New History of Polymers Classification of Polymer · 2006. 3. 15. · History of Polymer K. Ziegler...
Transcript of New History of Polymers Classification of Polymer · 2006. 3. 15. · History of Polymer K. Ziegler...
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Functional Polymer/1st Semester, 2006Functional Polymer/1st Semester, 2006
History of PolymersHistory of Polymers
Classification of PolymerClassification of PolymerBy Polymerization MechanismBy Polymerization MechanismBy PolarityBy PolarityBy Polymerization ProcessBy Polymerization ProcessBy Recycle AbilityBy Recycle AbilityBy By TacticityTacticity
Interaction of PolymerInteraction of Polymer
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
History of PolymerHistory of PolymerH. H. StaudingerStaudinger (1881(1881--1965)1965)
고분자설을고분자설을 실험적으로실험적으로 증명증명
천연고무의천연고무의 수소화수소화 실험실험(CH(CH22=CH=CH33CC--CH=CHCH=CH22))
PolystyrenePolystyrene의의 점도가점도가 말단기말단기의의 수가수가 작아짐에작아짐에 따라따라 증가함증가함을을 실험적으로실험적으로 증명증명
1953 1953 Noble PrizeNoble Prize
W.H. W.H. CarothersCarothers (1896(1896--1937)1937)
Nylon Nylon 최초최초 합성합성
19371937년년 DupontDupont社社 상업화상업화
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
History of PolymerHistory of PolymerK. Ziegler (1898K. Ziegler (1898--1973)1973)
상압상압 폴리에틸렌폴리에틸렌 합성합성
19631963년년 Noble PrizeNoble Prize
G. G. NattaNatta (1903(1903--1979)1979)
Ziegler Ziegler 촉매촉매 이용이용 입체입체규칙성을규칙성을 지닌지닌 폴리프로폴리프로필렌필렌 합성합성
19631963년년 Noble PrizeNoble Prize
P. J. P. J. FloryFlory (1910(1910--1985)1985)
고분자고분자 물리화학의물리화학의 이론이론 집집대성대성
19741974년년 Noble PrizeNoble Prize
A. J. A. J. HeegerHeeger (1936(1936-- ))
반도체반도체//전도성전도성 고분자고분자 발견발견
20002000년년 Noble PrizeNoble Prize
UCSB UCSB 물리학과물리학과 교수교수
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
PolymerizationPolymerization
Design of monomer
Design of Catalysis
Polymerization Process
General Polymer(LDPE, HDPE, PP, PS, PVC)
Engineering Polymer(PC, PET, PA, POM,m PPO)
Super Engineering Polymer(PI, PSF, PEEK, PTFE)
Radical polymerization
Coordination polymerization
Ionic polymerization
Polycondensation
Bulkpolymerization
Solutionpolymerization
Suspension/Emulsionpolymerization
Gas phasepolymerization
Tailor made control of compound in
the molecular level
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
C C
H
H
H
CH3
nC C
H
H
H
Hn
C C
H
H
H
nC C
H
H
H
Cn
N
C C
H
H
H
Cln
C O
CH3
CH3
C O
O
n
Sn
C C
OO
O C C
H
H
H
H
O
n
C O
H
H
n
C
O
C
O
NN
H
H
n
C
CH3
CH3
O S
O
O
n
NN
O
O
O
O
n
C C
O
N
O H
N
H
nO O C
O
n
C C
F
F
F
F
n
C C
F
O
F
F
xC C
F
F
F
F
y
CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO3H
General Polymer Engineering Polymer
Super Engineering Polymer
Various PolymersVarious Polymers
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Classification by MechanismClassification by Mechanism
Step Polymerization
Chain GrowthPolymerization
Radical Polymerization
Cationic Polymerization
Anionic Polymerization
Coordination Polymerization
Polycondensation
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Step PolymerizationStep PolymerizationNylon 66 (PA 66)
HN
H(CH2)6 N
H
H+
HO C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OH-H2O H
NH
(CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OH
Hexamethylene diamine Adipic acid
HN
H(CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHH
NH
(CH2)6 NH
H+
-H2O HN
H(CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O H
N (CH2)6 NH
H
Dimer
Dimer Monomer Trimer
n-mer m-mer
(n+m)-mer
-(m+n)/2 H2OH
NH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OH
H
NH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHn m
+
HNH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHn+m
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Step PolymerizationStep Polymerization
Structural unit Structural unit
Repeating unit
Monomer + Monomer Dimer, Monomer + Dimer Trimer
Monomer + Trimer Tetramer, Dimer + Dimer Tetramer
N-mer + M-mer (N+M)-Dimer
H
NH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHn
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Chain Growth PolymerizationChain Growth Polymerization
Radical Polymerization
Cationic Polymerization
Anionic Polymerization
Coordination Polymerization
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
InitiationInitiationGeneration of active initiatorGeneration of active initiatorReaction with monomer to form growing chainsReaction with monomer to form growing chains
PropagationPropagationChain extension by incremental monomer additionChain extension by incremental monomer addition
TerminationTerminationConversion of active growing chains to inert Conversion of active growing chains to inert polymerpolymer
Chain TransferChain TransferTransfer of active growing site by terminating one Transfer of active growing site by terminating one chain and reinitiating a new chain. chain and reinitiating a new chain.
Chain Growth PolymerizationChain Growth Polymerization
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Radical PolymerizationRadical Polymerization
C
O
O O C
O Heat or LightC
O
O2 .
I 2 Rokd
initiation
C
O
O. +H2C CHC
O
O .H2C CH
Ro + M R1ki
initiation
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Radical PolymerizationRadical PolymerizationH2C CHC
O
O . + H2C CHH2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH.
R1 + M R2kp
propagation
H2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH.
n-1+ H2C CH
H2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH.
n
Rn + M Rn+1kp
propagation
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Radical PolymerizationRadical PolymerizationH2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH.
n-1+ H2C CH
H2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH2
n-1+ H3C CH.
Rn + M kc
Chain transferPn + R1
H2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH.
n-1CH2
HC C
O
OH2CHC.+
H2C
HCC
O
OH2C CH
n-1CH2
HC C
O
OH2C
HCRn + Rn
kt
TerminationPn
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Cationic PolymerizationCationic Polymerization+ H2C CHB+X-
H2C C+B X-
H2C C+B X- + H2C CH CH2 C+HB X-CH2CH
CH2 C+HB X-CH2CHn-1
+ H2C CH CH2 C+HB X-CH2CHn
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Anionic PolymerizationAnionic Polymerization+ H2C CH
H2C C-A M+
H2C C-A M+ + H2C CH CH2 C-HA M+CH2CH
CH2 C-HA M+CH2CHn-1
+ H2C CH CH2 C-HA M+CH2CHn
M+A-
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Coordination PolymerizationCoordination PolymerizationMetallocene Activation & insertion
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Classification by PolarityClassification by Polarity전기음성도의전기음성도의 정의정의: : 공유공유 결합에서결합에서 전자쌍을전자쌍을끌어끌어 당기는당기는 힘의힘의 크기크기
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Polar PolymerPolar Polymer
H
NH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHn
-+
-+ -
+-+
H: 2.2, N: 3.0C: 2.5, O: 3.4
H2C C
H
Cl
**n-
+C: 2.5, Cl: 3.2
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
NonpolarNonpolar PolymerPolymer
C C
H
CH3
**n
H
H
C C
H
H
**n
H
H
C C
H
**n
H
H
H: 2.2, C: 2.5
C C
F
F
**n
F
F
-+
-
-+
-
C: 2.5, F: 4.0
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
By ProcessBy Process
Removal of additivesRemoval of additivesCoagulation neededCoagulation neededLatex stabilityLatex stability
High High RRpolypolyLow TemperaturesLow TemperaturesHigh Mol. Wt.High Mol. Wt.High surface area latexHigh surface area latex
EmulsionEmulsion
Removal of additivesRemoval of additivesLow viscosityLow viscosityDirect bead formationDirect bead formation
SuspensionSuspension(Pearl)(Pearl)
Lower mol. Wt.Lower mol. Wt.Low Low RRpolypolySolvent RecoverySolvent Recovery
Good mixingGood mixingReady for applicationReady for application
SolutionSolution
Heat buildupHeat buildupGel effectGel effectBranched or Branched or crosslinkedcrosslinked productproduct
Simple equipmentSimple equipmentRapid reactionRapid reactionPure polymer isolatedPure polymer isolated
Bulk (Neat)Bulk (Neat)DisadvantagesDisadvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesMethodMethod
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
By Recycle AbilityBy Recycle Ability
Thermoplastic: Thermoplastic: polymers that flow when heatedpolymers that flow when heatedeasily reshaped and recycledeasily reshaped and recycleddue to presence of long chains with limited or no due to presence of long chains with limited or no crosslinkscrosslinkspolyethylene, polyvinylchloridepolyethylene, polyvinylchloride
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Thermosetting: Thermosetting: decomposed when heateddecomposed when heatedcan not be reformed or recycledcan not be reformed or recycledpresence of extensive presence of extensive crosslinkscrosslinks between long between long chains chains epoxy and polyestersepoxy and polyesters
By Recycle AbilityBy Recycle Ability
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
ElastomersElastomers: : intermediate between thermoplastic and intermediate between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers thermosetting polymers some some crosslinkingcrosslinkingcan undergo extensive elastic deformationcan undergo extensive elastic deformationnatural rubber, siliconenatural rubber, silicone
By Recycle AbilityBy Recycle Ability
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Structural CharacteristicsStructural Characteristics
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
By By TacticityTacticity• Polymers can be either amorphous or semi-crystalline
• Tacticity, i.e. arrangements of substituents around the backbone, determines the degree of crystallinity
• Atactic polymers are amorphous
• Isotactic and syndiotactic may crystallize
• Crytallinity depends on:–size of side groups (smaller, ↑crystallinity)–regularity of chain
• Increased crystallinity enhances mechanical properties
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
By By TacticityTacticity
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Primary Bond
Secondary Bond Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond
Dipole-dipole interaction
Van der Waals interaction
Covalent Bond
Interaction of PolymerInteraction of Polymer
200-500
10-20
3-7
1.5-3
0.5-1
BE (KJ/mol)
Prof. Jin-Heong Yim
Interaction of PolymerInteraction of PolymerH2C CH
COOH
H2C
HC
COOH
**n
H2C
HC
COO-
*H2C
HC
COO-
H2C
HC
COO-
H2C
HC
COO-
*
H2CCH
COO-
*H2CCH
COO-
H2CC
H
COO-
H2CCH
COO-
*
Ca2+ Ca2+
H
NH (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
OHn
H
N (CH2)6 N
H
C
O
(CH2)4 C
O
HHOn
H2C
HC
C N
H2C
HC
C N
H2C
HC
C Nn
H2C C
H
CNH2C C
H
CNH2C C
H
CN
n
Ionic Bond
Hydrogen Bond Dipole-dipole interaction
+
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-
- -
- -
-