New developments on air pollution effects to ecosystems: ozone and acidification
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Transcript of New developments on air pollution effects to ecosystems: ozone and acidification
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LBG/LB 1
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
New developments on air pollution effects to ecosystems:
ozone and acidification
Workshop on review and Assessment of European Air Pollution Policies, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Jean-Paul HettelinghCLRTAP-Working Group on Effects
ICP M&M Coordination Center for Effects,taking note of JEG, ICP-V, ICP-IM, ICP-F, ICP-W, ICP-M.
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LBG/LB 2
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Ozone
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LBG/LB 3
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
OzoneFindings from long term monitoring
• Ozone injury on vegetation is widespread in Europe and ozone reduces the growth of sensitive plant species in particular in central and southern Europe
• Leaf injury has been recorded on ozone-sensitive species at 85% of the ICP-V sites, every year and several times per year, and on 20 horti and agricultural commercial crop in the growing season.
• Ozone causes forest tree growth reduction
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LBG/LB 4
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
• AOT40 for crops and natural vegetation: Adverse effects when the Ozone concentration Accumulated over a Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) exceeds 3 ppm h
• AOT40 for forests: Growth reduction when the AOT40 exceeds 5 ppm h or AOT30 exceeds 9 ppm h.
Key indicators for Ozonein RAINS policy support
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LBG/LB 5
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Excess of AOT40 for forests (5 ppm h).
2000 2010 2020
Source: CIAM; EMEP Eulerian model; 1999 & 2003 meteo.
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LBG/LB 6
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Ozone effect monitoring: New developments
• Biology: New stomatal flux-based exposure indices to account for biological processes involving ozone uptake,
• Meteorology: Taking account of humidity and other climatic conditions (light, temperature)
• Policy relevance: – Assessment of ecosystem area specific risk of
ozone damage– Multiple impact assessment including e.g.trade off
between air pollution and climate change effects.
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LBG/LB 7
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Acidification
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LBG/LB 8
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Average Accumulated Exceedance of critical load of acidity in 2000
EMEP Lagrangian(shown on 50x50 grid)
EMEP Unified
Exceedance caused by S and N deposition
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LBG/LB 9
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Acidity Exceedance in 2010:Sulphur still important !
By S deposition alone By S + NOx deposition
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LBG/LB 10
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Acidity Exceedance:continued …2010
By S + NH3 deposition By total N deposition
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LBG/LB 11
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Nutrient Nitrogen
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LBG/LB 12
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Average Accumulated Exceedance of critical load of nutrient N in 2000
EMEP Lagrangian(shown on 50x50 grid)
EMEP Unified
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Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
73.034.777.735.1ecosystem specific dep.
59.228.564.929.2grid average deposition
Unified Model & 2004 CLs
49.023.156.024.52004 critical loads
54.424.660.726.01998 critical loads
Lagrangian model
EU25EuropeEU25Europe
20102000
% eco-area with CLO-nutrient nitrogen exceeded in 2000 and 2010
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LBG/LB 14
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Nutrient nitrogen exceedance:continued …2010
By NOx deposition By NH3 deposition
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LBG/LB 15
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Exceedance…meaning ?
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Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
BiologyCritical response
Soilcritical limit
Depositioncritical load
New development: dynamic modelling
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LBG/LB 17
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Nitrogen supply
Source: Vaclav Smill (1996) Cycles of Life, Scientific American Library, p. 188; Based on J.D Ader (1993) in: Donnell and Picket, Springer Verlag.
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LBG/LB 18
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
CO2 N dep S dep
Biomass
Soil
Temperature --
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+
+
+
Eutrophication and Carbon sequestration:unraveling the dynamics of a trade-off issue…
C/N
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-+/-
[O3]
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A new generationof multiple impact monitoring andassessment
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LBG/LB 19
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
Conclusions
• Ozone continues to stress ecosystems• New knowledge on Ozone DR-relations• Acidification still puts ecosystems at risk• Ammonia most important, but sulphur not over• Eutrophication an increasing problem• Can we trade off N eutrophication for C sequestration ?• More knowledge required of system dynamics of ecosystem
impacts and ozone, acidification, eutrophication and climate change
• Long term monitoring indispensable to support a new generation of the multiple effect assessment methodology.
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LBG/LB 20
Working Group on Effects, ICPM&M-Coordination Center for Effects, J.-P.Hettelingh, Gothenburg, 25-27 October 2004
www.rivm.nl/cce