Neuroanatomy Cns 2013

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GROSS

NEUROANATOMY

DESWATYFURQONITA

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TopicsofNeuroanatomy:y Centralnervoussystem:

y Protectionofthebrain

y Cerebral(Cerebrum)

y Brainstem:midbrain,ponsandmedullaoblongata

y Cerebellar (Cerebellum)

y Spinalcord

y Vascularisation

y

Ventricle

system

and

CSF

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TopicsofNeuroanatomy:y Peripheralnervoussystem

y Cranialnerves

y Spinalnerves

y Anatomicalpathways

y Ascendingtracts

y Descendingtract

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Embryonicdevelopmentofthebrain

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Embryonicdevelopmentof

the

brain

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PROTECTIONOFTHEBRAINy Structureswhichprotectedthebrainare:

y SCALP:Skin,Connectivetissue,AponeuroticGalea,LooseconnectivetissueandPericranium

y Skull(cranium)

y Meninges

y CerebroSpinalFluid

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SCALPANDMENINGES

Figure1.Meninges around thebrain.

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MENINGESy Themeningesarecomposedofthreemembranous

connectivetissue

layers:

y Duramater:though,thickexternalfibruslayer

y

Arachnoid

mater:

thin

intermediate

layery Piamater:delicateinternalvasculatedlayer

y Arachnoidmaterandpiamaterarecontinous

membranesthat

collectively

make

up

the

leptomeninx

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MENINGES

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DURAMATERy Theduramater(dura),atwolayeredmembranethatisadherenttotheinternalsurfaceofcanium,consistof:

y Anexternalperiosteallayery Aninternalmeningeallayer

y

Reflection

or

reduplication

of

the

meningeal

layer

ofdura:

y Falxcerebri

y Tentoriumcerebelli

y Falxcerebelli

y Diaphragmasellae

y Bloodsuply: middlemeningealarteries.10furqonita_2013


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DURAMATER

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DURALSINUSESSuperiorsagittalsinus

Inferiorsagittalsinus

Straightsinus

Transversesinus

Occipitalsinus

Confluenceof

sinuses

Cavernoussinus

Intercavernoussinus

Superiorpetrosalsinus

Inferiorpetrosal

sinus

Basilarplexussinu

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DURALSINUSES

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DURALSINUSES

Figure2.Meninges around thebrain.

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MENINGEALSPACESy Theduracraniuminterface(Extraduralspace orEpidural

space)isnotnaturalspacesbetweencraniumandexternalperiosteallayer of theduramaterbecausetheduraisattachedtothebone.itbecomesaspaceonlypathologically.

y Thedura

arachnoid

junction

or

interface

(Subdural

space)

islikewise notanaturalspacebetweentheduraandthearachnoid. aspacemaydevelopasaresultoftrauma.

y Subarachnoidspace:

the

space

between

arachnoid

mater

andpiamater. itsrealaspacethatscontainsCSF,trabecularcells,cerebralarteriesandsuperiorcerebral

veins.

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POTENTIALSPACES

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Headinjuriesandintracranialhemorrhage

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MENINGEALSPACESy Cisterns:areasofsubaracnoidspacewherethebraincountourisgreatlychangedsuchthatthepiaand

arachnoiddiverge

from

each

other.

y Majorsubarachnoidcisternincludethe:

y

Posterior

cerebellomedullary

cistern

(Cisterna

Magna)y Lateralcerebellomedullarycistern

y Pontocerebellarcistern(cisternapontis)

y

Quadrigeminalcistern

y Chiasmaticcistern

y Interpeduncularcistern (cisternabasalis)

y Lumbalcistern

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CISTERNS

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CEREBRUM(TELENCEPHALON)y Thecerebrumhastwohemispheres(rigthandleft)

whichseparated

by

longitudinal

fissure.

y Therearegyry,sulciandfissuresonthesurfaceofcerebralhemisphere.

y Eachhemispherehasfivelobes:

y Frontallobe

y Parietallobe

y Occipitallobe

y Temporallobe

y Insula

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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUMy Principlefissureorsulcionthelateralviewofthe

cerebrum:

y

Lateralfissure

(of

Sylvian)

y Centralsulcus(ofRoland)

y Thecerebrumiscomposedofasuperficialcerebralcortex of

gray

matter,

the

cerebralwhitematter

internaltoit,andthedeepgraymatterofthecerebrumwithinthewhitematter (Basalganglia).

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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUMy Specialfeaturesonthelateralviewofthecerebrum:

y Precentralgyrus theprimarymotorcortex

y Postcentralgyrus therimarysensorycortex

y

Superior

temporal

gyrus

the

primary

auditory

cotexy Occipitalpole theprimaryvisualcortex

y Triangularpartandopercularpartofinferiorfrontal

gyry Brocasspeech

area

y Angular gyrusandsuramarginalgyrusWernickesspeecharea

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Functionalareasofcerebralcortex

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CEREBRUM

y Outstandinglandmarksonthemedialviewofcerebrum:

y Corpuscallosum

y Thefornix

y Theseptumpellucidum

y Anteriorcommisure

y Principalfissuresandsulcionthemedialviewofcerebrum:

y Calcarinefissure

y Cingulatesulcus

y

Parietooccipital

fissure

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CEREBRUM

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Themedialviewofcerebrum

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y Lobesonthemedialviewofcerebrum:

y Frontallobe cingulategyrusandparacentrallobule

y Parietallobe rostrally:frontallobe,posteriorly:parietooccipitalfissure

y Occipitallobeisdividedintocuneusandlingualgyrusbycalcarinesulcus.

y Temporallobe

CEREBRUM

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Functionalareasofcerebralcortex

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Bodymapsintheprimarymotorcortexandsomatosensorycortex ofthecerebrum.

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Cerebralwhitemattery Underlyingthegraymatterofthecerebralcortexisthe

cerebral whitematter.

y Itisviathemanyfibersthatformthecerebral whitematterthatthevariousareasofthecerebralcortexcommunicate bothwithoneanotherandwiththebrainstemand spinalcord.

y

Most

of

these

fibers

are

myelinated

and

bundled into

largetracts.

y Thefibersareclassifiedascommissuralfibers,associationfibers,orprojectionfibers.

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Whitefibertractsofcerebralhemispheres

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Whitefibertractsofcerebralhemispheres

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Deepgraymatterofcerebrum(BasalGanglia)

y Deepwithinthecerebralwhitematterlies agroupof

brainnuclei

collectively

called

the

basalganglia :

y Caudatenucleusy Lentiformenucleus:

y Putameny Globuspalidus

y Claustrum

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BASALGANGLIA

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DIENCEPHALONy Thediencephaloniscomposedoftheepithalamus,

thalamus,and

hypothalamus,

encloses

the

3rd

ventricle.

y Thethalamusapairedeggshapedgroupofbrainnuclei,isthe gatewaytothecerebralcortex.

y Thethalamusisamajorrelaystationforsensory

impulses

ascending

to

the

sensory

cortex

and

for

impulses fromallbrainregionsthatcommunicatewiththecerebralcortex.

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DIENCEPHALONANDTHEBRAINSTEM

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y Thehypothalamus,aseriesofbrainnuclei,isthe

brainsmost

important visceral

control

center.

y Thehypothalamus regulatessleepcycles,hunger,thirst,bodytemperature,secretionbythepituitarygland,theautonomic nervoussystem,andsomeemotionsandbehaviors.

y

The

small

epithalamus

contains

the

pineal

gland,

whichsecretesa hormonecalledmelatoninthatisinvolvedinthenighttimestageof thesleepwake

cycle.

DIENCEPHALON

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DIENCEPHALON

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DIENCEPHALON(THALAMUS)

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BRAINSTEMy Thethreebasicsubdivisionofbrainstemare:

y Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

y Pontine(Pons)

y

Medulla

oblongata

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Ventralofthebrainshowingthethreepartsofthebrainstem:medullaolblongata,ponsandmidbrain

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BRAINSTEM

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BRAINSTEM(MESENCEPHALON)y Themidbrainisdividedintoatectum andpaired

cerebralpeduncles, withthelattercontainingthepyramidalmotortractsinthe crus cerebri.

y Inthe

tectum,

the

superior

and

inferior

colliculi

mediate visualandauditoryreflexes.

y Therednucleusandsubstantia nigra participatein

motorfunctions.

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BRAINSTEM(MESENCEPHALON)y Theperiaqueductalgraymatter elicitsthefear

response.

y Themidbrainalsocontainsmotornuclei ofcranial

nervesIII

and

IV,

nerves

that

control

eye

muscles.

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BRAINSTEM(PONTINE)y Inthepons,nucleiofcranialnervesVVIIlienearthe

fourthventricle.

y Theventralregionoftheponscontainsthepyramidaltracts plusthepontinenucleithatprojecttothecerebellum.

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BRAINSTEM

(PONTINE)

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BRAINSTEM(MEDULLAOBLONGATA)y Themedullaoblongatacontainsthepyramidsand

theirdecussation, all

formed

by

the

pyramidal

tracts.

Theolivescontainrelaynucleito thecerebellum.

y NucleiofcranialnervesVIIIXIIlienearthefourthventricle.

y Centersinthemedullaryreticularformationregulate

respiration, heart

rate,

blood

pressure,

and

other

visceralfunctions.

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BRAINSTEM(MEDULLAOBLONGATA)

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CEREBELLUMy Thecerebellumsmoothsandcoordinatesbody

movementsand helps

maintain

posture

and

equilibrium.

y Itsmaindivisionsthe pairedcerebellarhemispheresand

the

vermisare

divided

transversely into

three

lobes:anterior,posterior,andflocculonodular.

y

The

cerebellar

surface

is

covered

with

folia

(ridges)

and

fissures.

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y Fromsuperficialtodeep,themainregionsofthe

cerebellumare the

cortex,

the

arbor

vitae,

and

the

deepcerebellarnuclei.

y Thecerebellumconnectstothebrainstembythesuperior,

middle, and

inferior

cerebellar

peduncles,

thickfibertractsthatcarryinformation toandfromthecerebellum.Allthesefibersareipsilateral.

CEREBELLUM

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CEREBELLUM

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VasculatureofBrainy Thebloodsupplytothebrainisfromtheinternal

carotidand vertebral

arteries.

y Theinternalcarotidarteriesariseintheneckfromthecommoncarotidarteriesandenterthecranialcavitywith

the

carotid

plexus

of sympathetic

nerves

through

thecarotidcanals.

y

The

terminal

branches

of

the

internal

carotids

are

the

anterior andmiddlecerebralarteries.

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CircleofWillis

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CircleofWillisy Acircularanastomosisformedby:

y Theposterior

communicating

arteries

y Theosteriorcerebralarteries

y Theanteriorcerebralarteries

y Theanteriorcommunicatingarteries

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CircleofWillis

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VENTRICULARSYSTEMANDCEREBROSPINALFLUID(CSF)

y

Thereare

four

ventricle

in

the

brain:

y Thetwolateralventriclesareinthecerebralhemispheres

y The third ventricleis

in

the diencephalon; the

cerebral

aqueductisinthe midbrain;and

y The fourthventricleisintheponsandmedullaregions

ofthe

brain

stem.

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Ventriclesofthebrain

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References:

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Neuroanatomy Cns 2013

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