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Neuroanatomy%20%28 orientation%2c%20forebrain%290
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Transcript of Neuroanatomy%20%28 orientation%2c%20forebrain%290
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BRAIN
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Outline
Nervous System Orientation of the Brain Ways to Divide the Brain
Lobes Evolutionary
Forebrain Prosencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon
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Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
Neuroanatomy Anatomy of the nervous system Study of the various parts of the nervous
system and their respective function(s)
Nervous system consists of many substructures, each comprised of many neurons
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Nervous System
Brain Spinal cord
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic
Nervous System Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
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Brain Orientation
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Brain Orientation
Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
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Brain Orientation
Rostral Caudal Ventral Dorsal
Anterior Posterior Inferior Superior
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DIVISION OF THE BRAIN
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FOREBRAIN
Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
Divided into 4 lobes
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Motor and Somatosensory Cortices
Primary Motor Cortex Primary Somatosensory
Cortex
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Somatosensory Homunculus
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Primary Motor Cortex
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FOREBRAIN
Prosencephalon
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Basal Forebrain
Cholinergic output of the CNS Nucleus basalis
Arousal, wakefulness, attention
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FOREBRAIN
Diencephalon
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Thalamus
Sensory relay
“Gateway to the cortex”
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Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
Endocrine Function
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Anterior Pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin Gonadotropins
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Posterior Pituitary
Neurohypophysis
Oxytocin Milk let-down Maternal care
Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic hormone Water retention
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FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
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Limbic System
Amygdala
Hippocampus
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Amygdala
Directly connected to the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus
Important in emotion
Fear response
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Hippocampus
Important in memory and learning
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Alzheimer’s Disease Destruction of
hippocampal neurons
Symptoms include memory loss, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques
Miosis
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Miosis
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4 Hypotheses for the Development of AD Demyelination Hypothesis
Cholinergic Hypothesis
Amyloid Beta Hypothesis
Tau Hypothesis
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AD- Demyelination Hypothesis
Cortex shrivels
Hippocampus shrinks
Ventricles fill with fluid
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AD- Amyloid Beta and Tau
Fewer neurons
Fewer synapses
Tangles
Plaques
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AD- Tau Hypothesis
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Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Treatments
Early stages
Mild to moderate stages
Severe stages
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Alzheimer’s Disease