New Ideas - Chapter 24:i -
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Transcript of New Ideas - Chapter 24:i -
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New Ideas- Chapter 24:i -
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Adam Smith“Father of Capitalism”
• author of Wealth of Nations• advocated a policy of laissez-faire (“leave
them alone”)- let natural forces of supply & demand to operate (no government interference!)- sellers/buyers act in own self-interest- businesses compete to produce goods inexpensively (efficient producers will prosper, expand operations, hire more workers, etc.)
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Thomas Malthus
• author of An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
• poverty, famine, and misery unavoidable
- population increasing faster than food supply
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[Image source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/lect/mod15.html]
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David Ricardo
• “iron law of wages” – rapid population growth leads to:- fierce competition for jobs- lower wages- higher unemployment
Continual poverty inevitable!
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The Birth of Economics,“the dismal science”
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Malthus &Ricardo
• believed in laissez-faire
• thought the poor could help themselves by working hard, saving earnings, and having fewer children
How accurate were the forecasts of Malthus and Ricardo? (Be prepared to explain!)
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Evangelicals and Reform
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William Wilberforce got the British Parliament to outlaw the slave trade in 1807, and slavery throughout the empire in 1833.
[Image source: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01179/arts-graphics-2007_1179113a.jpg]]
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Lord Shaftesbury
promoted laws limiting
working hours for
women and children.
[Image source: http://gerald-massey.org.uk/holyoake/images/lord_shaftesbury.jpg]
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Utilitarian Reformers
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British philosopher
Jeremy Bentham believed society should work for
“the greatest happiness forthe greatest number” of
citizens.[Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/KrakowLectures/Law508/bentham.jpg]
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Laws should be judged by:
• their usefulness;
• whether they advance human happiness; and
• reduced human misery
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Bentham’s follower, John
Stuart Mill,called for the
distribution of wealth more
justly through taxing income.
[Image source:http://www.comnet.ca/~pballan/milljs2.jpg]
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[Image source: http://www.willamette.edu/~sbasu/poli212/Mill1_files/image055.png]
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Socialism
• the belief that the means of production – capital, land, raw materials, and factories – should be owned and controlled by society, either directly or through governments
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Robert Owen, a wealthy Welsh manufacturer,
believed competition caused manyof society’s problems.
[Image source: http://www.chorleyhistorysociety.co.uk/robert_owen.jpg]
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Owen believed life would improve if cooperation replaced competition.
New Lanark, Scotland
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Owen unsuccessfully attempted to apply his ideas in the United States in 1825.
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Prussian philosopher Karl Marx
dismissed the ideas of early socialists as impractical.
[Image source:http://www.communism.co.uk/karl-marx.jpg]
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Marx attempted to provide a scientific basis for socialism.
[Image source: http://friedgreenonions.blogspot.com/2009/01/we-will-bury-you-khrushchev-prophesizes.html]
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Due to his radical views,
Marx lived most of his life in exile.
[Image source: http://libcom.org/library/critique-of-the-gotha-program-karl-marx]
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In 1844, Marx met Friedrich
Engels, scion of a wealthy industrialist,
in Paris.[Image source:
http://forumfilosofia.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/edrich.jpg]
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Marx and Engels became lifelong collaborators.
[Image source: http://mikeely.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/marx-engels_at_work_together.jpg]
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Marx based his teachings on the
German philosopher Hegel, who thought
that the clash of ideas produced
changes and new ideas (and new
conflicts!).[Image source:
https://eee.uci.edu/programs/humcore/images/Antigone/Georg_Hegel.png]
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Hegel’s Triad
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Marx believed history advanced through conflict, and that economics was the major force for change.
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According to Marx, what emerged was a “class struggle” – the
conflict between those who controlled production and those who did the work –
which propelled history forward.
[Image source: http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/nov04/chartists%20storming%20westgate%20preston%201842.png]
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Marx’s stages of economic life:
People produce what they need1. Primitive
Advent of tools make surpluses possible (people became exploitable)2. Slavery3. Feudal4. Capitalist
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In Marx’s view, history was a struggle between the “haves” and “have-nots”.
[Image source: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/pics/barics2.gif]
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Marx believed the makers of goods – the proletariat – was the true productive class.
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The bourgeoisie, or middle class, exploited the proletariat by owning the means of production.
[Image source: http://75.24.205.227/guenther-history/westernciv2/Nationalism%20Romanticism%20Realism%20Images.htm]
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“Let the ruling classes tremble at a
Communist revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They
have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!”
[Image source: http://www.popsiclesandgrenades.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/manifest-hope-workers-rights-poster.jpg]
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
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Marx developed his ideas further in the work Das Kapital.
[Image source: http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/swabeck/1959/xx/capital.jpg]
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[Image source: http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Internet_Activities/4_IA_HumanPopGrowth.html]
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What is the message of
this political cartoon, and
of the cartoons
that follow?
[Image source: http://www.marxists.org/subject/art/visual_arts/satire/marx/marx1.jpg]