Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is...
-
Upload
aleesha-goodwin -
Category
Documents
-
view
234 -
download
1
Transcript of Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is...
![Page 1: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Neuroscience and Consciousness
Chapter 2
![Page 2: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Neural Communication
The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.
![Page 3: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 Main Types
• Sensory-information to the brain
• Motor- information from the brain
• Interneurons- communication b/w neurons
![Page 4: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts.
![Page 5: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.
Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receive messages from other neurons.
Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.
![Page 6: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Action PotentialA neural impulse. A
brief electrical charge that travels down an
axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of
channels in the axon’s membrane.
![Page 7: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Action Potential Properties
All-or-None Response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the
action potentials strength or speed.
Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the
axon.
![Page 8: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Synapse
Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the
dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or
cleft.
![Page 9: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released
from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on
the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action
potential.
![Page 10: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation.
Linked to Depression
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
![Page 11: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways are involved with
diseases such as schizophrenia and
Parkinson’s disease.
Responsible for motivation,
interest, and drive
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press
![Page 12: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Norepinephrine
• Helps control alertness and arousal
• It regulates attention, mental focus, arousal, and cognition
• High levels have been linked to sleep problems, anxiety and ADHD
![Page 13: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
![Page 14: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nervous System
CentralNervousSystem(CNS)
PeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)
![Page 15: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Nervous System
Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
![Page 16: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Kinds of NeuronsSensory Neurons carry incoming information from
the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons.
Motor Neuron(Multipolar)
![Page 17: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands, organs, and other muscles.
![Page 18: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Nerves
Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral
nervous system and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous
system.
![Page 19: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.
![Page 20: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight-or-flight)
Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
![Page 21: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Nervous System
![Page 22: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”
chemical communication
system. Communication is
carried out by hormones
synthesized by a set of glands.
![Page 23: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hormones
Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the
bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain and many other tissues of the body.
For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and feelings of excitement during
emergency situations.
![Page 24: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. Plays a role in
growth.
![Page 25: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Brainstem
The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base
of the brainstem that controls heartbeat
and breathing.
![Page 26: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Brainstem
The Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs
messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits
replies to the cerebellum and
medulla.
![Page 27: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Brainstem
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling
arousal.-keeps us alert, even
while sleeping
![Page 28: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem.
It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Processes and
stores memory we cannot consciously recall (muscle
memory).
Cerebellum
![Page 29: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural
structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
The Limbic System
![Page 30: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Amygdala
The Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and
anger.
![Page 31: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating,
drinking, body temperature, and
control of emotions. It helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
![Page 32: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Cerebral CortexThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells
that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
![Page 33: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four
lobes that are separated by
prominent fissures. These lobes are the
frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of
head).
Phineas Gage? Pg.42-43
![Page 34: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Functions of the Cortex
The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives
information from skin surface and sense organs.
![Page 35: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Visual Function
The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces.
Courtesy of V
.P. Clark, K
. Keill, J. M
a. M
aisog, S. Courtney, L
.G.
Ungerleider, and J.V
. Haxby,
National Institute of M
ental Health
![Page 36: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Auditory Function
The functional MRI scan shows the
auditory cortex is active in patients who
hallucinate.
![Page 37: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
LanguageAphasia is an impairment of language,
usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking)
or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).
![Page 38: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness.
The Brain’s Plasticity
![Page 39: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Right-Left Differences
People show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities.
A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right
brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a
linguistic task.
![Page 40: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Right Brain vs. Left Brain Dominance
• Left Brain- analytical, organized, would judge objects by their relationships
• Right Brain-creative, free-thinking, would judge objects by their physical similarities
![Page 41: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Forms of ConsciousnessB
ill L
ing/
Dig
ital
Vis
ion/
Get
ty I
mag
es
Chr
isti
ne B
rune
Stu
art F
rank
lin/
Mag
num
Pho
tos
AP
Pho
to/ R
icar
do M
azal
an
![Page 42: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Selective Attention
Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we
experience. We intuitively make use of the information we are not consciously
aware of.
![Page 43: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Inattentional Blindness
Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst.
Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited
assistant in a ball passing game.
Dan
iel S
imon
s, U
nive
rsit
y of
Ill
inoi
s
![Page 44: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Change Blindness
Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions
failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions.
Change Blindness Another Example
© 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.
![Page 45: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb.
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just startedunraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
![Page 46: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Biological Rhythms and SleepCircadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and
include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light.
Light triggers the nucleus to decrease(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at nightfall.
Illu
stra
tion
© C
ynth
ia T
urne
r 20
03
![Page 47: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Sleep Stages
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
![Page 48: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows
down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A
meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.
![Page 49: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow,
regular wave form called theta waves. A person who is daydreaming shows theta
activity. (Hallucinations)
Sleep Stages 1-2
Theta Waves
![Page 50: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-
amplitude, slow delta waves.
Sleep Stages 3-4
![Page 51: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Stage 5: REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward
towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and
regular beta waves much like awake-aroused state.
A person during this sleep exhibitsRapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams if you awaken shortly after the dream.
![Page 52: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases. (usually about 4-6 periods of
REM each night)
![Page 53: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Why do we sleep?We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
If an individual remains awake for
several days, immune function and concentration
deteriorates and the risk of accidents
increases.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ C
orbis
![Page 54: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Teenage Sleep
• Sleep less than 7 hours a night
• Why does this happen?– Industrialized Countries?
![Page 55: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Sleep Deprivation1. Fatigue and subsequent
death.2. Impaired concentration
and performance.3. Emotional irritability.4. Depressed immune system.
• Inability to fight off disease
5. Greater vulnerability.6. Alters metabolism and
hormonal functions7. Jet Lag- consequence of
travel8. We sleep less today
because there are more distractions
![Page 56: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Accidents
Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
![Page 57: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Sleep Theories1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness
when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Helps us Recover: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. Helps maintain mood and emotion
3. Sleep Helps us Remember: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep may play a role in the growth process: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.
![Page 58: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
1. Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, wakes early
2. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.
3. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.
– Snoring- narrowing of the nasal passage
– Sleep Apnea video
Sleep Disorders
![Page 59: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Children are most prone to: Night terrors: The sudden arousal from
sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during Stage 4 sleep.
Sleepwalking (somnambulism): A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day.
Sleeptalking (somniloquy): A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking.
Sleep Disorders Video Night Terror Example
Sleep Disorders
![Page 60: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
DreamsThe link between REM sleep
and dreaming has opened up a new era of dream research.
EEG (electroencephalogram) allows us to study sleep
![Page 61: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What We Dream
1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content.
2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.
3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams (what we most remember).
![Page 62: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Why We Dream- video
1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings.
2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.
![Page 63: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Why We Dream
3. Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.
![Page 64: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Why We Dream
4. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.
5. Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. Whendeprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
![Page 65: Neuroscience and Consciousness Chapter 2. Neural Communication The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081514/56649e425503460f94b34166/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Dream TheoriesSummary