NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires
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Transcript of NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS Nineteenth-Century Empires
NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND TACTICS
Nineteenth-Century Empires
SUPERQUIZSection II – PART 2
13 questions – 32.5%
pp. 39-44• European Expansion in the Midcentury• India and the Rise of British Sovereignty
– The British East India Company– Further British Expansion in Asia
• The “Sick Men”: The Ottoman Empire and China– The Ottoman Empire– China
• Expansion in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim– Southeast Asia– The Pacific Rim– Japan
European Expansionism: Europe Dominates the World
• Europeans engaged in increasingly intense protection of new commercial interests in Asia and Africa during the 19th century
• Driven by ____________________• British (3 types of power)
– technological, – military, – and economic power derived from this process of industrialization
• The_________ took the lead in developing and protecting overseas commercial contacts
industrialization
British
India• Europe’s 19th century economic penetration of Asia exploited centuries-old
trading posts• __________________________had served as the chief participants in Asian-
European trade from the 17th century on. 3 such companies:– The Dutch East India Company – French East India Company – and British East India Company
• Europeans clustered in trading posts along the coasts of these 4:– India– Java– the Philippines– China
• Another name for these commercial centers was ________• 3 Key ports:
– Batavia– Canton– Bombay
Joint stock companies
factories
Different nationalities dominated Asian trade during different historical periods
• __________________headed trade with Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries
• late 17th century saw the rise of ___________• by the early 18th century Asian trade was
dominated by these 2 powers: --French --British
The Portuguese
the Dutch
Dominant PowersBritainFrance
British domination of Asia• Began WHEN and WHERE?
– In 1757 – At Battle of Plassey
• British defeated the nawab of Bengal (who & how)– Robert Clive– bribed Mir Jafar to throw the battle in exchange for the latter’s
ascension to the nawab of Bengal• SIGNIFICANCE of the BATTLE OF PLASSEY
– crushed the flailing _____________________
– solidified the political power of the ________________________• previously it had possessed no distinctive features from other trading companies
Mughal Empire
British East India Co.
Sir Robert Clive
Clive and Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey
BATTLE OF PLASSEY:Economic Disaster for BENGAL
• BEFORE: Bengal = hub of Indian commerce– _______of the British East India Company’s trade came from Bengal– Bengal had received New World ________________________for its textiles, spices, and
metal goods
• Britain gained access to enormous amounts of wealth– British paid for Bengali goods with the ___________________________from Bengal– Bengal lost control of its _____________________________
• The British followed this pattern of conquest throughout India– India’s economy transformed from a free market economy to a ______________ economy
• India essentially lost its trade connections to the outside world• Through____________________, the British ensured that Indians received very little
benefit from exports to Britain
• _____________ served as the base of British territorial expansion in India through the 18th and 19th centuries
75%silver bullion
land revenuesexternal trade
closedtaxation
Bengal
British Imperialism
British rule over India permanently altered the Indian economy’s structure and focus• Industrialization in Britain stopped importation of what key Indian product?
Indian calicoes and other textiles• India thus had to become a supplier of: raw materials for Britain• British textile mills demanded 2 key raw materials from India:
cotton and indigo• The Indian market also served as a great dumping ground for:
British manufactured goods and textiles– Indian ______________________ faced a sharp decline during the 19th century– By the 1840s, British imports accounted for more than _______of Indian textile
consumption• Indians abandoned _____________________________as a result of the
commercialization of Indian agriculture– The Indian peasantry remained more vulnerable than ever to___________
manufacturing 50%subsistence farming
famine
Indians must produce raw materials for
Britain
Indians must buy finished goods from
Britain
India was a major supplier of raw
materials
Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute,
opium
Jewel in the Crown
From India to the rest of Asia
• The British East India Company sought to extend its power through __________________to protect its Indian interests– ___________ constituted a major threat to the
company’s expansion• In the 1840s, Britain annexed 2 regions west of
India as buffer zones against Russia– Punjab – Sind
Central AsiaRussia
AFGHANISTAN resisted annexation
• The Afghan Wars of – 1839-1842– 1878-1880
• Britain – never formally ________________Afghanistan– By the 1880s, however, Afghanistan had practically
become a British __________state
colonized
client
BURMA
• currently known as _________________• The British annexed Burma after a series of
wars in – 1826– 1852– 1886
6…2…6 2+3 = 5 5+3 = 8 2…5…8
Myanmar
The “sick men”• Europeans labeled two major Asian empires “sick men”
– Ottoman Empire : Sick Man of Europe– The Qing dynasty: the Sick Man of the East
• Unlike it had in India, Europe did not implement _______________in the Ottoman Empire and China
• Europeans used both – political maneuvering and– financial conquest
• These methods avoided the ________________of direct rule• Europeans used these 2 political powers as buffers against these 2 rival powers:
– Russia – Japan
direct rule
high cost
DIRECT RULE vs. INDIRECT RULE Direct Rule:
The actual administration of government by representatives of the imperial power, usually supported by military and civilian services.
French tried direct rule. Indirect Rule:
Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or rulers who profit from the relationship.
British used indirect rule. Example was the Raj in India.
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe• Ripe for western
infiltration• The empire crossed
wide stretches of land– _______and _______:
east– ______and_________=
south – the _______ = north
• Peak of political power:• The 16th Century
Algeria Persia
Egypt Sudan
Balkans
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe
Territorial Losses: 1800-1914
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of Europe
• Provincial governors’ ambitions increasingly challenged the authority of what sultan?– Mahmud II
• sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
• The _______________ identity of most Ottoman subjects did give• cultural and • political cohesion
Muslim
Tanzimat• Translates to ___________________________• Mahmud II’s attempt to re-energize OTTOMAN EMPIRE through
– technological, – administrative, – and legal… ….________________________ of the Ottoman Empire
• Supported by whom?– Europeans (proprietary reasons)
• The British especially
• Opposed by whom (2 groups)?– Muslim clerics – military men
Who feared Western society would pollute the Islamic culture
“reorganization”
Westernization
Ottoman Empire begins to depend on Britain in _______
• EGYPT– Broke away from Ottoman control – seized control (of what area/ when)
• of SYRIA• In 1831
• The sultan asked __________ to restore Ottoman control in Syria• The British and the _____________
– demanded that _________________be fully implemented in return for British military action
• The British and French also demanded these 2 things:– extraterritorial judicial rights – trade privileges
1838
BritainFrench
Tamizat
A Defacto Colony• By the _________, the Ottoman Empire was a defacto
__________ colony, which had to – import large quantities of manufactured goods (2)
• Machinery• Textiles
– and export raw materials to Britain (3)• Opium• Cotton• Cereals
• Local Ottoman textile industries mostly failed during this period
1840sBritish
CRIMEAN WAR• 18___ to 18___• The Ottoman lost economic
independence – borrowed money from (2 countries)
• the British• The Frenchat unfavorable repayment terms
• The Ottoman _______________ Commission – committee formed in ______– formalized British and French control of the Ottoman economy– Europeans gained authority over (3 key sources of revenue)
• tariffs, • taxation, and • the provincial tribute systems
52 54
Public Debt1881
Cultural Cohesion of Ottoman Empire Disintegrated
• as Europeans centralized their control over the polity– The British and French aligned with _______________
minorities in the empire– __________ and ____________ intermediaries could purchase
European passports• Some allowed _______________________reserved for Europeans
– Internal discord increased • privileged groups grew wealthy• peasants and artisans suffered
• Europeans saw themselves as civilizers of the “Oriental” empire– sought to prop up ________________– eradicate all traces of ________________
Non-Muslim
Christian Jewish
judicial immunity
Christianitydespotism
CHINA: The Sick Man of the East• European imperial domination of China mostly followed the
pattern of the Ottoman Empire• The _______ dynasty
– ruled China since the mid ________________________– came from the foreign ______________ minority– At the beginning of the 19th century, sought to expand its Asian empire
• China kept in isolation from Europe– had no knowledge of Enlightenment philosophy– European manufactured goods held no allure for the Chinese
• In contrast, Europeans held insatiable desires for Chinese– paper, – silk, – tea, – porcelain, etc.
•
Qing 17TH CenturyManchu
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 28
Ships moored at Lintin, near Canton, and the opium was sent up the coast in local craft. Opium was shipped in chests, each weighing about 60 kilograms. The Chinese paid in silver – a gross profit of 1,000 silver dollars was made on each chest.
The Opium Trade & Tea
Opium reversed trade imbalance in the late 18th century
• All levels of Chinese society smoked opium• Chinese government ________________________of opium
– Trading companies (British East India Company) flooded the Chinese market with opium
• Chinese demand skyrocketed in response to tever-increasing supply of opium• Brits got cheap opium from India
– Europeans used opium profits to pay for Chinese goods, especially tea• By early 19th century, opium had wreaked heavy damage on China
– Social damage– Economic damage
• SILVER:– Europeans stopped paying for Chinese goods with silver– Silver shortages occurred throughout China
• Large segments of Chinese society experienced opium addiction
banned importation
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 30
• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties– The Opium Trade & Tea
Chinese Opium Den
The Chinese Empire under Siege
Drying Tea in China
First Opium War
• Chinese emperor attempted to– blockade the Port of ___________in ______– Seize merchants’ opium supplies
• The _________ sent naval force• First Opium War• Years:
• 1840-1842
• Loser:– Chinese lost
Canton 1840
British
• ______________________political cartoon
• Appeared – during the First Opium War– in French humor magazine
___________________• features a Brit trying to sell
Chinese man opium• Caption: “I say, you must buy
this poison immediately. We want you to really poison yourselves, so that we will have enough tea to comfortably digest our beefsteaks!”
J.J. Grandville’s
Le Charivari
The Opium War
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 34
• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties
The Chinese Empire under Siege
Treaty of __________
• Ended 1st Opium War• Britain
– gained control of __________________– received trading rights in ______ ports
• China was forced to compensate Europeans for the war
Nanjing
Hong Kong5
Second Opium War• same issues as the first Opium War • Chinese defeated and forced to cede 3 things:
– extraterritorial rights, – missionary protection, – and trading privileges to
• Britain, • the United States,• France, • and Russia
• The Qing emperor refused to ratify peace treaties– French and British occupied____________in _______– Troops burned imperial gardens at the
__________________________– Russia occupied ____________________
Peking
Summer Palace
1860
Vladivostok
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 37
The Taiping Rebellion
The Chinese Empire under Siege
East Asia in the nineteenth century
Taiping Rebellion
• 18____ to 18_____• Reaction to the Opium Wars’
– humiliation and – economic hardships
• Millenarian peasant movement’s goals:– to overthrow the European-dominated Qing dynasty– Create an egalitarian, harmonious society
• Over _______________Chinese died• Europeans intervened in the mid 1850s to protect their trading privileges
– General _________________________________crushed the rebellion
• with the Western-trained _____________________________• in ______________
– But sporadic resistance continued until ____________• European efforts to save the Qing dynasty greatly strengthened the
_________________interests in China
50 64
20 million
Charles “Chinese” Gordon“Ever Victorious Army”
1864 1868
commercial
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 39
The Chinese Empire under Siege
Final Assault on the Taipings at Nanjing, 1864
Sphere of influence
• An area over which a powerful nation claims a “vital interest” and, in reality, claims the right to exert dominance.
• An outside power claimed economic (trading) privileges.
• ______________ was the best example.
CHINA
Never formally colonized China• Except for ______________________• European traders remained in their port cities
– Foreigners did not penetrate far into Chinese society• British-Chinese relations did retain deeply colonial overtones
– The British sought to make the empire pay for itself– ___________= the center of this self-sustaining economic model
• ___________ essentially financed Britain’s trade with China– The British obtained opium from India at dirt cheap prices– used in exchange for Chinese luxury goods
• Both India and China lost access to ______________through British economic domination– China threw away its silver reserves in order to obtain more and more opium
• _____________peasants in the countryside remained discontent in both (2 subject countries)– India – China
Hong Kong
IndiaIndia
SILVER
overtaxed
Southeast Asia• European involvement in India and China led to expansion into Southeast Asia• The British East India Co. initially established fortified bases in Southeast Asia
– in the 1780s– protected the crucial trade route from India to China
• Dutch asked the British to oversee the former’s Southeast Asian holdings– 1795: The French occupation of _____________________during the French
Revolution diverted Dutch attention– At the time, the_______constituted the largest European power in Southeast Asia
• _________: The Dutch regained control of their Southeast Asian territories• The British
– received additional territory during this period– Temporary rule spurred demand sfor greater involvement in Southeast Asia
• By the _____________(date), – the British emerged as the primary European commercial power in the region– The British possessed_____________________by this time, including the 3 ports of
• Malacca,• Penang, and • Singapore
1808
the Straits Settlements
WHEN :WHY :
The Netherlands
Dutch
WHO :
1820s
The trade economy ended • soon after the British East India Company gained control
of _________________________• ____________________________= loss of trade
monopoly with China– The company’s interest in the India-China sea route faded
• Southeast Asia shifted from a trade depot to a raw materials provider in these 2 key products:– Tin– rubber
Southeast Asia soon found itself in the traditional colonial economic arrangement of producing raw materials for Europe
the Straits Settlementsthe Charter Act of 1833
Independent political powers in Southeast Asia gradually fell under European influence
• ____________• currently known as ______________________________• cited by historians as the exception to European rule over Southeast Asia
– lost its political and cultural sovereignty to the British– technically retained its__________________independence
• Siamese monarch abandoned traditional isolationist attitude in 1820s and 1830s– resumption of relations with Europe resulted in the surrender of some of Siam’s border
territories and the negotiation of peace treaties– This helped maintain Siam’s political independence
• The king had to engage in a program of _________________________ in order to fend off direct conquest by Europeans– included a European-style system of ______________________– Appointment of foreign advisors to the ____________________
• essentially dictated Siamese policy decisions concerning European interests in the region
• The decision to modernize Siam along Western lines represented the _____________ colonization present around the world
SIAM Thailand
Westernization
implicit
political
educationgovernment
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 45
• Settler Colonies in the Pacific
European Imperialism in the Pacific
Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 46
• _________ Colonies in the Pacific– Imperialists in Paradise
• Australia• Pacific Islands
European Imperialism in the Pacific
Queen Liliuokalani
SETTLER
The Pacific Rim
• Europeans established SETTLER COLONIES in (2):– Australia and – New Zealand
• These settlements stood in contrast to the implicit colonization of the rest of the Pacific Rim
• Their colonization deviated from the traditional ideologies of the early 19th century (2):– liberal paternalism– economic imperialism
Australia: British Penal Colony• Founded in…
– 1788• humane alternative to…
– capital punishment• British government viewed
– emigration of free labor as a drain on Britain’s manpower– But countless land-hungry settlers immigrated
• In the 1840s, – British settlement of Australia increased– The first generation - cash incentives to immigrate– The Australian Gold Rush of ______________(date)
• drastically increased emigration from Britain
1851
New Zealand
• followed a settlement path similar to that of ____________________– British settlers first arrived in ____________– The establishment of the
_________________________________________encouraged immigration to the region
– The British government actively attempted to discourage emigration to New Zealand
Australia 1839New Zealand Trading Co.
Settlement of Australasia mirrored the 17th and 18th century settlement of ______________
• This European expansion included (3 key aspects)– decimation of indigenous populations, – a thirst for land, and – the frontier mentality
• European diseases killed most natives– Expropriating settlers forced most of the survivors off of their native lands
• Settlers killed off entire ecosystems while converting forests and prairies into farmland– Indigenous populations lost many of their major ________________sources in this manner
• The British government offered military support for settlers and helped displace local populations
• ______________________Treaty– 18 ___– British settlers signed it long with the British government– promised to protect the land rights of local __________– Settlers quickly broke this treaty, leading to violent conflict – The British government intervened, crushing Maori resistance by
the__________
The Americas
Waitangi40
FOOD
Maoris
1860s
1850s: One Million + Immigrate
• Mostly to_________________• The British government turned a corner and saw
emigration as an ____ & ____ necessity – economic and– demographic
• British-descended settlers in these colonies enjoyed privileged positions because of their large numbers– colonists were also known as _____________________– began to identify themselves as ________ of Australasia– these “natives” increasingly called for_______________
Australia
the White Dominionsnatives
self-government
Independence came slowly to the Pacific Rim
• Australia and New Zealand gained limited autonomy in the ___________– Dominion status the next step toward independence
• granted domestic autonomy to colonies • But Britain kept control over
– foreign policy and – trade
• In 1867, dominion status was first bestowed on– CANADA
• 1907: (2 countries)– AUSTRALIA– NEW ZEALAND
• 1910: (1 country)– SOUTH AFRICA
1850s
Japan• First European failure to spread the continent’s influence
– escaped _____________and ____________ European rule– the only country to do so in 19th century Asia
• For the first two-thirds of the 19th century, it appeared Japan would follow in the footsteps of the Chinese– In the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans had attempted to end
Japan’s…(foreign policy outlook)• ISOLATIONISM
– ____________mounted the first substantial attempt to do so• American naval commander _________________coerced the
Japanese ______________ government to open some of its ports to Western trade in _______– A treaty confirmed these economic actions– European nations soon followed– By the mid 19th century, small-scale European penetration of Japan had
begun
RussiaMatthew Perry
Tokugawa1854
implicit explicit
Meiji Restoration5
Period lasting from 1868 to 1912.
Meiji means “enlightened rule.”
Goal: “A rich country, a strong military”
New leaders set out to study western ways, adapt them to
Japanese needs and beat westerners at their own
game.
Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate leads to Dramatic Shift
• 1868 - _____________________________– deconstructed the 700 year-old Japanese feudal system
• Japan was propelled into a position of global power – Rapid ________________________ and – a ________________________ of government and education
• Japan’s strength allowed the country to retain control of the Westernization process
• Europe had no chance to control Japan through ___________ colonization
• Japan soon revised the ________trade treaties it had signed during the mid 19th century
• By 18____, Japan began extending its influence and forcing trade concessions from other countries
• This process started in ____________
Meiji Restoration
implicitunfair
73
Korea
industrializationwesternization
Growing Military Strength5
As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to industrial growth.
Spurred by –isms: __________________and __________________, Japan built an empire.
1894:Sino-Japanese War
•Though outnumbered, Japan defeated China with their modern technology.
Japanese Rule Korea•1910: Japan annexes Korea•Japan modernizes Korea but profits went to Japanese•Imposed harsh rule on Koreans•Korean rebels created nationalist groups
1904: Russo-Japanese War
•Japan’s armies defeated Russia in Manchuria.•Japanese navy almost destroyed a Russian fleet•1905 Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan gains control of Manchuria and Korea
Nationalism Imperialism
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller 57
• Imperial Japan– Early Japanese Expansion– The ________-Japanese War– The ________-Japanese War
The Emergence of New Imperial Powers
Russo-Japanese Peace Conference Representatives ~ Postcard
Sergei Witte
Baron Kogoro TakahiraSINORUSSO
pp. 34-42
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44
• SATI
• FACTORIES
• TANZIMAT REFORMS
• The practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband
• Trading posts
• A program of administrative, legal, and technological westernization initiated by the Ottoman sultan in the 1830s
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44
• OPIUM WARS
• TAIPING REBELLION
• CHARTER ACT of 1833
• Series of wars fought by British after Chinese emperor tried to blockade sale of Opium in China
• 1850-64 peasant movement to overthrow Qing dynasty; resulted in 20 million deaths
• British East India Co. lost monopoly in Chinese trade and dominance in the India-China trade route
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44• WAITAINGI
TREATY
• MATTHEW PERRY
• MEIJI RESTORATION
• DOMINION STATUS
• 1840 treaty which promised Maoiris protection of land rights; quickly violated by settlers
• American naval commodore who forces Japanese to open ports for trade in 1854
• Attempted reform of Japanese feudal system which promoted INDUSTRIALIZATION and WESTERNIZATION
• Classification which offered domestic autonomy to settler colonies but retained European control over foreign policy and trade
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 1. Nineteenth century Europeans were more convinced of their superiority than ever before.
• FALSE– LESS CONVINCED– THEY EVEN BECAME CRITICAL OF THEMSELVES
AND THEIR COLONIZATION OF THE WORLD
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 2. Late Eighteenth century colonizers like James Cook sought to colonize just as their predecessors had done before.
• FALSE– DO THINGS DIFFERENTLY AND TO LEGITIMIZE
THEIR ROLE AS CIVILIZERS.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 3. All Hindus practiced the ritual of sati.
• FALSE– ONLY CERTAIN GROUPS OF UPPER-CLASS HINDUS
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 4. British victory at the Battle of Plassey dealt a critical defeat to the Mughal Empire and put the Dutch East India Company into a position of dominance.
• FALSE– British East India Co.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 5. India remained a supplier of finished textile products even after the beginning of British rule.
• FALSE– BECAME A SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS AND
COTTON AND INDIGO
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 6. The chief ally of the British in Central Asia was Russia.
• FALSE– ADVERSARY
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 7. Europeans intervened in the failing Ottoman Empire and Qing China much as they did in the Mughal Empire.
• FALSE– DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY HAD IN THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE, EXPLOITING THE FAILING EMPIRE FINANCIALLY AND POLITICALLY BUT NOT SEEKING DIRECT RULE
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 8. The Ottoman Empire remained strong even into the nineteenth century.
• FALSE– DECLINED SHARPLY FROM ITS PEAK POINT IN THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 9. The Ottomans fought the French and British in the Crimean War.
• FALSE– SOUGHT HELP FROM THE FRENCH AND THE
BRITISH TO HELP THEM FIGHT AGAINST THE RUSSIANS.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 10. The majority of the Ottoman population benefitted from the European presence of the nineteenth century.
• FALSE– Only a privileged part
2.07: LISTING
• 1. List three terms of the Treaty of Nanjing which ended the first Opium War. (p. 42)
– British given control of Hong Kong– British given trading rights in five Chinese ports– Chinese forced to pay indemnity for the war
2.07: LISTING
• 2. List three ways in which indigenous populations suffered under European imperialism in Australasia. (p. 43)
– European disease decimated the population– lost land rights– lost major food sources since ecosystems were
destroyed
Europe Spreads to Africa• The greatest imperial shift during the 19th
century was Europe’s changing stance regarding Africa
2.07: LISTING
• 3. List the few places where European colonization had taken place in Africa prior to the nineteenth century. (p. 44)
• Portugal in West Africa (Angola)• French in Senegambia region (Senegal)• Dutch and English settlers on the Cape of
Good Hope
Early interactions• Most Europeans had limited knowledge and interest in
Africa prior to the late 18th century– This indifference and ignorance stemmed from a lack of
__________ with Africa– Only a few European interactions had occurred by this time
period• Portuguese slave traders settled in ______________ on the
western coast• The Senegambia region, specifically Senegal, served as a home to ______________
traders• Dutch and English settlers had established a colony on ________________________________________
• Europeans represented Africa as outside ______________ in writings, visual imagery, and maps
– Africans were ostensibly savage brutes• Africans as a _________source only reinforced the idea of Africans
remaining outside of humanity
contact
Angola
FrenchThe Cape of Good Hope
civilization
labor
Europeans Interact with Africans• Proponents of a free market saw Africa as potential market
– dumping ground for European _________________• Africa also served as a source for _____________
– West Africa exported ________oil and _______oil– These goods lubricated European __________________________________
• This economic prosperity led to Europeans visualizing Africa as a potential site for Civilization
• If Africa became a European trading partner, Africa had markets, cities, and states of its own
manufactured goodsraw materials
palm peanut
Industrial machinery
Growing Public Awareness of Africa• The rise of the _____________________demonstrated the
sudden awareness of Africa’s economic potential– This company dedicated itself to the African commercial expansion of
______________– Scottish explorer ______________worked for the company
• He led expeditions on the _______________in West Central Africa in 17____ and 18__
• These voyages led Park to encounter the _____________and _____________states
• These two societies________________ _______________ confirmed beliefs that Africa could become a British trading partner
– Mungo Park wrote ________________________________about his expeditions in West Africa
• included a piece of art showing __________ in ___________ country• Explorers’ accounts of Africa proved enormously popular and helped spark
public interest in Africa
African Association
BritainMungo Park
Niger River95 05 FulaniBambara commercial infrastructure
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
Kamalia Mandingo
Mungo Park
Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa
• ____________devastated Mungo Park’s two expeditions of the Niger River– Until the mid_______century, disease posed a
threat to European-African commercial ties– Europeans had previously held the upper hand
in immunity to diseases• African diseases now overwhelmed Europeans
much as European diseases had overwhelmed ______________________
Disease
19th
Americans
Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in Africa
• these 4 diseases ravages Europeans:– DYSENTERY– YELLOW FEVER– TYPHOID– MALARIA
• 19th century Africa is often known as the ___________________________as a result of the potency of diseases
• Methods for treating malaria were ineffective or __________in themselves– Some Europeans attempted to cure malaria with
__________________
White Man’s Grave
lethal
mercury
Dealing with Malaria
• European chemists discovered that_____________could cure malaria in the 1820s– Quinine derived from the bark of the ______________
tree in _______________________– By the 1850s, Europeans used quinine
___________________ in order to avert contraction of malaria
• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than warfare in
Africa through the 1870s
South America
perventatively
quinine
cinchona
High Death Rates from Disease
• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from African diseases – Disease killed more European soldiers than
______________ in Africa through the 1870swarfare
Geographic Obstacles
Geographic Obstacles
Geographic Obstacles
• African physical features created great challenges for European explorers– The invention of the ________________in the ____th
century partially fixed this problem• The steamboat applied James Watt’s steam engine to
transportation• Europeans could now explore continental rivers in
– Africa, – Australia, and – Asia
• At rapid speeds even against the wind and the current
Geographic Obstacles
steamboat 19th
• _____________ exploration of Africa, however, remained difficult for a substantial period of time– Steamboats had to be
• dismantled, • carried around ___________and then• reassembled
• Europeans gained access to almost all areas of Africa following the use of steamboats– Areas that lacked ______________________remained
largely untouched by Europeans– These regions were among the last parts of Africa to be
______________________
Geographic Obstacles
rapids
adequate waterways
colonized
Steamboat
Movement towards colonization
• Most challenges facing Europeans in the penetration of Africa had been removed or solved by the mid _____ century– ______________________ were often among the first
people to enter into regions of Africa• Many of these missionaries were ___________________ who
sought to end ________________in Africa• These religious zealots sought to convert people to Christianity
and westernize “primitive” natives• To these people, conversion to Christianity and cultivating
beneficial __________________ relationships went hand in hand
– Both of these goals moved Africans along the civilizing process of Westernization
19thmissionaries
evangelicalsslavery
economic
Movement towards colonization
• African mission stations attracted other Europeans– ______________ often utilized the knowledge of
missionaries for economic benefit– Missionaries sought _________________
protection• These desires involved European governments in Africa
Traders
government
Explorers raised public interest about Africa
• Many explorers embarked on ______________ to raise money from these 3 sources – government, – general public, and – scientific authorities ….for further African expeditions– The most successful African explorers were often
the most skilled ____________________– Quite a few of these men became national heroes
• _______________________is one such man
Lecture tours
speakers
David Livingstone
Quick Facts: David LivingstoneDr. David Livingstone was a Scottish minister. He is the most famous
European missionary of the Age of Imperialism.
Livingstone traveled to South Africa as a missionary in 1840 at the age of 27.
Livingstone went on to become one of most famous explorers of central Africa. He is known as the first European to travel the breadth of the continent of Africa from east to west. He was also the first known European to see Victoria Falls.
Livingstone is best know for his disappearance and the subsequent search for him be the American newspaper reporter, Henry Stanley. From 1863-1869, Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world. When found, Stanley uttered the famous words, “Livingstone, I presume?”.
Livingstone died in Africa in 1873.
David Livingstone
• VICTORIA FALLS
DAVID LIVINGSTONE
This missionary-explorer published the book titled
--WHEN?1857
--The work describes Livingstone’s dual quest to open central Africa to both
• religion and • trade
Explorers raised public interest about Africa
• __________________ represented a different take on the African explorer– The ________________
hired this Anglo-American to locate Livingstone after the latter went missing in Central ______________
Henry Stanley
New York Herald
Congo
Explorers raised public interest about Africa
– After the ________ publication of
___________________, Stanley became an instant hero
1872
How I Found Livingstone
Misinformation & Negative Stereotypes
• Explorers often misinformed their audiences and perpetuated negative stereotypes of Africans– Henry Stanley was instrumental in associating Africa with
____________ in the European mindset– Stanley used imagery such as (3)
• immorality, • savagery, and • irrationality to describe Africans
darkness
Writers captivated by Stanley’s Account
Edgar Rice Burroughs
• American novelist• wrote :
• WHEN?• in 1912
Joseph Conrad
• Polish-English novelist• Conrad published
• WHEN?• In 1902
Expanding into the Interior
• Europeans began expanding from their existing bases in Africa during this time
• The Portuguese started exploring from their ___________ settlementsAngola
Expanding into the Interior• The French moved from Saint Louis into
____________• Similarly, the French moved from ____________
farther into the interior of Algeria– French took Algiers in ___________– The French fought a costly war in the 1840s and 1850s
against Algerian guerillas• __________________headed these well-armed African
troops• By _________, France could claim Algeria as a colony
SenegalAlgiers
1830
Abd-el Kader
1869
Dutch Landing in Africa 1652
FYI Summary: South Africa• Boers were descendants of Dutch sailors who had settled in southern
Africa in the mid 1700s. The Boers lived a relatively solitary, agrarian/rancher lifestyle.
• By the early 19th century the British took control of the Cape of Good Hope and the Cape Colony.
• The Boer farmers clashed with their new British rulers.• In the 1830s, the Boer farmers migrated north (the GREAT TREK) from
the Cape Colony and established three independent Dutch colonies (Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange Free State).
• In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State. Thousands of British colonists migrated to OFS. There was strife between the Boers and British in the OFS. In 1887, gold was discovered in the Transvaal.
The Great Trek, 1835-45
Afrikaners
The Great Trek
• The Great Trek from ______ to ______resulted from _________Afrikaners fleeing British control in southern Africa– These Africans migrated north of the __________
River seeking land of their own– By the late 1830s, the Afrikaners established
independent republics in the ___________, the ___________________, and the _______________
18351845 15,000
It’s easy as 3,4,5!
Orange
NatalOrange Free State
Transvaal
The Struggle for South Africa
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
“The Colossus of Rhodes”
Boer-British Tensions Increase
1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence..
1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The BoersThe British
AFRIKANERS
• The Afrikaners were largely self-employed as _____________________
• They also engaged in ongoing territorial battles with the ________
–The ________often fought the Afrikaners–This tribe was a southern Bantu people
cattle ranchers
BantusZulus
Afrikaner Expansion
• The __________felt threatened by Afrikaner expansion– Britain annexed the__________ province in
______to cut off the Afrikaners from the _______– Officially, the British recognized the sovereignty of
the _____________________and the _____________in _________
• The British, however, constantly intervened in Bantu-Afrikaner conflicts
British
Natal1843 coast
Orange Free StateTransvaal 1854
Europeans: violent confrontations with African political entities in a state of flux
– The __________ of South Africa = perfect example• During the ________, King __________________built
a powerful Zulu empire in the ___________ region– King Shaka lived from ________o _________– This sparked disturbances throughout southern Africa
• The raiding armies of Shaka sent many Bantu peoples seeking refuge
– The________________were one of these peoples– Bantu peoples fled south into British territory or north into
________________land• _____________ and Afrikaners thus warred
constantly over land
Zulu1820s Shaka Zulu
Natal1781 1828
Ndebele
AfrikanerBantus
Slide 121
People in History: Shaka and Resistance• Zulu Wars
Anglo-Zulu War
• Zulus began to migrate north from ______to _____– led to an armed conflict
• The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from ______to ______– conflict erupted from tensions due to____________
expansionism into Zulu territory– The Zulus temporarily defeated the British at the
________________________: key importance=
• first victory of an African force over a European power– BUT….the British went on to crush the Zulus
1837 1838
1878 1879British
Battle of Isandhlwana
Battle of Isandlwana
Battle of Isandlwana
European expansionism :opportunity to control Egypt
• Egypt was coveted because of its location on the _______________– This represented a strategic post on the trading
route to______________– The _________________________had controlled
Egypt since the ___________century
Red SeaIndia
Ottoman Empire16th
• ________________took the opportunity to invade Egypt in__________when Ottoman control weakened– British forces backed by Ottoman Turks defeated
Napoleon’s troops at the __________________________________
NAPOLEON1798
Battle of the Nile
• The sultan of the Ottoman Empire lost control of Egypt when ____________________
• seized power– This _____________officer
served in the Ottoman empire of reoccupation
– British and French commercial interests as well as the sultan’s continued resistance spoiled Ali’s plans for
_____________________
Mohammed Ali
Albanian
Egyptian Independence
EGYPT and COMMERCE
• Europeans controlled a large portion of Egypt’s _____________by the mid 19th century– European __________________ often financed Egyptian
modernization projects– These projects included the ______________and an
Egyptian _______________system• The Suez Canal connected the __________Sea and the
__________________________Sea• ___________________________oversaw this project
that lasted from ____________o _____________• The railway system ran from ___________________ to
__________________
tradebankers
Suez Canalrailway
RedMediterraneanFerdinand Lesseps
1859 1869Alexandria
Cairo
Lesseps supervising Suez Canal
RECAP
IndustrialRevolution
Source forRawMaterials
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalism
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotivesFor Colonization
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’sBurden”
SocialDarwinism
Pp. 44-45
• 1. Europeans who had previously ignored Africa began to see it as a potential marketplace as a…___ & _____
• source of raw materials and • an outlet for the sale of manufactured goods.
Pp. 44-45
• 2. The African Association was dedicated to…
British commercial expansion in Africa.
Pp. 44-45
• 3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of the African Association, explored…
• up the Niger River in West Central Africa in 1795 and 1805, bringing him in contact with the advanced states of Fulani and Bambara.
Pp. 44-45
• 4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s Grave” because…
• so many Europeans died from African diseases like dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria
Pp. 44-45
• 5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for Europeans until the invention of the…
• steamboat which allowed for the exploration of the interior of the African continent.
Pp. 44-45
• 6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about saving souls anymore; rather, attention was turned to…
• ‘Europeanizing’ the natives through the cultivation of commerce.
Pp. 44-45
• 7. Many Europeans who sought to explore Africa publicized their travel through…
• books and • lecture tours in hopes of raising money for
future expeditions.
Pp. 44-45
• 8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise money for his campaigns often depended on his…
• skill as a speaker and rhetorician
Pp. 44-45
• 9. David Livingstone was the author of Missionary Travels and a…
• missionary-explorer who became a national icon.
Pp. 44-45
• 10. Henry Stanley became an overnight celebrity when he was hired to…
• find Livingstone when he was missing and • published a work about it in 1872 called How
I Found Livingstone.
p. 45
Missionary Travels
1857 Describes quest to openAfrica to commerce and to
Christianize it
How I Found Livingstone
HenryMorganStanley
1872
Tarzan ofThe Apes
EdgarRice
Burroughs1912
Heart ofDarkness
JosephConrad
1902
p. 45-47
James Watt
An Afrikaner
Abd-el Kader
p. 45-47
A Zulu
Shaka Zulu
Mohammed Ali
Ferdinand Lesseps
STOP