Neutrino Factory and Beta Beam Experiment NO-VE 2006 Venice, Italy February 8, 2006 Walter Winter...

Neutrino Factory and Beta Beam Neutrino Factory and Beta Beam ExperimentExperiment

NO-VE 2006NO-VE 2006Venice, ItalyVenice, Italy

February 8, 2006February 8, 2006

Walter WinterWalter WinterInstitute for Advanced Study, PrincetonInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton

Feb. 8, 2006 NOVE 2006 - Walter Winter 2

ContentsContents

IntroductionIntroduction Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory

– BasicsBasics– Correlation and degeneracy resolutionCorrelation and degeneracy resolution– ISS study: Current statusISS study: Current status– OptimizationOptimization– ““New physics” tests and other oscillation physicsNew physics” tests and other oscillation physics

Beta beamsBeta beams– BasicsBasics– OptimizationOptimization– Comparison to neutrino factoryComparison to neutrino factory

SummarySummary


Three-flavor oscillations: RequirementsThree-flavor oscillations: Requirements

Coupling strength: 13

Atmosphericoscillation:Amplitude: 23

Frequency: m312

Solaroscillation:Amplitude: 12

Frequency: m212

Sub-leading

effect: CP

Neutrino oscillation parameters (1Neutrino oscillation parameters (1):):mm2121

22 ~ 8.2 10 ~ 8.2 10-5-5 eV eV22 +- 5%+- 5%

sinsin22221212 ~ 0.83 ~ 0.83 +- 5%+- 5%

||mm313122| ~ (2 – 2.5) 10| ~ (2 – 2.5) 10-3-3 eV eV22

sinsin22222323 ~ 1 ~ 1 +- 7%+- 7%

sinsin2222CPCPMass hierarchy? Mass hierarchy?

(see e.g. Bahcall et al, hep-ph/0406294; Super-K, hep-ex/0501064; CHOOZ+solar papers)

Key to subleadingeffects (CP violation,

mass hierarchy)

Neutrino factory/Beta Beam if 1313 small!


TimescalesTimescales This talk: beyond next ten years!This talk: beyond next ten years! Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory Medium to high Medium to high beta beam beta beamBut: Note that Beta Beams possible But: Note that Beta Beams possible

on different on different scalesscales

Timescale: 2025?Timescale: 2025?

(from: FNAL Proton Driver Study)Beta Beam? Depends on !


Neutrino factoryNeutrino factory Ultimate “high precision” instrument!?Ultimate “high precision” instrument!? Muon decays in straight sections of storage Muon decays in straight sections of storage

ringring Technical challenges: Target power, muon Technical challenges: Target power, muon

cooling, charge identification, maybe steep cooling, charge identification, maybe steep decay tunnelsdecay tunnels

(from: CERN Yellow Report )

p

Target

, K

Decays

-Accelerator

Cooling

“Right sign”

“Wrong sign”

“Right sign”

“Wrong sign”

(Geer, 1997; de Rujula, Gavela, Hernandez, 1998; Cervera et al, 2000)


Storage ring and “typical” params?Storage ring and “typical” params? Goal: ~ 10Goal: ~ 1021 21 useful muon decays/year. Two models:useful muon decays/year. Two models:

Other “typical” parameters (high-E neutrino factory):Other “typical” parameters (high-E neutrino factory):

EE = 50 GeV, L = 3,000 km (CP violation) = 50 GeV, L = 3,000 km (CP violation)

Detector: 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeterDetector: 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter(more ambitious: 100 kt, 10 years running time – ISS values)(more ambitious: 100 kt, 10 years running time – ISS values)

Operate two baselines in two Operate two baselines in two polarities successively:polarities successively:4 years x 104 years x 1021 21 ++ decays + decays + 4 years x 104 years x 1021 21 -- decays decays

Operate one baseline in two Operate one baseline in two polarities simultaneously:polarities simultaneously:8 years x 5 108 years x 5 1020 20 ++ decays + decays + 8 years x 5 108 years x 5 1020 20 -- decays decays

+ -

+ or -

“racetrack”

(not to scale)

“triangular”


Appearance channels: Appearance channels: ee

Complicated, but all interesting information there: Complicated, but all interesting information there: 1313, , CPCP, mass hierarchy (via A), mass hierarchy (via A)

(Cervera et al. 2000; Freund, Huber, Lindner, 2000; Freund, 2001)


Correlations and degeneraciesCorrelations and degeneracies Connected (green) or Connected (green) or

disconnected (yellow) disconnected (yellow) degenerate solutions (at a degenerate solutions (at a chosen CL) in parameter chosen CL) in parameter spacespace

Affect performance of Affect performance of appearance measurements. appearance measurements. For example, For example, 1313 sensitivity sensitivity

(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002) Discrete degeneracies: Discrete degeneracies: (also: Barger, Marfatia, Whisnant, 2001)(also: Barger, Marfatia, Whisnant, 2001)

Intrinsic (Intrinsic (,,1313)-degeneracy )-degeneracy (Burguet-Castell et al, 2001)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2001)

sgn-degeneracy sgn-degeneracy (Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001)(Minakata, Nunokawa, 2001)

((2323,,/2-/2-2323)-degeneracy )-degeneracy (Fogli, Lisi, 1996)(Fogli, Lisi, 1996)


More correlations: Matter densityMore correlations: Matter density For instance: Measure For instance: Measure

CPCP with high with high

precision for large precision for large 1313

at L ~ 3 000 kmat L ~ 3 000 km

5% matter density uncertainty in mantlenot acceptable for these measurements!Has to be of the order of 1%

(Figure from Ohlsson, Winter, 2003;see also: Koike, Sato, 1999; Jacobsson et al, 2001; Burguet-Castell et al, 2001; Geller, Hara, 2001; Shan, Young, Zhang, 2001; Fogli, Lettera, Lisi, 2001; Shan, Zhang, 2002; Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002; Ota, Sato, 2002; Shan et al, 2003; Kozlovskaya , Peltoniemi, Sarkamo, 2003; others)

Matter density uncertainties in 3D models ~ 5%

(http://cfauvcs5.harvard.edu/lana/rem/mapview.htm)


NF measurements: Performance indicatorsNF measurements: Performance indicators Matter of definition and hypothesisMatter of definition and hypothesis

What indicator to use depends on purpose!What indicator to use depends on purpose! Examples (Examples (CPCP only!) only!)

– Allowed region in Allowed region in --1313-plane-planeIdentify how much parameter space remains for specific Identify how much parameter space remains for specific hypotheses of simulated valueshypotheses of simulated values

– Sensitivity to max. CP violation Sensitivity to max. CP violation /2 or 3/2 or 3/2/2Can CP violation be detected for the hypothesis of max. Can CP violation be detected for the hypothesis of max. CP violation?CP violation?

– Sensitivity to “any” CP violationSensitivity to “any” CP violationFor what fraction of CP violating values can CP For what fraction of CP violating values can CP violation be detected? (CP fraction plots!)violation be detected? (CP fraction plots!)

– Precision of Precision of How precisely can one measure How precisely can one measure (only defined in the (only defined in the high precision limit, since high precision limit, since cyclic; also: not Gaussian!) cyclic; also: not Gaussian!)

– CP coverageCP coverageHow precisely can one measure How precisely can one measure or what fraction of the or what fraction of the parameter space can be excluded?parameter space can be excluded?

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NF measurements: Example NF measurements: Example CPCP coverage coverage Define: CP coverage = Fraction of all fit values of Define: CP coverage = Fraction of all fit values of

which fit a chosen true which fit a chosen true CP coverage <= 360 CP coverage <= 360oo

CP scaling CP pattern

2 =

9, 4, 1; dashed: no degs)(F

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True values of True values of and and 1313 affect topology! Degeneracies! affect topology! Degeneracies!

But: Degeneracies not everywhere in param. space importantBut: Degeneracies not everywhere in param. space important

Degeneracy problemeven bigger than

for max. CP violation!


NF-Strategies to resolve degeneraciesNF-Strategies to resolve degeneracies… depend on sin… depend on sin22221313!!

Combine with superbeam upgradeCombine with superbeam upgrade((sinsin22221313 > 10 > 10-3-3) ) (Burguet-Castell et al, 2002)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2002)

Combine with “silver channels” Combine with “silver channels” ee -> -> ((sinsin22221313 > 10 > 10-3 -3 ?)?)(Donini, Meloni, Migliozzi, 2002; Autiero et al, 2004)(Donini, Meloni, Migliozzi, 2002; Autiero et al, 2004)

Better detectors: Higher energy Better detectors: Higher energy resolution, higher efficiencies atresolution, higher efficiencies atlow energies (CID!) low energies (CID!) ((sinsin22221313 > ?) > ?)(Will be important aspect in ISS study!)(Will be important aspect in ISS study!)

Second NF baseline: “Magic baseline” Second NF baseline: “Magic baseline” ((sinsin22221313 > 10 > 10-4-4))(Lipari, 2000; Burguet-Castell et al, 2001; Barger, Mafatia, Whisnant, 2002; Huber, Winter, 2003; (Lipari, 2000; Burguet-Castell et al, 2001; Barger, Mafatia, Whisnant, 2002; Huber, Winter, 2003; others)others)

Other possibilities?Other possibilities?

(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)

Intrinsic degeneracy disappears for better

energy threshold!sinsin22221313=0.001=0.001


Example: “Magic baseline”Example: “Magic baseline” Idea:Idea:

Yellow term = 0Yellow term = 0 independent independent of E, oscillation parametersof E, oscillation parameters

Purpose: Purpose: “Clean” measurement of “Clean” measurement of 1313 and mass hierarchy and mass hierarchy

Drawback: No Drawback: No CPCP measurement at magic baseline measurement at magic baseline combine with shorter baseline, such as L=3 000 kmcombine with shorter baseline, such as L=3 000 km

1313-range: 10-range: 10-4-4 < sin < sin22221313 < 10 < 10-2-2,,where most problems with degeneracies are presentwhere most problems with degeneracies are present


Unstable: Disappears for different parameter

values

Magic baseline: Magic baseline: 1313 sensitivity sensitivityUse two-baseline space (LUse two-baseline space (L11,L,L22) with (25kt, 25kt) and compute ) with (25kt, 25kt) and compute 1313

sensitivity including correlations and degeneracies:sensitivity including correlations and degeneracies:

No CP violation measurement there!

Optimal performance for

all quantities:

Animation in Animation in

1313--CPCP-space:-space:

(Huber, Winter, 2003)

sin2213

CP


CP coverage and “real synergies”CP coverage and “real synergies”

3 000 km + 7 500 km3 000 km + 7 500 kmversus all detector mass at versus all detector mass at 3 000 km (2L)3 000 km (2L)

Magic baseline allows a Magic baseline allows a risk-minimized risk-minimized measurement (unknown measurement (unknown ))

““Staged neutrino factory”: Staged neutrino factory”: Option to add magic Option to add magic baseline later if in “bad” baseline later if in “bad” quadrants?quadrants?

Any “extra” gain beyond a simple addition of statistics

One baseline enoughOne baseline enough Two baselines necessaryTwo baselines necessary(Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2004)


ISS studyISS studyInternational scoping study of a future neutrino factory and super-beam facilityInternational scoping study of a future neutrino factory and super-beam facility

Establish physics case for a facility (accelerator Establish physics case for a facility (accelerator complex and detection systems) for a future long-complex and detection systems) for a future long-baseline neutrino oscillation programbaseline neutrino oscillation program

““Define” requirements: Muon energy, baselines, Define” requirements: Muon energy, baselines, channels, …channels, …

Three working groups: Physics, accelerator, detectorThree working groups: Physics, accelerator, detector(Dornan; Blondel, Nagashima, Zisman; King, Long, Roberts, Yasuda; many others)(Dornan; Blondel, Nagashima, Zisman; King, Long, Roberts, Yasuda; many others)

Next plenary meeting: Next plenary meeting: April 24-29, 2006 at RALApril 24-29, 2006 at RAL (UK) (UK) Final written report: September 2006?Final written report: September 2006? More information: More information: http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/iss/http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/iss/


ISS issues: Physics cases?ISS issues: Physics cases? Examples (Examples (1313 only): only):

1)1) Large Large 1313: sin: sin22221313 > 0.01 > 0.01(Physics case for NuFact at all? (Physics case for NuFact at all? vs. Superbeams?)vs. Superbeams?)

2)2) Small Small 1313: 10: 10-4-4 < sin < sin22221313 < 10 < 10-2-2

(NuFact’s “golden age”?)(NuFact’s “golden age”?)

3)3) ““Zero” Zero” 1313: sin: sin22221313 << 10 << 10-4-4

(What physics can be done? (What physics can be done? What does that mean?)What does that mean?)

Maybe: Only build NF if T2K, Maybe: Only build NF if T2K, Double Chooz etc. do Double Chooz etc. do notnot see a see a signal?signal?

(Huber/POFPA report)

Neutrino factory!(or higher gamma beta beam)

Beta beam?Superbeam-Upgrade?-factory?

123


ISS issues: Better detector?ISS issues: Better detector?

Better threshold (low-E efficiencies) helps Better threshold (low-E efficiencies) helps for all measurements!for all measurements!

Better energy resolution helps somewhatBetter energy resolution helps somewhat

Better threshold (low-E efficiencies) helps for all measurements Better threshold (low-E efficiencies) helps for all measurements Better energy resolution helps somewhatBetter energy resolution helps somewhat Better detector Better detector may be key component in large may be key component in large 1313 discussion discussion

(Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter,

to appear)


Physics case for Physics case for 1313=0?=0?Establish MSW effect for 13=0by solar oscillation (appearance prob.)

L > 5,500 km

(Winter, 2004)

Determine mass hierarchy for 13=0(disappearance probability)

L ~ 6,000 km

(de Gouvea, Jenkins, Kayser, 2005; de Gouvea, Winter, 2005)

Very long (>> 3,000 km) baseline important component of any such program!Theoretical: 13=0 would be an important indicator for some symmetry!


Optimization of a neutrino factoryOptimization of a neutrino factory Example: Example: 1313 sensitivity sensitivity

relativerelative to minimum to minimum in in each plot (3each plot (3))

Important result:Important result:Since muon energy ~ $Since muon energy ~ $40 GeV enough?!40 GeV enough?!

Threshold effects:Threshold effects:

(Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, to appear; also: Freund, Huber, Lindner, 2001)


Disappearance channelsDisappearance channels Disappearance information Disappearance information

important to reduce errors on important to reduce errors on leading parametersleading parameters(see e.g. Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Rigolin, 2005; (see e.g. Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Rigolin, 2005; Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Meloni, Rigolin, 2005)Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Meloni, Rigolin, 2005)

IdeaIdea: Use data sample : Use data sample without charge without charge identification for identification for disappearance, i.e., disappearance, i.e., add right and wrong add right and wrong sign muon eventssign muon events

Better efficiencies!Better efficiencies!

(de Gouvea, Winter, 2005; Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, to appear)

sinsin

2222 1313 =

0 =

0

(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Winter, 2002)

sinsin22221313 precision precision


Beyond three-flavor oscillations?Beyond three-flavor oscillations?Test unitarity and small ad-mixtures of “new physics” by:Test unitarity and small ad-mixtures of “new physics” by: detection Pdetection Peeee+P+Pee+P+Pee = 1? = 1? (Donini, Meloni, Migliozzi, 2002; Autiero et al, 2004)(Donini, Meloni, Migliozzi, 2002; Autiero et al, 2004)

2.2. Neutral currents (hard, but harder than 1.?)Neutral currents (hard, but harder than 1.?) (Barger, Geer, Whisnant, 2004) (Barger, Geer, Whisnant, 2004)

3.3. Construction of unitarity triangles? Construction of unitarity triangles? (Xing, Zhang, 2004/2005)(Xing, Zhang, 2004/2005)

4.4. Spectral signature for probability-level effectsSpectral signature for probability-level effects

Example: Example: Damping Damping effectseffects(Blennow, (Blennow, Ohlsson, Ohlsson, Winter, Winter, hep-ph/0502147)hep-ph/0502147)

5.5. More complicated: Hamiltonian-level effects: More complicated: Hamiltonian-level effects: Spectrum shiftsSpectrum shifts(e.g., Blennow, Ohlsson, Winter, hep-ph/0508175)(e.g., Blennow, Ohlsson, Winter, hep-ph/0508175)

Example: Oscillation-NSI confusion theoremExample: Oscillation-NSI confusion theorem(Huber, Schwetz, Valle, 2002)(Huber, Schwetz, Valle, 2002)

Characteristic enhancement/ depletion in certain regions of spectrum while oscillation nodes remain unchanged

Search for “new physics” motivated by many

theoretical effects, suchas neutrino decay, decoherence,

search for steriles, LFV, extra dimenstions, …


Other physics: Geophysics?Other physics: Geophysics?Example: Measure inner core density Example: Measure inner core density ICIC

Per cent level precision not unrealisticPer cent level precision not unrealistic Survives unknown oscillation parametersSurvives unknown oscillation parameters More recent discussions: Discriminate seismically degenerate More recent discussions: Discriminate seismically degenerate

geophysics models in mantle, test plum hypothesis etc.?geophysics models in mantle, test plum hypothesis etc.?

(Winter, 2005)(Winter, 2005)

BNLCERN

JHF

Inner core

shadow

sin2213=0.01


Beta beamBeta beam

Key figure (any beta beam):Key figure (any beta beam):Useful ion decays/year?Useful ion decays/year?

““Standard values”:Standard values”:3 103 101818 66He decays/yearHe decays/year1 101 101818 1818Ne decays/yearNe decays/year

Can these be achieved?Can these be achieved? Typical gamma ~ 100 – 150 Typical gamma ~ 100 – 150

(for CERN SPS)(for CERN SPS)

eFeNe 189

1810

eLiHe 63

62

(CERN layout; Bouchez, Lindroos, Mezzetto, 2003; Lindroos, 2003; Mezzetto, 2003; Autin et al, 2003)

Compared to superbeam: no intrinsic beam BG limiting the sinCompared to superbeam: no intrinsic beam BG limiting the sin 22221313 sensitivity to > 10sensitivity to > 10-3-3

Compared to neutrino factory: no charge identification requiredCompared to neutrino factory: no charge identification required In principle, very interesting alternative concept!In principle, very interesting alternative concept!

(Zucchelli, 2002)

25

From very low to high gamma From very low to high gamma ““Very low” gamma (Very low” gamma (<150?)<150?)

- Alternative to superbeam?Alternative to superbeam?- Originally designed for CERN (SPS)Originally designed for CERN (SPS)- Water Cherenkov detectorWater Cherenkov detector(see before; also: Volpe, 2003)(see before; also: Volpe, 2003)

““Low” gamma (150<Low” gamma (150<<300-350?)<300-350?)- Alternative to superbeam!Alternative to superbeam!- Possible at upgraded SPS?Possible at upgraded SPS?- Water Cherenkov detectorWater Cherenkov detector(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004+2005; Huber et al, 2005)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004+2005; Huber et al, 2005)

““Medium” gamma (300-350<Medium” gamma (300-350<<800?)<800?)- Physics potential compared to effort?Physics potential compared to effort?- Requires large accelerator (Tevatron-size)Requires large accelerator (Tevatron-size)- Water Cherenkov detector or TASD or?Water Cherenkov detector or TASD or?(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004; Huber et al, 2005)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004; Huber et al, 2005)

““High” gamma (High” gamma (>800?)>800?)- Alternative to neutrino factory?Alternative to neutrino factory?- Requires very large accelerator (LHC-size)Requires very large accelerator (LHC-size)- Detector technology other than water (TASD?)Detector technology other than water (TASD?)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004; Huber et al, 2005; Agarwalla et al, 2005)(Burguet-Castell et al, 2004; Huber et al, 2005; Agarwalla et al, 2005)

(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, 2005)

(for NOvA-like detector!)

Gamma determines neutrino energyand therefore detector technology!


Optimization of a beta beamOptimization of a beta beam Baseline optimization depends on goals and gamma:Baseline optimization depends on goals and gamma:

(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, 2005)(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, 2005)

For lower gamma: Second osc. max. useful to resolve degsFor lower gamma: Second osc. max. useful to resolve degs Neutrino/antineutrino running: Have at least 10-20% of Neutrino/antineutrino running: Have at least 10-20% of

originally proposed flux!originally proposed flux! (for other degeneracy studies: see, e.g. Donini, (for other degeneracy studies: see, e.g. Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Rigolin, 2004; Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Rigolin, 2004; Donini, Fernandez-Martinez, Migliozzi, Rigolin, 2004)Fernandez-Martinez, Migliozzi, Rigolin, 2004)


Beta beam vs. Superbeam vs. NuFact?Beta beam vs. Superbeam vs. NuFact? LowerLower::

Can easily compete Can easily compete with superbeam with superbeam upgrades if properly upgrades if properly optimizedoptimized

Higher Higher ::At least theoretically At least theoretically competitive to a competitive to a neutrino factoryneutrino factory

Challenges:Challenges:- Can fluxes be reached?Can fluxes be reached?- Compare completely Compare completely

optimized accelerator optimized accelerator strategies?strategies?

(Fig. from Huber, Lindner, Rolinec, Winter, 2005)


Beta beam in ISS study Beta beam in ISS study (from talk given by Elena Couce on Jan. 24 at KEK)(from talk given by Elena Couce on Jan. 24 at KEK)

Use of Water Cherenkov detectorUse of Water Cherenkov detector New efficiency andNew efficiency and

BG matrices for migrationBG matrices for migration High gamma beta beamHigh gamma beta beam

best alternative (even “low flux”)best alternative (even “low flux”)Two

different

options!


What if What if 1313 is large? is large? Do we need a NuFact/Do we need a NuFact/Beta beam programBeta beam programin this case?in this case?

NuFact:NuFact:– Feasibility of muon cooling, Feasibility of muon cooling,

target power etc. (MICE, …)target power etc. (MICE, …)– Flexible storage ring concept for different physics scenarios?Flexible storage ring concept for different physics scenarios?– Detector: Is there space for improvement? Detector: Is there space for improvement?

Beta beam:Beta beam:– Feasibility? Competitiveness? Price tag?Feasibility? Competitiveness? Price tag?

Probably depends on gamma!Probably depends on gamma!

– Stored ions?Stored ions? Answers from EURISOL design study? Answers from EURISOL design study? http://www.eurisol.org/http://www.eurisol.org/

Summary: Key questionsSummary: Key questions

Neutrino Factory and Beta Beam Experiment NO-VE 2006 Venice, Italy February 8, 2006 Walter Winter...

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