Neutrino Experiments and Proton Decay Experiments Summary

Neutrino Experiments and

Proton Decay Experiments

Summary

Takuya Hasegawa(KEK)

Sorry for Skipping Following Three Important Contributions

Due to Limited Time

33

J-PARC NeutrinoFacility Status

T.Kobayashi

IPNS, KEK

Mar. 5, 2008NP08@Mito

The T2K experiment

Christos Touramanis

4th International Workshop on Nuclear and Particle Physics NP08 5 March 2008 Mito, Ibaraki, Japan

NP08 Future beam options for

experiments Yves Déclais 5

Future beam options for long baseline neutrino experiments

Yves DéclaisUniversité Lyon1CNRS/IN2P3/IPNL

The 2nd Phase Experiment with

J-PARC Neutrino Facility

Primary Motivation of T2K

Discover νμ→νe Conversion Phenomenon

Prior to Any Other Experiment in the World

Conclude Lepton Flavor Mixing Structure

T2K Proposal Accepted by J-PARC PAC

“We request total integrated beam power larger than 0.75MW × 15000h at any proton energies between 30 and 50 GeV.“

15000 h ＝ 5×3000h

≒ 5×107sec

T2KFull

Proposal

Integrated Power of 1 ～ 2MW×107seconds

is

a Turning Point to Decide

Next Project Utilizing J-PARC Neutrino Facility

Future Investment for the “Discovery” in ν Physics we are High Energy Experiment Researcher

Not much Interested in Upper Bound Physics

If Significant νe Signal → Proceed Immediately to CP Violation Discovery MUST: Improve ν Beam Intensity MUST: Improve the Main(Far) Detector Quality In terms of Detector Technology, Volume and Baseline+Angle

optional: improve Near Detector( whatever it is)

Discovery of Proton Decay

Naturally, Main Neutrino Detector

Tends to be Huge.

As a Consequence, Main Neutrino Detector Gives us Rare and Important Opportunity to

Discover Proton Decay

J-PARC to SomewhereLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment

andNucleon Decay Experiment

WithHuge Volume Detector

Okinoshima

658km0.8deg. Off-axis

KamiokaKorea

1000km1deg. Off-axis


Quest for the Origin of Matter Dominated Universe

• Lepton Sector CP Violation– Search for CP violation in Neutrino Oscillation Process

• Conclude Mass Hierarchy of Neutrinos• Examine Matter Effect in Neutrino Oscillation Process

• Proton Decay– p → ν K – p → e π0

*Non-Equilibrium Environment in the Evolution of Universe is Assumed

6 March 2008 Ed Kearns - Non-accelerator Physics with Water Cherenkov - NP08 16

Supernova Neutrino BurstSupernova Neutrino Burst

Guaranteed signal – if you run long enough.

Enormous statistics in a megaton-scale detector.

Time profile and spectra of great astrophysical interest. Exotic possibilities such as Si-burning and black hole formation.

Standard picture: Initial burst of e and cooling tail of equal flavors

Matter effects in SN and in earth may be revealed.

May reveal fundamental neutrino physics as well.

A. Bueno, U. Granada

Indirect Dark Matter detection

• WIMPS can be gravitationally trapped in the centre of celestial massive bodies (e.g. the Sun)

• They can annihilate and produce standard particles (among others high energy neutrinos)

• Look for high energy (anti-) e pointing to the Sun – Take advantage of superb

angular resolution and electron ID capabilities of LAr TPCs

• Clear WIMP signal expected if elastic cross section above 10-4 pb

JCAP01(2005)001

elastic H ,SD H ,SI He,SI

18

My Favorite Themes

Determine The Universe is dominated by matter and has no anti-matter.

Discover proton decay Origin of extremely small mass of the neutrinos.The Universe was born and will die.The Universe is dominated by matter and has no anti-matter.

What is the dark-matter?Unknown new heavy particles.

What is the dark energy?New paradigm beyond relativity and quantum theory?

Prof. Totsuka’s Talk @ 1st J-PARC Int. Symp.

We Will Cover Them

Future Investment for the “Discovery” in ν Physics we are High Energy Experiment Researcher

Not much Interested in Upper Bound Physics

If Significant νe Signal → Proceed Immediately to CP Violation Discovery MUST: Improve ν Beam Intensity MUST: Improve the Main(Far) Detector Quality In terms of Detector Technology, Volume and Baseline+Angle

optional: improve Near Detector( whatever it is)

Possible MR Power Improvement ScenarioKEK ROADMAP

Day1(up to Jul.2010)

Next Step KEK ROADMAP

Ultimate

Power(MW) 0.1 0.45 1.66 ？

Energy(GeV) 30 30 30

Rep Cycle(sec) 3 3-2 1.92

No. of Bunch 6 8 8

Particle/Bunch 1.2×1013 <4.1×1013 8.3×1013

Particle/Ring 7.2×1013 <3.3×1014 6.7×1014

LINAC(MeV) 181 181 400

RCS h=2 h=2 or 1 h=1

After 2010, plan depends on financial situation

NP08 Mar/06/2008

~0.5Megaton fid vol. (0.27Mton x 2 detectors) Needs ~200,000PMTs (assume 40% coverage)

K.KaneyukiWater Cherenkov Detector Simplicity, Mass

22

Passive perlite insulation

≈70 m

Drift lengthh =20 m max

Electronic crates

Single module cryo-tank based on

industrial LNG technologySingle module cryo-tank based on

industrial LNG technology

possibly up to 100 kton

Huge Liquid Ar TPCA scalable detector with a non-evacuable dewar and ionization charge

detection with amplification

A.Marchionni

0 pn

Precision Measurement Detector

T.Kobayashi (KEK) 23

OA3°

OA0°OA2°

OA2.5°

Baseline and AngleBaseline and AngleOscill. Prob. ＠

f

lux

• Baseline– Long: Oscillation Maximum 　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 at Higher Energy, 　　

　　　　　　　　　 Utilize Matter Effect– Short: More Intense

Neutrino Flux, Control

of π0 Background

Less Matter Effect• Angle w.r.t On-Axis

– On-Axis: Wide Energy Coverage– Off-Axis: Narrow Energy Coverage,

Control of π0 Background

Brand New Far(Main) Detector

• Detector Technology – Water Cherenkov– Liquid Ar TPC– Etc.

• Baseline ＋ Angle

Depend on How to Approach Lepton Sector CP Violation

Focused in this Workshop

Lepton Sector CP Violation

• Effect of CP Phase δ appear as– νe Appearance Energy Spectrum Shape

(Sensitive to All the Non-Vanishing δ including 180°)

– Difference between νe and νe Behavior

3

2

1

231323122313122312231312

231323131223122313122312

1312131312

ccsccssesscsce

scssseccsscecs

sesccc

ii

ii

ie

A.Bueno et alA.Bueno et al NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008NP08 (@Mito) on Mar-6-2008 2626

ee oscillation probability (on E/L) oscillation probability (on E/L)O

scill

ati

on p

robabili

ty

m312 = 2.5x10-3 eV2

sin2213 = 0.1No matter effects

CP=90CP=270

CP=0

(E/L)OscillationMinimumE/L~1.27m2/

1st OscillationMaximumE/L~1.27m2*2/

2nd OscillationMaximumE/L~1.27m2*2/3

J-PARC to OkinoshimaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment


WithHuge Liquid Ar TPC


Focus on lepton sector CP violation Focus on lepton sector CP violation discovery/measurement with LAr TPC discovery/measurement with LAr TPC

How to approach CP phase measurement How to approach CP phase measurement with Liquid Argon TPC detectorwith Liquid Argon TPC detector

– Liquid Argon TPC has advantage onLiquid Argon TPC has advantage on Good Energy resolution / reconstructionGood Energy resolution / reconstruction Good background suppression (Good background suppression (00)) Good signal efficiencyGood signal efficiency

– Thus this detector is suitable for the precision Thus this detector is suitable for the precision measurement on neutrino energy spectrum to measurement on neutrino energy spectrum to extract CP information. (w/ extract CP information. (w/ onlyonly neutrino run) neutrino run)


Focus on lepton sector CP violation Focus on lepton sector CP violation discovery/measurement with LAr TPC (cont’d)discovery/measurement with LAr TPC (cont’d)

For example, if the second oscillation For example, if the second oscillation maximum has to stay larger than ~400MeV, maximum has to stay larger than ~400MeV, – Baseline is needed to be longer than ~600kmBaseline is needed to be longer than ~600km

If the beam should cover wider energy If the beam should cover wider energy range,range,– Beam should be as on-axis as possible.Beam should be as on-axis as possible.

To keep high statistics to analyze;To keep high statistics to analyze;– Not too long baseline, but not too short baseline Not too long baseline, but not too short baseline

neutrino experiment is needed. neutrino experiment is needed.


Okinoshima

~658km~0.8deg. Almost On Axis

Found suitable place in mapFound suitable place in map


Spectra for Spectra for ee CC events CC events

Shaded is beam Shaded is beam ee background, background, while histogram while histogram shows the oscshows the osc’’d d signal. signal.

cpcp effects are effects are seen in 1seen in 1stst and and 22ndnd osc. Maxima. osc. Maxima.

(perfect resolution (perfect resolution case) case)

0 deg 90 deg

180 deg 270 deg

0 0

0 0

4 4

4 4

4525

4060


Allowed regionsAllowed regions This is perfect This is perfect

energy spectrum energy spectrum casecase

Cases at Cases at cpcp=0,90,180,270 =0,90,180,270 and and sinsin22221313=0.1,0.05,=0.1,0.05,0.03 are overlaid.0.03 are overlaid.

Each point has Each point has 67,95,99.7% C.L 67,95,99.7% C.L contourscontours

Perfect resolution case


Okinoshima

~658km~0.8deg. Off-axis

KamiokaKorea

~1000km~1deg. Off-axis


Sites for 100kT LArSites for 100kT LAr

At Kamioka, it could be nice tothink different strategy as well!

Perfect resolution

J-PARC to KamiokaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment


WithHuge Water Cherenkov Detector

NP08 Mar/06/2008

Super-Kamiokande22.5kt

295km<E>~0.6GeV

Difference Betweenand anti-

TsukubaTokai

Hyper-Kamiokande~Mt

CP violation

NP08 Mar/06/2008expected sensitivity

1.66MW 1.1yr+ 3.9yr 1.66MW 2.2yr+ 7.8yr

CP sensitivity CP sensitivity

sin2213 sin2213

sin

22 1

3

Fract

ion o

f

sin

22 1

3

Fract

ion o

f

systematic error:signal 5%, BG 5%beam e, e BG 5%/ 5%

These errors are still challenging.

K.Kaneyuki

J-PARC to KoreaLong Baseline Neutrino Experiment


WithHuge Water Cherenkov Detector

So Called T2KK

Comparison of Each Scenario

Scinario 1Okinoshima

Scenario 2Kamioka

Scenario 3Korea

Baseline(km) 660 295 295 & 1000

Off-Axis Angle(°) 0.8(almost on-axis) 2.5 2.5 1

Method νeSpectrum Shape Ratio between νe νe νeSpectrum Shape

Beam 5Years νμ,

then Decide Next 2.2 Years νμ,

7.8 Years νμ,

5 Years νμ,

5 Years νμ,

Detector Tech. Liq. Ar TPC Water Cherenkov Water Cherenkov

Detector Mass (kt) 100 2×270 270+270

Study is continuing to seek for Optimum Choice

Proton Decay Discovery Performance

SK1

SK2SK3+

540 kt WC

IMB

prot

on li

fetim

e SK I+II

270 kt WC

efficiency = 0.45bg. rate = 0.2 evts/100 kty Nobs = Nbg

6 March 2008 43Ed Kearns - Non-accelerator Physics with Water Cherenkov - NP08

Water Cherenkov


Super-symmetric decay mode

p K+

Wire coordinate

Drif

t coo

rdin

ate

34 cm

90 c

m

e+

K+

K[AB] [BC] e[CD]

A

B

C

D

K+

µ+

e+

Real event recorded by ICARUS T600 detector while surface tests were

carried out in 2001

Liquid Ar TPC


Sensitivity to nucleon partial lifetimeOnly atmospheric neutrino background is included

Almost background free search

100kt, 10year

Liquid Ar TPC

Realization of the Huge Detector

• Test of the Key Components Underway

• Need to Understand

the Detector as a Whole System– Physics Motivated Optimization is Important

– Test with the Beam is Important

• Etc.

47

LAr

Cathode (- HV)

E-fi

eldExtraction grid

UV & Cerenkov light readout photosensors

E≈ 1 kV/cm

E ≈ 3 kV/cm

Electronic racks

Field shaping electrodes

GAr

Greinacher voltage multiplier up to MV

ArgonTube: 5 m drift test

Large area DUV sensitive photosensors

Charge readout with extraction from liquid phase & amplification in gas phase for long

drifts

Example of R&D for Huge Liq. Ar TPC: GLACIER

Charge readout plane

A. Rubbia hep-ph/0402110Venice, NO-VE 2003

Photo sensor gives a sizable portion in the total cost of the experiments.

There are two propositions to give the solution

1. PMT with small size (conservative approach) by French team (PMm2) with PHOTONIS

2. New photo sensor (aggressive approach) by Japanese team with Hamamatsu

T.Abe

R&D for Water Cherenkov


Importance of Resolution (1)Importance of Resolution (1) ““ResolutionResolution”” includes; includes;

– neutrino interaction neutrino interaction Fermi motionFermi motion Nuclear interaction for final state particles.Nuclear interaction for final state particles. Vertex nuclear activities (e.g. nuclear break up signal)Vertex nuclear activities (e.g. nuclear break up signal) NC NC 00 event shape including vertex activity event shape including vertex activity

– detector mediumdetector medium IonizationIonization ScintillationScintillation Charge/light correlationCharge/light correlation Signal quenching (amount of ionization charge/scinti. light Signal quenching (amount of ionization charge/scinti. light

is non-linear to dE/dx. E.g.including recombination ) is non-linear to dE/dx. E.g.including recombination ) hadron transport hadron transport Signal diffusion and attenuationSignal diffusion and attenuation

– readout system including electronicsreadout system including electronics Signal and Noise RatioSignal and Noise Ratio Signal amplificationSignal amplification Signal shapingSignal shaping

– reconstructionreconstruction Pattern recognitionPattern recognition 00 event shape event shape Particle IDParticle ID

We assume these effectscauses Gaussian resolution,then see the results


Importance of Resolution(2) Importance of Resolution(2)

200MeV

100MeV

perfect

0 deg 90 deg

180 deg 270 deg

• Assuming constant Gaussian resolution independent on energy• Looks resolution is crucial (100MeV at most)

0 5 0 5

0 5 0 5

40 20

40 60


Importance of Resolution Importance of Resolution

200MeV

100MeV

perfect • 200MeV resolution can still make some results, however, 100MeV is really preferable to see the 2nd oscillation maximum visually. “”robustness of the result”

We will be Prepared NOT MSSING

Rare Opportunity

(Probably Only Once at the νμ→νe Discovery) to Initiate the Discovery Experiment of

Lepton Sector CP Violation and Proton Decay

Continue Discussion to Submit Proposal(Target Year ～ 2012)

53

Next neutrino experiments

Study more in detail by combining all the available information including Mass matrices, CKM and MNS matrices, the coming LHC, and MEG results.

Phased approach.

Use your wisdom and make the best proposal ready by 2012.

Think big and make cheap.

We Will Try

Prof. Totsuka’s Talk @ 1st J-PARC Int. Symp.

Why ～ 350 !! Foreign Peoples Get Together

atJ-PARC Neutrino Facility ?

They Judge J-PARC as a Place where they can Obtain Unprecedented High Intensity Neutrino

Beam for the Experiment in the World

Hope to Set Accelerator Power Improvement Milestone with Accelerator Colleague with Deep

Mutual Understanding between Accelerator Reality and Experimental Requirement

～ 60 Japanese

Neutrino Experiments and Proton Decay Experiments Summary

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