Ch 9, Sec 1 pg. 464 Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security

NEW ERA IN THE SOVIET UNIONChapter 9, Section 2

New Era in the Soviet Union1920s millions died in Russia during a great famine caused by a drought. Industry was reduced to 20% of that of 1913. The Russian country and government were near collapse1921, Lenin created the New Economic Policy (NEP) a system of modified capitalism.Peasants could sell produce, small businesses could be privately owned BUT the government controlled heavy industries and banking.

Russian famine

Soviet Union1922, Communists create the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) aka Soviet Union. The NEP saved the Soviet Union from economic ruin, but the Communists only saw it as a temporary measureSoviet Union1924, Lenin dies Bitter struggle for power in the Politburo - a committee that controlled the policies of the Communist party. Leon Trotsky led one faction and wanted toEnd the NEP at the expense of the peasantsSpread communism to other countriesAnother faction rejected worldwide communism & wanted to continue the NEP & build a socialist stateLenin Trotsky

Rise of StalinTrotsky & Stalin were personal rivalsStalin used his power to gain complete control over the Communist party , removed all the Bolsheviks from power and became a powerful dictator.Trotsky was expelled, went to Mexico where he was killed probably on Stalins ordersThe Stalin Era began a time of radical change in the Soviet UnionFive Year Plans

Set economic goals for 5 year periods. Emphasized industrialization & production of capital goodsGreatly increased the output of heavy machinery and production of oil & steelThis plan took a heavy toll on the Russian peopleUrban housing was terribleWages declinedGovernment dealt with this by using propaganda to boost moraleCollectivizationCollectivization system in which the government took over ownership of private farms and had the peasants work for them.Many resisted by hoarding food & killing livestockStalin responded by increasing the number of farms in the program1930s, millions of Russians starved to death due to food shortages from collectivism.CollectivizationResistors were sent to Siberian forced labor campsOld Bolsheviks & others were purged, many executed or sent to Siberia. No parts of society were sparedSocial legislation suffered including rights of womendivorce rightsability to work outside the home

What was the purpose of Stalins Five-Year Plans?To increase by enormous amounts the output of capital goods, such as heavy machinery, steel and oil production

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain SecurityCh 9, Sec 1 pg. 464

League of NationsAfter WWI many border disputes left Germany determined to change the terms of the Treaty of VersaillesUS Pres. Wilson hoped the League of Nations could solve many conflictsThe League of Nations was not able to maintain peace.The US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and could not be a member of the League (U.S. did not want to be involved in European affairs)The League could not use military force, only economic sanctions to stop aggression

Treaty of VersaillesFrench demand Treaty of Versailles be strictly enforcedGermans could not pay the $33 billion reparations due to economic problems.France occupied the Ruhr Valley and planned to take the reparations by operating German industries there.German workers strikeGerman currency is devalued inflationGerman mark is completely worthless4 trillion marks = 1 US dollarEconomic problems in GermanyPeople suffered terribly Economic problems led to political unrest in Germany, other countries stepped into helpThe Dawes Plan reduced reparation payments and coordinated Germans repayment with what the nation could repay. Germany loaned $200 million = heavy US investment from 1924 - 1929

How did the Dawes Plan help to create an era of cooperation in Europe?Germany was in a terrible economic state, which led to widespread suffering and political unrest. This plan enabled the Germans to make an economic recovery which then led to a more cooperative spirit between Germany and France.European peace?As Germany recovered France and Germany became more cooperativeTreaty of Locarno (1925) guaranteed Germanys western bordersMAYBE A LASTING PEACE???1926 Germany joins the League of Nations1928, 63 nations sign the Kellogg-Briand pact, pledging to renounce war as an instrument of national policyGermany forced to reduce its military; no other nations willing to follow this step. Trust of European nations for each other did not go that far.The Great DepressionDepression very low economic activity and high unemploymentTwo main causes of the Great Depression1. Downturn in the economies of nations during second half of 1920s2. Collapse of US stock market in 1929Since 1924 Germany had borrowed $ from US banks for reparation payments. After stock market crash US pulled their $ out of Germany.This weakened banks in Germany and other European countriesAs trade and industrial production slowed huge number of people lost their jobs. Unemployed and homeless filled the streets of many countries

Black Tuesday21Government responsesGovernments did not know what to do. Many tried lowering wages and raising tariffs = worse situation.Communism became more popular in many placesMany people followed leaders who proposed simple solutions in return for complete power. Democratic governments were challenged everywhere.

Democratic States After the War1919, most European countries have democratic government. Women were granted the vote everywhere but Italy, Spain, France and SwitzerlandGermany and the Great DepressionWeimar Republic created in 1918, Paul von Hindenburg, president, not strong leaderRunaway inflation = many lose incomes and savings1929 Great Depression= millions without jobsFrance and the Great DepressionAfter WWI France is strongest on European continentDepression does not begin until 1932only suffer with economic instability but with political chaos as well1936 Socialists, Communists & Radicals form the Popular Front Government. They call for:1. collective bargaining the right for workers to negotiate w/ employers2. minimum wage3. 40 hours work weekThis did not solve the larger problems during the Depression.What were three benefits for French workers that the Popular Front government instituted in 1936?

The right to negotiate with employers, a minimum wage and a 40 hours work week.Great Britain and the Great Depression1920s severe unemploymentRebound of economy from 1925-1929During the economic problems the govt changes from the Labour Party to the ConservativesGreat Britain and the Great DepressionJohn Maynard Keynes, 1936Argues that unemployment comes from a decline in demand. People return to workDemand increasesProposed the government finance projects to create jobsMany dont agreeDeficit spending - governments should finance projects even if they go into debtUS and the Great DepressionUS terribly affectedIndustry fell 50% from 1929 1932.1933, 15 million people out of work.US and the Great Depression1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected presidentRoosevelt proposes the New Deal Government creates jobs by funding public works programs Pushed through Social Security Act (old-age pension)Unemployment insurance

The New Deal prevented a social revolution but did not solve the unemployment problems. Americans did not regain employment until WWII.

America and the Great Depression31The Rise of Dictators

Ch 9, Sec 2 pg 471Totalitarian StateMany countries in Europe, except France and Great Britain had adopted some form of dictatorial governmentTotalitarian state a new form of dictatorship that aimed to control all aspects of their citizens livesTolalitarian StateControl the hearts and minds of everyoneUsed mass propaganda and modern communication to achieve thisA single leader & a single party led the new totalitarian states.No individual freedoms or limits to government powersIndividuals were considered subservient to the will of the massesThe state demanded that its citizens support any of its goalsFascism in ItalyItaly - Benito Mussolini, established the 1st European Fascist govt in early 1920sFascism glorifies the state above the individualA strong central govt and a single dictator run the stateItaly suffered economically after WWI. Italians were afraid of a Communist takeover and Mussolinis movement gained supportMussolini formed groups of armed Fascists aka Blackshirts, who attacked socialists, strikers & anyone opposed to the FascistsMussolini

MussoliniMussolini appealed to national pride & demanded Italy gain more land from peace treaties after WWI. Mussolini had enough power to force the Italian king to name him prime minister. As prime minister he created a Fascist dictatorship. Powers included passing laws by decree and the police were given authority to arrest anyone.1926, Fascists outlaw all opposition, set up secret police to control people. Mass media spread pro-Fascist propaganda, youth groups focused on military activitiesIl Duce Mussolini the only ruler of Italy

Italian Fascist hoped to create a fit, disciplined and war-loving nation; they still maintained traditional values regarding the importance of women and families in society.Mussolini never achieved the control that Hitler or Stalin had.He still recognized the independence of the Vatican and Catholicism as the state religionThroughout Italy there was a large gap between Fascist policies and actual practice.How did the Communist takeover in Russia play a role in the rise of Fascism in Italy?There were many Italians, particularly in the middle classes, who were afraid of a Communist government in Italy. They thought that the social unrest in the country had to be stopped and saw Fascism as a way to do it.Similar to totalitarian statesConcerned w/ preserving a social orderDid not try to create a new mass society that had complete control over peopleAuthoritarian Governments replaced parliamentary governments. Parliamentary govts failed because there was no tradition of democracy and most peasants were illiterateLandowners & churches feared democracy would lead to revolution. They supported authoritarian govts to keep order

Authoritarian States in the WestCzechoslovakia only country to keep democratic govtSpain1936, General Francisco Franco revolted w/ military force against the democratic govt in SpainCivil war broke outGermany & Italy supported FrancoSoviet Union & volunteers from other countries supported the republican govt1939, Franco won the civil war after he captured MadridAuthoritarian dictatorship started that lasts for many decades.

Stalins TotalitarianismTotal state control of country5 year plans: industrializationCollectivized agricultureTerrorized political enemiesGreat Purges 10 million dead & missingGulagForced Labor CampsPolitical prisoners Also included petty theft, unexcused absences from work, and anti-government jokesHalf were sent without trialIndoctrination & PropagandaInstruction in governments beliefsInformation to sway peopleSocialist realismGovernment programs & policiesCensorshipRewriting the history books

Change in ChinaThe last emperor overthrownSun Yixian (Yat Sen) & Kuomintang3 principles of the peopleNationalismPeoples rightsPeoples livelihood

The May 4th MovementMao Zedong leads communist movement for new governmentAccepted aid from USSRChallenged by Chiang Kai-shekCivil war ensues

The Long MarchMao and followers chased north6,000 mile journey 70,000 men died Chase called off when Japan invades China - 1931

Indian Nationalism Post WWI nationalism surges Hindus & Muslims unite at Amristar, met with gunfire Gandhi leads non-violent movement Granted self-government in 1935