Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation: Two “new” features of matter...
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![Page 1: Neutrino hot dark matter and hydrodynamics of structure formation: Two “new” features of matter Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical Physics.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649eb45503460f94bbbb3e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Neutrino hot dark matter and
hydrodynamics of structure formation:Two “new” features of matter
Dr. Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Amsterdam
Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
22 Jan 2010
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Outline
A modeling of lensing in Abell 1689
Mass, properties, name of DM particle
Two types of dark matter
Dark matter condensation on cluster; reionization
Galactic dark matter: Gravitational hydrodynamics
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The two types of dark matter
• Total mass of Universe: 4-5% baryons, 20-25 % dark matter,
• 70-75% dark energy
• Galactic dark mater: Oort 1931Detected by rotation curves, dwarf galaxies
• MACHOs: Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects: Hydrodynamics: Milli Brown Dwarfs consisting of baryons
• Cluster dark matter: Zwicky 1932Detected from rotation curves, by lensing
• WIMPs Weakly Interacting Massive Particles• The dark matter of galaxy clusters is non-baryonic.
• Not MACHOs or WIMPs but MACHOs and WIMPs !!
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• Abell 1689 galaxy cluster
• Nearby z = 0.184
• Total mass
• Luminous mass
• Baryon poor
• Einstein ring
M 10 31 15
M 10 4.4 11
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IncompleteEinstein ringat 100/h kpc
Abell 1689Center
Dark matter acts ascrystal ball
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Abell 1689
X-rayemitting gas
T=10 keV =1.16 10^8 K
Threecomponents:
Dark matterGalaxies
Gas
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• Galaxycluster
• Abell 370
Strongest
gravitation lens:
20 times stronger than A1689
Hubble, after last repair May 2009
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Theory
• Assume that DM comes from non-interacting fermions
in their common gravitational potential
• Mass m, degeneracy g; g = 2 (2s+1) #families
• Isothermal model for fermions
• Isothermal model for Galaxies and X-ray gas
• Virial equilibrium:
• 30% solar metallicity
Cowsik&McClelland 1973Treumann,Kull&Bohringer 2000Nieuwenhuizen 2009
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Fit to A1689 lensing data of Tyson and Fischer ApJ 1995 Limousin et al, ApJ 2007
averageprojectedmass
radius
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The mass of the dark matter particle
small statistical error 2%
reduced Hubble parameter
Previous estimates and searches: keV, MeV, GeV, TeV: excludedAdditional CDM component: excluded
= number of available modes in cluster
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What is the dark matter particle?
The dark matter fraction
Early decouplers have small g: Not gravitinos, neutralinos, X-inos Not bosons, e.g. axions
Match possible to WMAP5 for =12
(anti) neutrinos, left+right-handed, 3 families: g = 2*2*3=12 mass = 1.45 eV
Neutrino oscillations cause small mass differences, 0.001 eV or less
SuperNovae Riess 09: h=0.74,
Macrolensing: h=0.65
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Neutrinos in the cluster
Typical speed is non-relativistic, v = 490 km/s
Local density can be enormous: in Abell center: one billion in a few cc
Thermal length visible to the eye
Temperature is low
Smaller than would-be momentum temperature T_p=1.95 KLarger than would-be energy temperature T_E=0.0001 K
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The biggest quantum structure in the Universe
normalized density: # neutrinos per cubic thermal wavelength per degree of freedom
N>1: quantum degenerate nu’sN=1: quantum-to-classical crossover
at r = 505 kpc = 1.6 million light year d = 2r = 3.2 million light yearThat is pretty big …
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IncompleteEinstein ringat 100/h kpc
Abell 1689Center
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Temperature of gas: 10 keV=10^8 K
Log(Mass)
Log(r/kpc)
Cluster radiates in X-rays like a star in light. Radiated energy supplied by contraction, as in stars.Radiation helps to maintain virial equilibrium.
Virial T of alpha-particles overlaps with it.
Virial equilibrium assumed; only amplitude adjusted
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Why isothermal (virial) equilibrium?
• Lynden Bell: violent relaxation, faster than collisional
• Relaxation in time-dependent potential:every object (individual particle, galaxy) exchanges
energy with the whole cluster• Iff phase space density becomes uniform, then
Fermi-Dirac distribution• X-ray radiation helps to maintain the virial state,
as in the sun
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CDM or HDM?• Cold Dark Matter: heavy particles already clumped at decoupling z=1100
• But light neutrinos are free streaming until trapped by galaxy cluster
• Free streaming
• Crossover when Newton force of baryons matches Hubble force Hp: z = 6 - 7
• Then cosmic voids loose neutrinos and become empty
• This heats the intracluster gas up to 10 keV, so it reionizes, without heavy stars
• Hot Dark Matter paradigm agrees with gravito-hydrodynamics
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Gravitational hydrodynamics
• At decoupling: photon mean free path = 10^(-5) pc << horizon (Silk damping)
• Step 1: In the plasma
• Effect of viscosity important below z = 5000• Instability in plasma: proto-voids & proto-galaxy-clusters• Size of proto-voids*(z+1) = 40 Mpc now
• 13.6 eV recombination energy gives CMB T-fluctuationsof sub-Kelvin
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Milky Wayregion in Crux
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Gravitational hydrodynamics II• At decoupling: galaxies; Jeans clusters 40,000 solar mass
• Some Jeans clusters developed into globular star clustersOthers were used for ordinary stars
• Most still exist and are dark. These Jeans clusters act as isothermal “particles” forming the galactic dark matter
• Explains flattening rotation curves, Tully Fisher relation
• Explains galaxy mergers
• Milli-lensing “CDM” subhalos explained as Jeans clusters
• (Dwarf) galactic DM does NOT exclude neutrino DM
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• Antennae galaxies:•
Two colliding galaxiescome within each othersdark matter sphere.
• Along their trajectories they transform severalcold Jeans clusters intoyoung globular star clusters.
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NGC-2623: Two galaxies inside each others dark matter?
Jeans clusters warmed: new stars in young star clusters
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Tadpole galaxy (HST)
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Gravitational hydrodynamics III• At decoupling: fragmentation of Jeans clusters in milli brown dwarfs (MBDs) of terrestrial weight.
• Thousands of frozen MBDs observed in microlensing at unit optical depth (Schild 1996, 1999)
• 40,000 of heated MBDs in planetary nebulae counted in Spitzer infrared. Connected to hydrodynamics by Gibson&Schild 98-08
• Extreme Scattering Events: Earth-Jovian gas clouds observed in radio. Walker&Wardle 98: May be good fraction of galactic mass
• Multiple imaging of pulsars: by MBDs in Jeans clusters
• Explanation of H-alpha forest absorption lines
N,Gibson,Schild,EPL (2009) 0906.5801
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Helix planetary nebula• Star exploded
• Became white dwarf
• Ca 40.000 “cometary knots” in radio
• = proto-gas balls
• Ca 1 earth mass
• Galactic dark matter = gas balls of earth mass: Macho’s
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Summary • Observed DM of Abell 1689 cluster explained by thermal fermions of eV mass.
keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, PeV excluded. Thermal bosons (axions) excluded.
• Fitting with global dark matter fraction: 6 active + 6 sterile (anti-)neutrinosMass about 1.45 eV, depends on h
• Gas temperature 10^8 K = alpha-particle temp., gas profile matches automatically
• Free flow into potential well occurs at z = 6 - 7. Causes reionization, without heavy stars
• Neutrino Hot Dark Matter challenges Cold Dark Matter (CDM). • Dark matter particle was not (and should not be) observed in searches • ADMX, ANAIS, ArDM, ATIC, BPRS, CAST, CDMS, CLEAN, CRESST, CUORE, CYGNUS, (DAMA),
DAMIC, DEEP, DRIFT, EDELWEISS, ELEGANTS, EURECA, GENIUS, GERDA, GEDEON, FERMI-GLAST, HDMS, ICECUBE, IGEX, KIMS, LEP, LHC, LIBRA, LUX, NAIAD, ORPHEUS, PAMELA, PICASSO, ROSEBUD, SIGN, SIMPLE, UKDM, VERITAS, XENON, XMASS, ZEPLIN. AMANDA, ANTARES, EGRET.
• Neutrino mass tested in 2015 in Katrin search between 0.2 eV – 2 eV
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Summary II
• Hydrodynamics is important before and at decoupling
• Predicts structure formation from baryons without CDM trigger
• Explains a wealth of observations
• Hydrodynamic structure formation is top-down
• So CDM cannot be right and its particle has not been found
• Even for the CMB peaks, it offers no explanation for the scatter of unbinned data, or for the regime l=3000-8000. Turbulence does.
• Hydrodynamics connects structure formation to turbulence.
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Do non-relativistic neutrinos constitute the dark matter?
Th. M. N.
Europhysics Letters 86 (2009) 59001
Gravitational hydrodynamics of large-scale structure formationTh. M. N., Carl H. Gibson, Rudy E. Schild
Europhysics Letters 88 (2009) 49001
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Psalm 118:22
The stone which the builders refused
is become the head stone of the corner
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KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino Experiments
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