to oint sca!!old tubes end to

end center bolts e.pands two segments, which grip on the bore o! the tube&

#eveal pin - its into the end o! a tube to !rom an adustable strut&

utlog end - lat plate which !its on the end o! a sca!!old tube to

convert into a putlog&

#..-. SC%**OLDIN) > S%*ET& C+EC/ LIST

All standards are correctly aligned and properly supported at their base&

=o undue de!lection in ledgers putlogs or transoms&

=o member o! a structure has been removed&

All braces and ties are e!!ective in stabili:ing the structure&

All couplers are properly tightened&

All boards are sound and properly supported&

All guardrails and toe boards are in place&

All ladders are sound and properly supported secured&

#.. L%DDERS

Although there is always a ris" in wor"ing on elevated areas, it is a !act that the vast

maority o! accidents involving ladders result !rom the !ailure to e.ercise care& roper

training, as well as routine inspections and maintenance, can substantially reduce the

number o! ladder$related inuries&

6n any ob re3uiring a ladder, use only approved

sturdy ladders that you can place on a !irm base&

+nspect the ladder prior to (H(#4 use& /o not use

ladders with structural de!ectsJ properly tag with

P/o =ot GseP and withdraw !rom service& Gse a

ladder only !or the purpose !or which it was

designed @re!er to manu!acturers labeling and

recommendations& Gse only non$conductive side

rails around live electrical e3uipment& )ear

protective clothing and rubber$soled shoes&



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Sierra

Carry ladders parallel to the ground& 'ie ladders down securely when transporting&

arricade tra!!ic areas in the vicinity o! ladder use, and loc", barricade or guard doorways in

which a ladder is placed& ;eep the area around the top and bottom o! the ladder clear&

)henever possible, angle out the base one$!ourth o! the ladders wor"ing length& 'he ladder should reach at least three !eet above the landing&

(.tension ladders shall be "ept !rom slipping or tipping by tying o!! the ladder at the top and

securing the ladder at the bottom& ortable ladders in use shall be tied, bloc"ed or otherwise

secured to prevent their being displaced&

ace the ladder while climbing and use both hands& Li!t e3uipment and materials with a

rope speci!ically !or that purpose$$dont carry the e3uipment up a ladder with one hand&

Carry smaller tools in pouches around the waist& /o not load the ladder beyond its

ma.imum intended load& =ever allow more than one wor"er on the ladder at a time&

=ever stand on the top two steps o! any ladder or the top cap o! a stepladder& 'his could

cause you to become o!!$balance resulting in a !all& /o not stand on the bac" cross bracing&

Always maintain at least three points o! contact with the ladder @2 !eet and 1 hand, or 2

hands and 1 !oot should be in contact with the ladder at all times& /o not over$e.tend

sidewaysJ use the belt buc"le rule- ;eep your belt buc"le positioned between the side rails

at all times$$this will maintain your center o! gravity in the proper position& /o not move,

shi!t, or e.tend the ladder while you are standing on it& =ever wal" a ladder&

aintain ladders !ree o! oil, grease and other ha:ards&



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#.2. REIN*ORCEMENT

#.2.1.INTRODUCTION

Steel is one o! widely used materials in a construction site& Although Concrete is

strong in compression it is wea" in tension& 'here!ore to withstand tensile !orces, concrete is

rein!orced with steel&

#.2.1.1 T&$ES O* STEEL

• igh yield steel @'

Characteristic strength $E?0=>mm2, mainly used !or main bars& Available diameters

in the site$10,12,1?,20,2%mm

• ild steel @#

Characteristic strength $2%0=>mm2 mainly used !or stirrups& Available diameters inthe site$?mm

#.2.1.#. T&$ES O* 0%RS USED

'or steel * mild steel bars were used !or the rein!orcements& 'he si:es used were,



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T!;e of


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2 $ottom second layer

=6'A'+6= 6# )ALLS

= $=ear !ace outer layer

$ar !ace outer layer

#.2.'. $RE$%R%TION O* 0%R SC+EDULES

'his is prepared in a standard manner& ar schedules are prepared !or each * every

beam, column * slab according to the structural drawings& +t contains all the details needed

!or !abrication o! steel& 'hose details are bar mar", bar type and si:e, number o! units, length

o! a bar, shape code, etc

reparation o! bar schedule helps to reduce the bar cutting wastages&

ar schedules are presented in !ollowing !ormat,

0%R SC+EDULE

Location -$ /ate -$

ember ar

mar"

'ype o!

si:e

=o& o!

members

=o& o!

bars each

'otal

nos&

Length o!

each barsShape

#.2.-. CUTTIN) 6 0ENDIN) O* 0%RS

'here is a steel yard in the site !or storing, cutting and bending o! bars&

#ein!orcement bars are cut into re3uired lengths and bent into re3uired shapes shown on the

bar schedule either manually or by means o! machinery&

+n manual operations, labourers used the bar bending bench on which strong nails are !i.ed

and 7+ pipes with suitable lengths to bend the bars& 'hat is used !or smaller diameter bars&

or bending o! larger diameter bars, bar bending machine is used specially !or 2%mm bars&

A!ter bending all r>! bars were bundled and clearly numbered according to the bar mar" so

that steel !i.ers will not !ace any di!!iculty when !i.ing them&


'able 2&B&


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y OyI$ depends on thic"ness

o! the slab&

%0φ

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#.2.. *I5IN) O* REIN*ORCEMENT

#ein!orcement bars should be placed in correct positions as shown in the

rein!orcement drawings& #ein!orcement arrangement should be rigid enough so that the

rein!orcement does not get displaced when wal"ing on it and during the placement o!

concrete& or that, bars crossing each other should be tied up with binding wire& +n the site

18 gauge double annealed iron wire

was used as binding wire& Cover bloc"s, spacer bars, stools should be correctly placed

where necessary& A!ter !i.ing the rein!orcement, one o! engineers chec"ed it with the

rein!orcement drawing be!ore placing the concrete to see whether all the things were done

according to the

drawing& @i&e& whether spacing between bars, no o! bars, no o! stirrups, lap lengths, provision

!or cover bloc"s, stools, etc are correctly maintained

#.2.. C+EC/IN) O* REIN*ORCEMENTS

#ein!orcements should be chec"ed !or !ollowings in any elements be!ore concreting is done&

a Covering 'here should be a space between rein!orcement and !ace o!

concrete& 'o "eep this space cover bloc"s are placed between rein!orcements and

!ormwor"& 4Q2%,E0,%0mm in our site&

• or the separation o! top rein!orcement net and bottom rein!orcement net o! a slab

stools are used&

b Lap length 'here should be a minimum lap length o! %0 times bar diameter @φ,

when lapping bars&


yOyI$ depends on coveringre3uired

ig& 2&B&?&a cover bloc"

ig& 2&B&?&b $ slab stool

ig& 2&B&?&c$ steel bars


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c Anchorage length At the end o! rein!orcements, it should be anchored by a bend or

hoo"&

d Shear lin"s Shear lin"s are provided to avoid the shear !ailures o! the structures&

Spacing between shear lin"s must be chec"ed with the detail drawing&

e ar diameters, spacing between bars

ar diameters and bar spacing must be chec"ed with the rein!orcement detail

drawing&

=6+=AL

/+A('(#

@mm

S(C'+6=AL

A#(A @mm2

ASS (# G=+'

L(=7' ;g>m

? 28&< 0&222

10 B8&% 0&?1?12 11


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)hen rein!orcement in my structure @ 7& ma"ing !irst li!t o! wall there was

came maor problem which not covering in the one corner& 'o avoid this we have

to release !our distribution bars in both side o! the corner&

+n some occasion given bar schedule is wrong& 'here!ore at that time we have to

correct that&

#.?. CONCRETE 4OR/

#.?.1 INTRODUCTION

Concrete consists o! a mi. o! cement, sand, metal and pure water, and to be o! the right

3uality, the mi. must be properly designed and the right amount o! each material correctly

batched& 'he cement, sand and coarse aggregate should be pre!erably batched by weight-

this reduces the di!!erences between one batch o! concrete and the ne.t&

'he concrete should possess the strength, durability, impermeability and resistance to

abrasion re3uired !or the proposed structure& +t should be !ree o! such de!ects as crac"ing,

honeycombing, palling o! the sur!ace, undue shrin"age etc& 'he concrete should be o! good

3uality and should be produced with care!ul control over the batching o! materials, water

cement ratio etc& =ecessary care and attention should be given to the design and preparation

o! !ormwor"&

+n our site concrete was used in < grades& 'hose < grades o! ready mi. concrete were

used !or di!!erent purposes&

• 7rade 1% used !or screed concrete,

• 7rade 2% !or columns, beams * slabs&

• or water retaining structures grade


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+n its !resh state, concrete should

e composed o! accurately batched proportion

ave the re3uired )>C ratio

e well mi.ed

=ot segregate during transportation and placing

e !ully compacted

e provided with speci!ied !inish&

#.?.1.1. @U%LIT& O* CONCRETE DE$ENDSA

• 5uality o! cement

• 'ype o! aggregate

• 'he grading o! aggregate

• )ater cement ratio

• i.ing method and mi.ing time o! concrete

• i.ing proportion o! materials&

• ethod o! transportation

• ethod o! placing the concrete and type o! compaction

• 'emparacture

• Curing

#.?.1.#. CEMENT

'ypes o! cement available are as !ollows&

• 6rdinary ortland cement @6C

• #apid hardening ortland cement @#C

'his gains strength more rapidly and does not have a 3uic"er setting& 'hese cements are

used when concreting in cold weather and when earlier stri"ing o! !ormwor" is re3uired&

• Low heat ortland cement @LC

• igh alumina cement



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+t has a low setting but hardens very rapidly& 'he strength 6C is achieved in 28

days will be achieved by high alumina cement in 2E hours&

'he beginning o! noticeable sti!!ening in the cement paste is "nown as initial set

@loss o! the !luidity& 'he stage at which !urther sti!!ening is complete and !inal

hardening process @responsible !or its strength begins is "nown as !inal set&

Stage 1 initial "etting time

'his is a period during which the conceit gradually loss its

plasticity and any disturbance o! the muss or re mi.ing a!ter wards may cause serious

loss o! strength& ere !ore cement mi. must be placed in position and all wor"

completed within this period usually this time should not be less then E% min

Stage # final "etting time.

'his is a period during which the concrete !ully hardened& 'his time

should not be more than 10 hrs&

Stage '

+t is an inde!inite period and may e.tend up to several years o!

suitable condition are availed however it is not&

#.?.1.#.1. +6#'A=' #6(#'+(S 6 C((='

ineness- $ this is a measure o! the smallness o! the cement particles&

Setting time- $ setting is the term used to describe the sti!!ening o! cement

paste&

eat o! hydration- $ rate o! evolution o! heat

Strength- $ rate o! development o! strength&

#.?.1.'. %))RE)%TES

Aggregates is classed in to the !ollowing two si:es& 'he bul" o! concrete is aggregate in

the !rom o! sand gravel which is bound together by cement&

'ypes o! Aggregates

1& Coarse aggregates- $gravel or crushed roc" %mm or long si:e



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inimum si:e %mm mesh sieve

a.imum si:e 20mm @E !or rein!orced concrete it

@Lean concrete may E0mm or more

Coarse aggregates used !or plain or rein!orced may be natural gravel,

crushed gravel or crushed stone& +n Sri Lan"a the coarse aggregate mainly used in

crushed gnosis&

2&ine aggregates- $Sand less %mm si:e&

ine aggregates should pass through the %mm& esh and be retained on the

100mm& mesh sieve #iver sand is the material that is mainly used as !ine aggregate in Sri

Lan"a crushed stone and sea sand are also sometimes used as !ine aggregate&

#.?.1.-. 4%TER

or Concrete mi.ed we used water should be e3ual to 3uality o! good drin"ing

water& So it must be clean and !ree !rom impurities, which are li"e to e!!ect the 3uality o!

strength o! the resultant concrete& =ormally we used pure drin"ing waters )ater has two

!unctions in concrete&+t is chemically necessary !or the hydration o! the cement&+t acts as

a lubricant !or the cement and the aggregates in the compaction o! the concrete&

'he water$to$cement ratio is the single most important !actor e!!ecting

concrete strength& or !ull hydration cement absorbs 0&2% o! its weight o! water in

normal conditions& So the actual water$to$cement ratio used generally ranges !rom 0&E%

to 0&?&

Nominal miBe" "ugge"ted

1 1-2-E@grade 20 - %0"g cement 2B&% ltr& 6! water

2 1-1 R-


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aggregate particles e!!ects o! the amount o! the water re3uired to produce wor"able concrete&

'he wor"ability may be mearsured by the slump test&

)ater>cement ratio is directly e!!ected to the wor"ability& ut wor"ability can be

improved without inceasing the water>cement ratio&

#.?.'. %DMI5TURES

#.?.'.1. T&$ES O* %DMI5TURES

• Accelerating admi.tures

• #etarding admi.tures

• )ater reducing admi.tures

2&8&cement ratio&



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)ater$ reducing admi.tures improve the properties o! !resh concrete made with poorly

graded aggregate&

+n ;a""apalliya )&S&S site #ebuild 1000 use !or admi.ture&

#.?.'.#. R+EO0UILT 1777

#(C6(=/(/ 6#

ass concrete

#eady mi.ed concrete

Long distance transporting

umped concrete

ot weather concrete

Gse with all cements and air entraining admi.tures

oundation ra!ters !or nuclear power station, turbo generators, rolling

mills, shipyards, and high rise building

'ransporting o! concrete lasting more than one hour

*E%TURES 0ENE*ITS

♦ igh slump applications

♦ inimum thermal pea"s&

♦ igh !low ability o! the concrete !or longer periods&

♦ (asy pumping&

♦ /elay setting and longer wor"ability&

♦ +mproves the properties o! !resh and hardened concrete considerably&

♦ igh reliability&

♦ igh ultimate strength&

♦ +mpermeability&

♦ /urability&



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#.?.-. 0ONDIN) %)ENTS *OR CONCRETE %ND MORT%R

#.?.-.1. 0%RR% EMULSION

• #ecommended !or bonding !reshly placed concrete, mortar, etc on to

cement and masonry sur!ace

• #epair mortar to concrete

• resh concrete to set concrete at construction grout

• #endering and insulation material to masonry plaster and concrete

(A'G#(S A=/ (=(+'S

)ater$resistant $can be used in outdoor situation& )ill not emulsi!y due to rain

=on to.ic $suitable !or use in structures strong portable water

inely dispersed

polymer $(.cellent penetration into pores improved bond

#.?.. $RE$%R%TION 0E*ORE CONCRETIN)• All bolts and wedges were chec"ed against loosening due to vibration&

• Chec"ing whether the number o! ties used is su!!icient and whether they are in

right places is important&

• +! there is a stop end o! a slab a Ostop boardI should be applied& )etted pieces o!

cover o! cement bags was used to stop lea"ing o! grouts through stop board in the

site&

• Above wetted pieces o! papers should be also used stop grout loss through oints

o! !ormwor" especially where the !ormwor" is against a "ic"er&

• )e must chec" whether all the !ormwor" is correctly aligned and levelled&

• )e must ma"e sure all the supporting ac"s are at the right spacing and has been

tightened enough&



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• Chec"ing rears whether they have been laid according to drawings is a very

important thing& Lengths o! bars, anchorage lengths, lap lengths must be chec"ed&

Si:es o! stirrups, spacing o! bars and stirrups, must also be chec"ed&

• )e must ma"e sure that rein!orcement has right cover and bars have enough

spacers& +t is very essential to use the compressors to clean the slab to be

concreted& +! there is a construction oint, it must be !irst chipped cleaned and

then some drought should be applied on oint&

• All the rebarIs and !orms should be wetted be!ore concreting&

#.?.. MI5IN) O* CONCRETE

Concrete must be thoroughly mi.ed in concrete roportions, the mi.ing

being continued until a uni!orm colour is attained& 7enerally we used di!!erent types o!

methods !or mi.ing the concrete&

and mi.ingachine mi.ing

atch mi.ing $

volumetric atching

)eight atching

continues mi.ing

+n our site there was a batching plant& 'here!ore very !ew times we used hand mi.ing *

machine mi.ing& +n my structure there was no any hand mi.ing * machine mi.ing&

#.?..1. M%C+INE MI5IN)

Another way o! mi.ing concrete is the mi.ing by machine& +n machine

mi.ing, the speed o! rotation o! the drum and the duration o! mi.ing a!!ect the 3uality o!

concrete& achine mi.es may be divided into two groups&

• atch mi.ing



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• Continuous mi.ing

#.?..#. 0%TC+IN) O* CONCRETE

+n concrete batching we used two types o! methods&

Holumetric batching

)eight atching

2&8&?&2&1& H6LG('#+C A'C+=7

or volume batching, cement is measured by bag and water in liters& or

measuring aggregates, wooden bo.es are made in units o! one or more whole bags o!

cement& 'he bo.es should be provided with handles !or ease o! li!ting and loading

mi.ers& Separate measuring bo.es should be provided !or di!!erent aggregates&

)hen concrete is batched by volume there is always a danger o! variation

between one batch and another& So i! on any ob batching is speci!ied by volume you

will have to ta"e a certain amount o! e.tra case to ma"e sure your 3uantities are correct&

2&8&?&2&2& )(+7' A'C+=7

Another method we used in batching is the method using weight o! materials&

'his is !ar more accurate than volume batching and gets rid o! the danger o! variation

between one batch and the ne.t, besides ma"ing things easier !or the man on the ob&

+t is becoming general practices nowadays to batch concrete by weight ratherthan by volume& achine mi.ing ensures better and more uni!orm concrete& )e have

weight atching plant in ;a""apalliya )&S&S& site

#.?..'. 0%TC+IN) $L%NT

Although doing a mi. deign * weigh bathing is the advisable procedure

using structural mi.es such as 1-2-E * 1-1 1>2-< using volume bathing is most

common in our construction sites&

Concrete mi. o! cement, sand, aggregate, water * admi.ture to be

o! the right 3uality the mi. must be properly design and the right amount o! each natural

correctly batched& )eather the mi.er set$up being used the aim is to procedure every

batch with re3uired wor"ability, strength * uni!ormity o! colour at the right rate



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6n large obs, a portable cement silo will be used * i! well loo"ed a!ter, there

should be no problem in mar"ing sure that the right amount o! cement goes in to each

batch, depending on the type o! silo * the mi.ture the cement will be !ed directly !rom

silo hopper&

#.?.2. TR%NS$ORTIN) %ND $L%CIN) O* CONCRETE

Concrete must be transported !rom the place o! mi.ing to concreting without

occurring segregation o! materials& +t does not contaminated with water or any other material

while transporting& =umber o! methods !or the transporting o! concrete is available& +n site

mi.ing, hand wheelbarrows are used to transport concrete& #eady mi.ed concrete is

transported !rom the place o! batching to the site by means o! a ready mi.ed concrete truc"&

lacing o! concreting to its !inal position is done by a!ter the chec"ing o!

rein!orcements and !ormwor"& ormwor" should be !ree o! dusts and it should be wetted

be!ore placing the concrete& Special care should be ta"en to avoid the segregation o!

materials when placing concrete& Concrete pump is used to place ready mi. concrete to the

re3uired place& +n a concreting process, placing procedure should be planned properly&

)ithin the initial setting time o! concrete it should be compacted and leveled&

+! we didnIt manage the deliveries o! truc"s in a large concrete in that way we have

!ace lot o! di!!iculties and e!!ect directly !or that concrete& So !or an e.perience engineer he

can manage it really well and at last get a good concrete wor"& Also in this purpose he or she

the engineer have to well consider about the type o! concrete @7rade o! concrete *also the

slump height o! concrete, the time o! batching the concrete, +nitial and !inal setting time and

also the things li"e segregation, which describe above ara&

#.?.2.1. RE%D& MI5 CONCRETE

'his method is used in the case o! large scale concrete re3uired in rapidly&

atching is done by weight basis& )ide range o! mi. types and admi.tures are

use& #eady i. lant has a better 3uality controlling method& =ormally 0&%m


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3uality& 'hey used retarders to delay the setting time o! a concrete& #eady mi.ed

concrete prepared at batching plant and drum truc" was used to transport #eady i.

Concrete in to the site& #eady i. pump and uc"et !i.ed crane are use to place

concrete in to a higher elevation&

#.?.2.#. RE%D& MI5 $UM$IN) $ROCESS.

7enerally the pump car arrives an hour earlier than the mi.er truc"s& 'his time was !or

locating the pump, !or the preliminary measures * to avoid waiting o! mi.ers until the pump

is ready& +n our site only 2 times using pump car because placing base o! E%0 * 1000 m<

)ater tower base& 6ther all times we used buc"et * shutter&

2&8&B&2&1& A##A=7+=7 '( G CA#

ump car was located so as to reach the longest point re3uired without any di!!iculties&

Attention was given to avoid damages to the boom !rom the surroundings * vice versa& +n

no case, the boom wad located above electrical supply lines&

ump car was supported on !our outriggers that give a good stability * those were also used

to "eep the truc" in a hori:ontal plane& A plate bubble in the truc" chassis was used to

maintain the levelnass& 6therwise, there was a ha:ard o! overturning the truc" when

handling the boom&

e!ore pumping concrete, a cement grout was pumped through !or avoiding adherence o!

grout on inner sur!aces o! pump lines& 'his avoided losses o! grout !orm concrete that

reduces strength&

A!ter pumping concrete, the pump was cleaned using water * compressed air to avoid

bloc"ing&

#.?.?. COM$%CTIN) O* T+E CONCRETE

roper compaction o! the concrete is essential to achieve its ma.imum strength& o"er

vibrator is used !or this purpose& )hen compacting concrete by using po"er vibrator it

should be held vertically&



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'hic"ness o!

the concrete

7auge

eld po"er vibrator vertically

Sierra

• A!ter

completing

the

compaction, sur!ace o! the concrete is leveled and !inished properly with the use

o! a trowel&

+n slabs to ensure same thic"ness everywhere, gauge is used&

Straight edge is used to cut the concrete to the relevant level o! the slab&

#.?.. )REEN CUTTIN)

A!ter concreting, wall part or wall base part green cut was done& y green cut we can

get rough sur!ace& 'here!ore not necessary on concrete, rough sur!ace very use!ul !or

bonding another concrete layer& A!ter !inished concreting, wall or base normally "ept 1 or 2

hours& 'hen top sur!ace @green cutting sur!ace well washed with compressed air with water&

y green cut, all grout on sur!ace was removed& 7reen cut was done only hori:ontal

sur!aces&

#.?.17. CONCRETE C+I$$IN)

)hen we canIt doing green cut we should do this& y concrete chipping, we can

ma"e rough concrete sur!ace& #ough sur!aces are very important !or bonding between two

concrete layers& Chisels and chipping hammers were applied !or the concrete chipping& All

vertical sur!aces were chipped

#.?.11. CURIN) O* CONCRETE

or setting and hardening o! concrete curing is done& or this water is spread on the

cased concrete or wetted, covering the concrete sur!ace places gunny bags& 'his is done at

least % days to B days&


ig 2&8&8&a $ Po%er &ibrator


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'he chemical reaction which accompanies the shuttering o! cement and hardening o!

concrete is depend on the presence o! water so e.posed concrete should be covered& Curing

is attached !or the !ollowing 3uantities o! concrete

1& +t improves the weather resisting 3ualities o! the concrete&

2& +mprove the durability and permeability o! the concrete&


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100mm

200mm


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2.8.13.2. COM$RESSI(E STREN)T+ CU0E TESTTe"t a;;aratu"

Cube test apparatus consist o! a mould and a steel bar&

ould mould is 1%0mm cube which, has a base plate&

Steel bar


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#(C6(=/A'+6=

Construction grout is recommended !or grouting unwanted voids in structural elements such

as

atching up honeycombs in concrete&

7routing gaps between pre !abricated elements&

Stanchion base plates and column bases&

ridge bearing plates

Gnderpinning

AL+CA'+6=

Correct substrate preparation was critical !or optimum per!ormance& Sur!aces should

be structurally sound, clean, and !ree !rom loose particles, oil, grease, or any other

contaminant&

Cement laitance, loose particles, oil, grease, mould release agent, curing membrane,

and other contaminants must be removed by wet girt blasting, high pressure water

etting or such other e!!ective methods&

repared the sur!ace rough pro!ile within %mm level di!!erence between trough and

ridge&

e!ore placing o! grout the sur!ace must be well saturated using clean water&

i.ing was done by mechanically& or small batches, used heavy$duty slow speed

drill !itted with a grout stirrer&

;eeping the mi.er running, add construction grout slowly& i. at least < minutes

until a lump !ree mi. is obtained& Add the remaining water while continuing to mi.

until the desired consistency achieved&



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lacing was done within 1% minutes without interruption until completion& Cure all

e.posed grout sur!aces as soon as the grout reaches touch hard state&

#.?.1. $RO0LEM ENCOUNTERED 4+EN CONCRETIN)

)hen we concreting base o! E%0 m


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An even which is unplanned, une.pected, unanticipated * unpreventable *which

may or not have resulted in damage to property or inury to people&

Safet!

A

state o! danger less &

A

thing is provisionally categori:ed i!

its ris" are deemed to "now *, in

the light o! that "nowledge, its udge to be acceptable&

%n incident i" an accident ifA

it cause one or more o! the !ollowingJ

1& +nury to any person

2& /amage to property


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%ccident $inury to person and damage to e3uipment, material or

property&

#..# C+%IN O* E(ENTS

'o happen an accident, not due to one case& +t is due to serious o! incidents

6rigin o! !ault

uman !ailure

Gnsa!e acts unsa!e condition

Accident

+nury

#..'. %CCIDENT COST

(very accident costs something to,

1& 'he inury person&

2& 'he !amily o! the inury person&


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#.. RIS/ M%N%)EMENT

#is" identi!ication

#is" 3uanti!ication

Acceptable ris" unacceptable ris"

#...1. If te ri"F i" acce;ta


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gas and arc weldingJ mi.ing o! paints, primers and epo.y !illers &any wor", where there

is the possibility o! li3uid splashing onto the !ace or where there can be particles being

thrown o! and could enter the eye, andT cause serious inury, will need eye protection&

#...2. E%R $ROTECTION

'his is more specially hearing protectionJ is re3uired at all wor"station where there is

a high sound level& Constant e.posure to sound level which are higher than 90 decibels

will cause permanents loss o! hearing &the use o! pneumatic compressors and pneumatic

hand tools also produces high sound levels& (ar plugs and ear mu!!s are the stranded ear

protective devices that are utili:ed&

Accident and inuries !rom motori:ed and non motori:ed building e3uipment has to be

addressed& asically it will be to repair and maintain this e3uipment to be in good

wor"ing order&

A !ew o! the more commonly used e3uipment areJ concrete mi.ers, conveyer belts,

air compressor, electric generator, cbs, tractor and steel benders, crains, etc&

/ue to the arduous wor" conditions in the building industry itIs essential that only able

bodied and

hysically !it person is hired !or wor"ing at heights, carrying loads !or the and !or the

operation o! cranes and similar e3uipment&

(.cavation o! trenches and !oundation re3uired the use o! shuttering and support timber

to prevent collapses and caving in !rom the sites&

rovide a basic !irst aid "it at the smaller sides and more comprehensive !irst aid

!acilities and ambulance at the lager sites these provisions will create a high level o!

con!idents in the management, among the wor"ers and the supervisor&

Security at the site to prevent unauthori:ed entry, will contribute to the sa!ety and

prevention o! losses &the security person or personal can be given a basic training in!ire

!ighting and on how to handle and emergency& )ater, sand buc"et and even !ire

e.tinguishers can be "ept readyJ depending on the identi!ied !ire ris"



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#.17. $L%NT 6 M%C+INER&



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#.17.1. 0%C/+OE LO%DER

'his is the most versatile machine used in the construction industry& 'his is e3uipped with a

!ront$loading buc"et * a bac" e.cavating arm& 'his is capable o! doing e.cavations,

loading, leveling earth, transporting earth (tc&

)hen par"ing, the machine is supported on the !ront$loading buc"et * the bac" outriggers&

'his prevents damages to the tires due to the load& Also when e.cavating by the bac" arm,

the same practice is done& 'he machine is designed !or reverse * !orward traveling to same

e.tents, as it is essential in earth moving activities& 'here!ore it is not advisable to subect

the machine to !orward traveling sessions !or long distances& 7enerally, the machine is

transported on a trailer !or long ourneys&

#.17.#. E5C%(%TOR


ig & 2&10&1&a $ ac"hoe loader

ig & 2&10&2&a $ (.cavator


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'his is a crawler$mounted machine with an arm !or e.cavating purposes& 'he machine is

capable o! swinging


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'he roller is powered by a petrol engine * e.erts compacting load o! 2 tonnes on the

sur!ace& +t is e3uipped with !orward * reverse gears&

An internal vibrator, driven by the engine is available * can be activated when necessary&

'his carries out compacting obs 3uic"er than the pneumatic #amer& Suitable !or compacting

pavements, * medium scale obs& or large$scale obs, 10 tone vibro rollers can be used&

#.17. 17 TON (I0RO ROLER

#.17. CONCRETE MI5ER


MaFe 6 model /ynapac CA 2%2 10

tonsSpecificatio

ns

Operating mass 10050 kg

Max. operating mass 13600 kg

Frequency/Amplitude 33 Hz/1,7 mm

Centrifugal force

Hi/Lo 246/119 kN

Speed 0-9 km/h

Propulsion Wheels and Drum

Cur clearance 400 mmDimensins

!rum "idt# 2130 mm

!rum diameter 1523 mm

!rum s#ell t#ic$ness 25 mm!ngine

!eut% &F'M()*(C 93 kW "#!/2200

r$m

ig & 2&10&%a $ 10 ton vibro roler

ig & 2&10&?a $ Concrete mi.er

'able 2&10&%a& $ a"e * model


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'he mi.er used in the site is manually !ed * engine driven& eeding materials * discharging

concrete is done by tilting the drum manually& 'he engine is diesel powered&

#.17.2 $O/ER (I0R%TOR.

'his is an internal vibrator, driven by a petrol engine& A hose attached to the engine

generates vibrations& +nside the hose, a cable rotates, driving a centri!ugal steel ball

assembly that impacts with the vibrating head, causing vibrations&

'he hose should not be sharply bent while the vibrator is running, as it may cause

unnecessary twists in the cable * then brea"&

/i!!erent si:es o! vibrators are available such as 0&%,01,1&%,02 inches& y using the biggest

possible vibrator, a good compaction can be obtained in a lesser time& or the areas which

are, congested with rein!orcements, smaller si:es are used&

+n general vibrating operations, the vibrator is turned to its ma.imum per!ormance while

slower speeds are used !or vibrating thin layers o! concrete&

#.17.? ELECTRIC +%MMER DRILL


ig & 2&10&Ba $ o"er vibrator

ig & 2&10&8a $ (lectric hammer drill

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0000C6DX6/002-9526894-4140044?v=glance&s=hi&n=229109&me=ATVPDKIKX0DER&vi=pictures&img=14#more-pictures


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'he drill is used !or various drilling operations on wood, steel wor", concrete etc&

/rill bits o! speci!ied si:es are available !or di!!erent operations& or concrete drilling

purposes, special concrete drill bits have to be used * hammering action can be obtained !or

tough operations&

#.17. CIRCUL%R $O4ER S%4

'his can be used to cut timber easily * 3uic"ly& Gsing a power saw, instead o! a handsaw

can largely shorten the !abrication times o! !ormwor"&

'his is provided with a sliding cover to the tool !or protecting both the tool * the operator&

#.17.17 DUM$ TRUC/S


ig & 2&10&9a $ Circular power saw

ig & 2&10&10a $ /ump truc"s


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/ump truc"s are used !or transporting materials to the site * debris out o! the site& As a

hydraulic ac" can hoist the cargo cabin, time !or unloading materials is very short compared

to a lorry&

'hey are available in several capacities such as 1,1 R,2,2 1 >2, cubes etc&

#.17.11 CONCRETE MI5ER

Drum volume 10.2 m3

Maximum load applicable on flat

ground

5.0 m3

Agitating capacity 6.0 m3

Mixing capacity 5.0 m3

Drum speed 0-16 rpmDrum inclination to the

horizontal

160

Drum

revolutions

per minute

time rotation

Carging 1-10 1-5 Counterclockwise

Mixing 8-12 5-8 “

Traveling 1-3 30-60 “

Mixing 8-12 2-5 “

Dischafge 1-10 5-10 Clockwise


ig & 2&10&11a $ C6=C#('( +K(# ig & 2&10&11b $ C6=C#('( +K(#

'able 2&10&11a /eatila o! concrete mi.er

'able 2&10&11b $ Standard operation cycle * drum revolutio


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#.17.1# ROU)+ TERR%IN CR%NE

Short wheel base !our wheel drive cranes !or o!! road conditions and construction sites&

7enerally !itted with hydraulic telescoping booms& ave some capacity to li!t Pon rubberP

without stabisers down and to Ppic" and carryP&

#.17.1' %LL TERR%IN CR%NE

ully roadable hydraulic telescopic boom cranes& +deal !or rapid movement and setup on

construction sites with di!!icult terrain& Also suitable !or city and inductrial li!ting tas"s&

ulti a.le steer allows good manoeuvrability&

#.17.1- TRUC/ CR%IN


ig & 2&10&12a $ #ough 'errain crane

ig & 2&10&1


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#.17.1 TRUC/ LO%DER CR%NE 8C%R)O CR%NE

'ruc" mounted hydraulic cranes designed !or rapid deployment to pic" and place loads&

Gsed predominately to load and unload the truc"& itted with a wire rope and winch&

#.17.1 L%TTICE 0OOM CR%4LER CR%NE

• /iesel powered machine&

• uel 0&%L per hour

• Load range 1$2% 'ones

• 'o operate one operator * helper

• or pilling site used, move the plant * e3uipment&

@Chisel, rods, trime pipes, and rein& Cages


ig & 2&10&1%a $ 'ruc" loader crane @cargo crane

ig & 2&10&1?a $ lattice boom crawler crane


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#.17.12 $UM$ C%R

a"e * model ut:meister

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