Fruit Morphology

What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a

What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a

flower along with any adnate parts.

What is a seed?

- A seed is a baby in a box with its lunch. - Specifically, it is a ripened (fertilized) ovule containing an

embryo within a seed coat (protective covering) and oftembryo within a seed coat (protective covering), and often has additional storage tissues (food reserves).

FLOWER FRUIT

ovary fruit

ovary wall pericarp (the fruit wall)

ovule seedovule seed

integuments seed coat

zygote embryoyg y

fusion nucleus endosperm

funiculus seed stalk

Remember! The egg and one sperm nucleus fuse to form the zygote (which develops into the embryo). The two polar nuclei in the povule and a second sperm nucleus unite to form the fusion nucleus (which willfusion nucleus (which will eventually mature into the endosperm). Note: orange is empty space

Classification of fruits

Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:

• Whether they are dry or fleshy.

• The pericarp (wall) of the fruit MAY be divided into three layers:

an external exocarp (외과피), a middle mesocarp (중과피), and an

internal endocarp (내과피).

• In a peach or an olive for example the endocarp is stony whereas theIn a peach or an olive, for example, the endocarp is stony whereas the

mesocarp is fleshy and edible. A tomato is not differentiated into these

three layersthree layers.

• Whether they are dehiscent or indehiscent.

dehiscent: the pericarp splits open to release the seeds (i.e., the seed is

the unit of dispersal).

Indehiscent: the pericarp encloses the seed so that the entire fruit

disperses.

• The taxonomic group to which they belong.

Many fruits are characteristic for particular families or subfamilies.

Are these true fruits (in the botanical sense)?

applebanana

squashcorn

coconutonion

carrotgreen beaneggplant

d

potatotomatocucumber

t

chestnutlettucecelery

avocado peanut

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Dehiscent Fruits

– Follicle (골돌; 蓇葖): derived from one carpel that opens along a single suture.

Magnolia (목련) sp.

박주가리(Metaplexis )

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Dehiscent Fruits

– Capsule (삭과; 朔果): derived from a syncarpous gynoeciumand contains few to many seeds. The most common and most variable of all fruit types.

Septum (격막)

Locule (방)

SepticidalDehiscence

LoculicidalDehiscence

무궁화(Hibiscus )

Dehiscence포간개열 삭과胞間開裂 朔果

Dehiscence포배개열 삭과胞背開裂 朔果

Circumscissile; pyxis; py횡렬삭과 橫裂朔果

Portulca (채송화) sp.

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Indehiscent Fruits

– Achene (수과; 瘦果): single-seeded with seed free from pericarp (thin and close-fitting).

Anemone (바람꽃) sp. Traxacum (민들레) sp.

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Indehiscent Fruits

– Nut (견과; 堅果): large, single-seeded with a thick, bony 총pericarp; involucre (총포) often present

Q (참나무)

Corylus (개암나무) sp.

Quercus (참나무) sp.

• Are we nuts or what? – Peanuts

– Coconuts

(a legume)

(a drupe)

– Almonds

W l t

(a d upe)

(a drupe)

(a dr pe)– Walnuts

– Pecans

(a drupe)

(a drupe)

– Pistachio nuts (seeds from drupes)

No we're not!No, we re not!

※ Nutlet (소견과; 小堅果): a small nut; involucre absent

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Indehiscent Fruits

– Schzocarp (분열과; 分列果): derived from a syncarpousgynoecium that splits into two or more one-seeded segments (mericarps; 분과; 分果).

Acer (단풍나무)

mericarps

Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES • Indehiscent Fruits

– Samara (시과; 翅果): a winged achene. A maple fruit is a winged schizocarp (or samaroid schizocarp)

Ulmus (느릅나무)

Acer (단풍나무)

Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES • Berry (장과; 漿果): an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with few to many

seeds (rarely one seed); gynoecia variable.

tomatoes, bananas, grapes, blueberries, kiwis, peppers, eggplants, cranberries, avocados

※ NOT strawberry (nutlet)

포도(Vitis )

Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES • Drupe (핵과): indehiscent and differentiated into exo-, meso-,

and endo-carp.Peaches, cherries, olives…, ,

벚나무(Prunus )

Fruit types based on TAXONOMY • Caryopsis (영과, 穎果): Grass family; Poaceae(벼과, 화본과); aCaryopsis (영과, 穎果): Grass family; Poaceae(벼과, 화본과); a

small, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thin wall surrounding and more or less fused to a single seed; corn, wheat, barley

쌀(Oryza ) 옥수수(Zea )

Fruit types based on TAXONOMY • Hesperidium (감귤과; 또는 많은 책에서 “감과” 하지만 이것은 틀린 용어임): CitrusHesperidium (감귤과; 또는 많은 책에서 감과 하지만 이것은 틀린 용어임): Citrus

family; Rutaceae; A berry with a tough exocarp where the fleshy mesocarp is derived from glandular hairs; orange, lemon, lime, grapefruitgrapefruit

※ NOT Ebenaceae (감나무과) sp.berry

귤(Citrus )

Fruit types based on TAXONOMY • Legume (협과; 莢果): Pea family; Fabaceae(콩과); a dry frunitLegume (협과; 莢果): Pea family; Fabaceae(콩과); a dry frunit

derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures; beans, peas

콩(Glycine )도둑놈의갈고리(Desmodium )

Loment (분리과; 分離果)(분리과; 分離果)

Fruit types based on TAXONOMY • Pome (이과): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(장미과); anPome (이과): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(장미과); an

indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which in which the outer part is soft and the center contains papery or cartilaginous structure enclosing the seeds apple pearenclosing the seeds. apple, pear

사과 (Malus) 배(Pyrus )사과 ( ) 배( y )

Fruit types based on TAXONOMY • Silique (각과; 角果): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(십자화과); aSilique (각과; 角果): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(십자화과); a

fruit drived from a two-carpellate gynoecium in which the two halves of the fruit split away from a persistent partition; includes the silicle; mustardthe silicle; mustard

냉이(Capsella )

Special fruit type • Aggregate fruits (취과; 聚果): the product of an apocarpousAggregate fruits (취과; 聚果): the product of an apocarpous

gynoecium. The ovary of each carpel matures into a fruit.

딸기(Fragaria ) 산딸기(Rubus)딸기( g ) 산딸기( )

Special fruit type • Multiple fruit (다화과; 多花果): the product of several separateMultiple fruit (다화과; 多花果): the product of several separate

flowers in an inflorescence. Other floral structure may become fleshy as well.

Cone (구과; 毬果) Sorosis (상과; 桑果) Syconium (은화과; 隱花果)

오리나무(Alnus)오리나무( )무화과(Ficus )

뽕나무(Morus)

이창복 도감에 삽입된과실의 종류 도해

과실의 종류의 구분과 이들의 분류는 교과서에 따라조금씩 틀린 경우는 있지만각각의 과실의 정의는 달라각각의 과실의 정의는 달라지지 않으니 여기 수록된다른 책들의 그림과 설명들들도 읽고 비교해 볼 것.

감귤과로 통일

Fruit types (열매의 종류)