NEu T ymes >C

Vol34Dec2012

A magazine about extraordinary

humans, their ideas and achievements!

LIA TERMATZIDOUShe's wild and she creates. Paints. Designs. Writes.

LEDA DOKOUMETZIDIDesigns, accessories, jewellery and go!

ART AND THE CITYUrban exploration around the glob by a text.

PASTILIESFor the pain of the other!

IRINI MICHOPOULOUOne of the brightest stars on photography!

PUbLISHINgART & CREATIVE DIRECTIONEDITINgPetros (ptrs_0) Vasiadisδeface365ATHENS, gREECE

oBJeCtioN!Not tHis CoVer!

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Vol34Dec2012

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EDITORIAL

NoN stoP CreatiVe>How MaNy of us disCoVered tHis year soMetHiNg re-ally Beautiful? How MaNy saw MiraCles CoMe true?MuCH of our feeliNgs took adVaNtage aNd serVed tHeir audieNCe like we do iN tHis Vol34!you CaN say you'Ve seeN MaNy But iN tHe eNd it CoM-BiNes BotH loVe aNd life to sCulPture tHe reality of fresHNess aNd New. we HaVe tHe Belief tHat eaCH faCe of our PreseNtatioNs sooN will reaCH tHe toP if Not yet!eNJoy your readiNg:)

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lia

lia termatzidou

Born in Berlin in 1988. she studied Byz-antine iconography and has graduated from the faculty of fine arts and art sciences, specializing in Visual arts. she divides her artistic expression between different mediums: Painting, photogra-phy, video and graphics. she participates in several group exhibitions and organ-izes artistic workshops in collaboration with other artists. Her subjects, mostly anthropocentric, explore the transform-ing power of the face - and by extension of individuality, and its association with social adaptability.

urban invasion to the Perfectly Beautiful

everyone has inside his mind a mirror a magic mirror Magical as the fairy tale in which the mirror tells the proud Queen that she is the prettiest in the world and she believes him But the mirror lies knowing that if he tells the truth the Queen will broke him. such a mirror we have in our thoughts a mirror to mislead us on the definition of beauty and ugly A mirror that reflects on our thinking the views of people around us if they say something is nice will think and say and do the same fearing perhaps inwardly that our mirror will break if they say something is ugly we will agree for the same reason so how can exist subjectivity between the relationship of beautiful and ugly? let us break ourselves that mirror that harnesses our views and let us recall to our memory true knowledge on things accordance with the doctrine of Plato "the perfectly nice is not seen by the eyes but is conceptually apprehended only by the mind ... " (fedros)

dolls Female figures so attractive but lifeless, empty. you think they are moving, become alive, acquire aura, but in reality they are just window dressing dolls. Plastic and synthetic materials. a modern repre-sentation and metaphor of women today.

is this me?

e-mail: lia.termatzidou@gmail.com

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leda dokoumetzidi

in 2003 leda started her studies in set and costume design in lon-don and for the next six years she worked in theatre abroad and in greece. at some point she decided to test her abilities and attempt something more personal and less team oriented.since 2011 she has 4 personal exhibitions to her credit. you can visit her profile at Leda Dokoumetzidi*.Now, influenced by the theatre, with materials and ideas that create something special, inspired by her love for recycled fashion and her very own process of creation, she decided to test her artistic ambi-tion in the field of jewellery. she is now lodged in whitebox and Creatives gallery/shop space. you can also order via facebook or email. she will be participating in several pre-Xmas bazaars in december.

@Nixon Bar/restaurant/Cinema, agisilaou 61B, athens, tel: +30-210-3462077, Bazaar dates: 22nd - 23rd december

www.facebook.com/artledadokoumetzidi

WHAT PASTILIES ARE?“Pastilies for other's pain” are an absolute campaign moving and finding funds of Medecins Sans Frontieres. By the symbolic buying of a six candies made of honey and thyme box from pharmacies all over greece, every buyer concurs on Medecins sans frontieres helping ill conquerable, “forgotten”, excluded persons out of medi-cal attention in greece and the rest world. it's a practical vehicle of solidarity because by buying one Pastilies packet (1,60 €), one euro is available directly to Medecins sans frontieres' schedrules about greece and the rest world. Vist: www.pastilies.gr

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art and the City

Not thinking about the Citya city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. although there is no agree-ment on how a city is distinguished from a town within general english language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.for example, in the american state of Massachusetts an article of incorpora-tion approved by the local state legisla-ture distinguishes a city government from a town. in the united kingdom and parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, a city is usually a settlement with a royal charter. Historically, in europe, a city was under-stood to be an urban settlement with a cathedral. this distinction also applies in england (but not to the entire united king-dom), where the presence of a cathedral church distinguishes a 'city' from a 'town' (which has a parish church).Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, hous-ing, and transportation. the concentra-tion of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and busi-nesses, benefiting both parties in the process. a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. such cities are usually associated with metro-politan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. once a city expands far enough to reach an-other city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

1 origins 1.1 theories 1.1.1 agricultural primacy1.1.2 urban primacy1.2 Causes of estab-lishment2 geography3 History 3.1 ancient times3.2 Middle ages3.3 early modern3.4 industrial age4 external effects5 Distinction be-tween cities and towns 5.1 Australia5.2 Argentina5.3 Azerbaijan5.4 Belarus5.5 Bangladesh5.6 Belgium5.7 Brazil5.8 Bulgaria5.9 Canada5.10 China (People's republic of China)5.11 Chile5.12 Denmark5.13 Egypt5.14 France5.15 Finland5.16 Germany5.17 Greece5.18 Iceland5.19 India5.20 Indonesia

5.21 Iran5.22 Iraq5.23 Ireland5.24 Israel5.25 Italy5.26 Kazakhstan5.27 Japan5.28 Malaysia5.29 Mexico5.30 Netherlands5.31 Nigeria5.32 New Zealand5.33 Norway5.34 Pakistan5.35 Philippines5.36 Poland5.37 Portugal5.38 Romania5.39 Russia5.40 South Africa5.41 South Korea5.42 South Sudan5.43 Sweden5.44 Taiwan (Repub-lic of China)5.45 Turkey5.46 Ukraine5.47 United Kingdom5.48 United States5.49 Venezuela6 global cities7 inner city8 21st century9 see also10 Notes11 references12 further reading13 external links

Contents

Origins There is insufficient evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities. some theorists, however, have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions, and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces.Theories Agricultural primacyThe conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution. the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser hu-man populations possible, thereby supporting city development. the advent of farming en-couraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production. the increased population-density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suit-able for city-like activities. in his book, Cities and economic development, Paul Bairoch takes up this position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form.according to Vere gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population.[4] Bairoch points out that, due to sparse population densities that would have persisted in pre-Ne-olithic, hunter-gatherer societies, the amount of land that would be required to produce enough food for subsistence and trade for a large population would make it impossible to control the flow of trade. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example: "Western europe during the pre-Neolithic, [where] the density must have been less than 0.1 person per square kilometer". using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10% of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that city dwellers do no farming, he calculates that "in order to maintain a city with a population of 1,000, and without taking the cost of transportation into account, an area of 100,000 square kilometers would have been required. When the cost of transportation is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometers...". Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of great Britain.urban primacytheorist Jane Jacobs claims that city-formation preceded the birth of agri-culture though offers no support for this theory. Jacobs does not lend her theory to any reasonably strict definition of a city, but her account suggestively or vaguely contrasts what could be thought of as primitive city-like activity to the activity occurring in neighboring hunter-gatherer settlements. To argue this view, she suggests a fictitious scenario where a valued natural resource leads to primitive economic activity - she takes obsidian as an example. the stock of obsidian is controlled and traded with neighboring hunting groups. Hunters who do not control the stock travel great distances to barter what they have, valu-ing obsidian because it "makes the sharpest tools to be had".[6] this activity brings more people to the center as jobs are created and goods are being traded. among the goods traded are seeds of all different sorts, stored in unprecedented combinations. in various ways, some accidental, the seeds are sown, and the variation in yields are observed more readily than they would be in the wild. the seeds that yield the most grain are noticed and trading them begins to occur within the city. Owing to this local dealing, the city dwellers find that their grain yields are the best, and for the first time make deliberate and conscious selection. the choices made now become purposeful, and they are made among various strains of already cultivated crosses, and their crosses, mutants and hybrids.Causes of establishmenttheorists have suggested many possible reasons for why people would have originally decided to come together to form dense populations. in his book City economics, Brendan o'flaherty asserts "Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages" (O'Flaherty 2005, p. 12). O'Flaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts normally associated with firms. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well. increasing returns to scale occurs when

"doubling all inputs more than doubles the output [and] an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost" (O'Flaherty 2005, pp. 572–573). To offer an example of these concepts, o'flaherty makes use of "one of the oldest reasons why cities were built: military protection" (O'Flaherty 2005, p. 13). In this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection (e.g.: a wall) and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. o'flaherty then asks that we suppose that the area to be protected is square and each hectare inside it has the same value of protection. the advantage is expressed as: (O'Flaherty 2005, p. 13)

(1) , where o is the output (area protected) and s stands for the length of a side. this equa-tion shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side.the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter:

(2) , where i stands for the quantity of inputs. this equation shows that the perimeter is pro-portional to the length of a side.so there are increasing returns to scale:

(3) . this equation (solving for in (1) and substituting in (2)) shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output.also, economies of scale:

(4) . this equation (solving for in equation (3)) shows that the same output requires less input."Cities, then, economize on protection, and so protection against marauding barbarian ar-mies is one reason why people have come together to live in cities..." (O'Flaherty 2005, p. 13).

similarly, "are Cities dying?", a paper by Harvard economist edward l. glaeser, delves into similar reasons for city formation: reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas. Discussing the benefits of proximity, Glaeser claims that if you double a city size, workers have a ten-percent increase in earnings. glaeser furthers his argument by stating that big-ger cities do not pay more for equal productivity than in a smaller city, so it is reasonable to assume that workers become more productive if they move to a city twice the size as they initially worked in. However, the workers do not benefit much from the ten-percent wage increase, because it is recycled back into the higher cost of living in a bigger city. they do gain other benefits from living in cities, though.

a map dating 1669 showing the location of Multan, Pakistan.[edit] geography Map of Haarlem, the Netherlands, of around 1550. The city is completely surrounded by a city wall and defensive canal. the square shape was inspired by Jerusalem.City planning has seen many different schemes for how a city should look. the most commonly seen pat-tern is the grid, used for thousands of years in China, independently invented by alexander the great's city-planner dinocrates of rhodes and favoured by the romans, while almost a rule in parts of pre-Columbian America. Derry begun in 1613, was the first planned city in Ireland, with the walls being completed five years later. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence. the grid pattern was widely copied in the colonies of British North america.

the ancient greeks often gave their colonies around the Mediterranean a grid plan. one of the best examples is the city of Priene. this city had different specialized districts, much as

is seen in modern city planning today. fifteen centuries earlier, the indus Valley Civilization was using grids in such cities as Mohenjo-daro. in medieval times there was evidence of a preference for linear planning. good examples are the cities established by various rulers in the south of france and city expansions in old dutch and flemish cities.grid plans were popular among planners in the 19th century, particularly after the redesign of Paris. they cut through the meandering, organic streets that followed old paths. the united states imposed grid plans in new territories and towns, as the american west was rapidly established, in places such as salt lake City and san francisco.other forms may include a radial structure, in which main roads converge on a central point. this was often a historic form, the effect of successive growth over long time with concentric traces of town walls and citadels. in more recent history, such forms were sup-plemented by ring-roads that take traffic around the outskirts of a town. Many Dutch cities are structured this way: a central square surrounded by concentric canals. every city ex-pansion would imply a new circle (canals together with town walls). in cities such as amster-dam, Haarlem, and also Moscow, this pattern is still clearly visible.History Further information: Historical cities and list of largest cities throughout history

The Round city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq extent and major sites of the indus Valley Civilization of ancient indiatowns and cities have a long history, although opinions vary on whether any particular ancient settlement can be considered to be a city. A city formed as central places of trade for the benefit of the mem-bers living in close proximity to others facilitates interaction of all kinds. these interactions generate both positive and negative externalities between others' actions. Benefits include reduced transport costs, exchange of ideas, sharing of natural resources, large local mar-kets, and later in their development, amenities such as running water and sewage disposal. Possible costs would include higher rate of crime, higher mortality rates, higher cost of liv-ing, worse pollution, traffic and high commuting times. Cities will grow when the benefits of proximity between people and firms are higher than the cost.The first true towns are sometimes considered to be large settlements where the inhabit-ants were no longer simply farmers of the surrounding area, but began to take on special-ized occupations, and where trade, food storage and power was centralized. In 1950 Gor-don Childe attempted to define a historic city with 10 general metrics.[7] These are:1.size and density of the population should be above normal.2.differentiation of the population. Not all residents grow their own food, leading to special-ists.3.Payment of taxes to a deity or king.4.Monumental public buildings.5.those not producing their own food are supported by the king.6.systems of recording and practical science.7.a system of writing.8.development of symbolic art.9.trade and import of raw materials.10.specialist craftsmen from outside the kin-group.this categorisation is descriptive, and it is used as a general touchstone when considering ancient cities, although not all have each of its characteristics.

one characteristic that can be used to distinguish a small city from a large town is organ-ized government. a town accomplishes common goals through informal agreements be-

tween neighbors or the leadership of a chief. a city has professional administrators, regu-lations, and some form of taxation (food and other necessities or means to trade for them) to feed the government workers. the governments may be based on heredity, religion, military power, work projects (such as canal building), food distribution, land ownership, ag-riculture, commerce, manufacturing, finance, or a combination of those. Societies that live in cities are often called civilizations.Mohenjo-daro, a world Heritage site that was part of the indus Valley Civilization.[edit] an-cient timesfurther information: Cities of the ancient Near east, Polis, and City-statethe ancient ur of sumer, in present day tell el-Mukayyar in iraq is one of the world's earliest ?ities. View of the agora of athens. the temple of Hephaestus is to the left and the stoa of attalos to the right. scale model of ancient rome, 3rd century ad A model of native American pyramids in the Zócalo in the center of Mexico City daily life of people from the song period at the capital, Bianjing, today's kaifeng. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in europe from the 9th through the 12th century.early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world. Mesopotamia can claim the earliest cities, particularly eridu, uruk, and ur.[citation needed] after Meso-potamia, this culture arose in Syria and Anatolia, as shown by the city of Çatalhöyük (7500-5700BC). It is the largest Neolithic site found to date.[citation needed] Although it has some-times been claimed[citation needed] that ancient egypt lacked urbanism, several types of urban settlements were found in ancient times.the indus Valley Civilization and ancient China are two other areas with major indigenous urban traditions. among the early old world cities, Mohenjo-daro of the indus Valley Civili-zation in present-day Pakistan, existing from about 2600 BC, was one of the largest, with a population of 50,000 or more.[8]

in ancient greece, beginning in the early 1st millennium BC, there emerged independent city-states that evolved for the first time the notion of citizenship, becoming in the process the archetype of the free city, the polis.[9] the agora, meaning "gathering place" or "assembly", was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the polis. these greek city-states reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and phi-losophy, and nurtured in athens under a democratic government. the greek Hippodamus of Miletus (c. 407 BC) has been dubbed the "father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; the Hippodamian, or grid plan, was the basis for subsequent greek and roman cities. in the 4th century BC, alexander the great commissioned dinocrates of rhodes to lay out his new city of alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Medi-terranean world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by its level site near a mouth of the Nile.this roster of early urban traditions is notable for its diversity. excavations at early urban sites show that some cities were sparsely populated political capitals, others were trade centers, and still other cities had a primarily religious focus. some cities had large dense populations, whereas others carried out urban activities in the realms of politics or religion without having large associated populations. theories that attempt to explain ancient ur-banism by a single factor, such as economic benefit, fail to capture the range of variation documented by archaeologists.the growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires con-centrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever

greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with alexandria, antioch and seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra (now Patna) in india, Chang'an (now Xi'an) in China, Carthage, ancient rome, its eastern successor Constantinople (later istanbul).keith Hopkins estimates that ancient rome had a population of about a million people by the end of the 1st century BC,[13] after growing continually during the 3rd, 2nd, and 1st centuries BC, making it the largest city in the world at the time. alexandria's population was also close to rome's population at around the same time, the historian rostovtzeff estimates a total population close to a million based on a census dated from 32 ad that counted 180,000 adult male citizens in alexandria.Cities of late antiquity underwent transformations as the urban power base shrank and was transferred to the local bishop (see late roman empire). Cities essentially disappeared, earliest in roman Britain and germania and latest in the eastern roman empire and Visig-othic spain.[citation needed]in the ancient americas, early urban traditions developed in the andes and Mesoamerica. In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the Norte Chico civilization (also Caral or Caral-supe civilization), Chavin and Moche cultures, followed by major cities in the Huari, Chimu and inca cultures. the Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major popula-tion centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. it is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, flourishing between the 30th century BC and the 18th century BC. Mesoamerica saw the rise of early urbanism in several cultural regions, including the Preclassic Maya, the Zapotec of Oaxaca, and Teotihuacan in central Mexico. later cultures such as the aztec drew on these earlier urban traditions.In the first millennium AD, an urban tradition developed in the Khmer region of Cambodia, where angkor grew into one of the largest cities (in area) of the world. the closest rival to Angkor, the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, was between 100 and 150 square kilometres (39 and 58 sq mi) in total size. Although its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported up to one mil-lion people.agriculture was practiced in sub-saharan africa since the third millennium BC. Because of this, cities were able to develop as centers of non-agricultural activity. exactly when this first happened is still a topic of archeological and historical investigation. Western scholar-ship has tended to focus on cities in europe and Mesopotamia, but emerging archeological evidence indicates that urbanization occurred south of the Sahara well before the influ-ence of Arab urban culture. The oldest sites documented thus far are from around 500 ad including awdaghust, kumbi-saleh the ancient capital of ghana, and Maranda a center located on a trade rout between egypt and gao.

Middle Ages This woodcut shows Nuremberg as a prototype of a flourishing and independent city in the 15th centuryWhile David Kessler and Peter Temin consider ancient Rome to be the largest city before 19th century London and the first to have exceeded a population of over 1 million, george Modelski considers medieval Baghdad, with an estimated population of 1.2 million at its peak, to be the largest city before 19th century London and the first with a population of over one million. others estimate that Baghdad's population may have been as large as 2 million in the 9th century.

from the 9th through the end of the 12th century, the city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire, was the largest and wealthiest city in europe, with a population approach-ing 1 million.

during the european Middle ages, a town was as much a political entity as a collection of houses. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and com-munity: "stadtluft macht frei" ("City air makes you free") was a saying in germany. in Conti-nental europe cities with a legislature of their own were not unheard of, the laws for towns as a rule other than for the countryside, the lord of a town often being another than for surrounding land. in the Holy roman empire some cities had no other lord than the emperor. in italy medieval communes had quite a statelike power. in exceptional cases like Venice, genoa or lübeck, cities themselves became powerful states, sometimes taking surround-ing areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. similar phenom-ena existed elsewhere, as in the case of sakai, which enjoyed a considerable autonomy in late medieval Japan.

Early modern danzig in the 17th centurywhile the city-states, or poleis, of the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea languished from the 16th century, Europe's larger capitals benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an atlantic trade. By the early 19th century, lon-don had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while Paris rivaled the well-developed regionally traditional capital cities of Baghdad, Beijing, istanbul and kyoto. during the spanish colonization of the americas the old roman city concept was extensively used. Cities were founded in the middle of the newly conquered territories, and were bound to several laws about administration, finances and urbanism.Most towns remained far smaller places, so that in 1500 only some two dozen places in the world contained more than 100,000 inhabitants: as late as 1700 there were fewer than forty, a figure which would rise thereafter to 300 in 1900. A small city of the early modern period might contain as few as 10,000 inhabitants, a town far fewer still.[citation needed]

Industrial age glasgow slum in 1871the growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other re-gions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. in the united states from 1860 to 1910, the invention of railroads reduced trans-portation costs, and large manufacturing centers began to emerge, thus allowing migration from rural to city areas. However, cities during those periods of time were deadly places to live in, due to health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communi-cable diseases. in the great depression of the 1930s cities were hard hit by unemployment, especially those with a base in heavy industry. in the u.s. urbanization rate increased forty to eighty percent during 1900-1990. today the world's population is slightly over half urban, with millions still streaming annually into the growing cities of asia, africa and latin america.

external effects this section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (september 2007)

Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates. this is due to the large clus-tering of heat absorbent surfaces that heat up in sunlight and that channel rainwater into underground ducts.

waste and sewage are two major problems for cities, as is air pollution coming from various forms of combustion, including fireplaces, wood or coal-burning stoves, other heating sys-

tems, and internal combustion engines. the impact of cities on places elsewhere, be it hin-terlands or places far away, is considered in the notion of city footprinting (ecological foot-print). other negative external effects include health consequences such as communicable diseases, crime, and high traffic and commuting times. Cities cause more interaction with more people than rural areas, thus a higher probability to contracting contagious diseases. However, many inventions such as inoculations, vaccines, and water filtration systems have also lowered health concerns. Crime is also a concern in the cities. studies have shown that crime rates in cities are higher and the chance of punishment after getting caught is lower. in cases such as burglary, the higher concentration of people in cities create more items of higher value worth the risk of crime. the high concentration of people also makes using auto mobiles inconvenient and pedestrian traffic is more prominent in metropolitan areas than a rural or suburban one.Cities also generate positive external effects. the close physical proximity facilitates knowl-edge spillovers, helping people and firms exchange information and generate new ideas. A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. Another positive external effect of cities comes from the diverse social opportunities created when people of different backgrounds are brought together. larger cities typically offer a wider variety of social interests and activities, letting people of all backgrounds find something they can be involved in.Cities may, however, also have a positive influence on the environment. UN Habitat stated in its reports that city living can be the best solution for dealing with the rising population num-bers (and thus still be a good approach on dealing with overpopulation) this is because cit-ies concentrate human activity into one place, making the environmental damage on other places smaller.letting the cities have a positive influence; however, can only be achieved if urban planning is improved[32] and if the city services are properly maintained.distinction between cities and townsthere are probably as many different ways of conceiv-ing what a city is as there are cities. A simple definition therefore has its attractions. The simplest is that a city is a human settlement in which strangers are likely to meet.

richard sennett, the fall of Public Man, 1977, p. 39.the difference between towns and cities is differently understood in different parts of the world. indeed, some languages other than english use a single word for both concepts. iberian languages typically use a three-way designation (Catalan: “poble”, “vila”, “ciutat”; galician: “aldea”, “vila”, “cidade”; Portuguese: “al-deia”, “vila”, “cidade”; spanish: “pueblo”, “villa”, “ciudad”—respectively “village”, “town”, “city”); italian: “villaggio”, "paese" “città”—respectively “village”, "village/town", “city/town”; , but oth-er romance languages don’t (french: “village”, “ville”).

Even within the English-speaking world there is no one standard definition of a city: the term may be used either for a town possessing city status; for an urban locality exceeding an arbitrary population size; for a town dominating other towns with particular regional eco-nomic or administrative significance. In England, city is reserved for very large settlements and smaller historic settlements with a Cathedral (e.g. Lichfield), while smaller settlements without a Cathedral are called towns, and smaller still are villages and hamlets.in the us city is used for much smaller settlements.

although city can refer to an agglomeration including suburban and satellite areas, the term is not usually applied to a conurbation (cluster) of distinct urban places, nor for a wider metropolitan area including more than one city, each acting as a focus for parts of the area. and the word "town" (also "downtown") may mean the center of the city.

Australia Canberra - the new capital of Australia that was planned by Marion Mahony Griffin and Wal-ter Burley GriffinAustralia's most populous urban areas are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and adelaide.The official term "city" is given to any Australian statistical division with a minimum of 10,000-30,000 people (varying by state); which is defined either as a contiguous urban area or a local government area (lga).for instance, within the wider urban area known as Perth, australia's fourth most populous urban area, the City of Perth is a relatively small lga geographically speaking, which also includes the Perth CBd. informally, in australian english the word city is used by austral-ians to describe the most prominent Central activities district in their proximity. some local areas containing such activities districts have ambiguous titles that actually use the word city either as or in their title, for instance for a long time the central locality of Brisbane and Canberra are officially simply "City".[35] Due to Australia's high urbanisation, this often refers to the state's capital city. for example, residents of Mandurah saying "going to the city" is more likely to mean the Perth CBd but almost never in the context of the City of Perth. Conversely, residents of townsville would likely be referring to the townsville CBd than City of townsville or Brisbane.local government in australia can apply for City status. Prior to the federation of australia, local councils from the australian colonies applied directly to the Monarchy of the united kingdom and were proclaimed a city, a title of some prestige, was assessed on factors such as area, population and rateable revenue. since the start of the 20th century, local govern-ment acts in each state specify the criteria and thresholds and applications are made to the governors of the australian states. Population thresholds currently exist under local government acts in most states including New South Wales (1919 - 25,000); South Australia (22,000); western australia (30,000)[38] and tasmania (10,000). in Victoria under the local gov-ernment act 1989 where until recently city status was based on rateable revenue, there is no current minimum threshold, however applications must be assessed to be "predomi-nantly urban in character" rather than on population. today successful application may re-sult in additional state or federal attention for additional funds for infrastructure. However for various reasons, some councils neither seek or receive city status: for instance, shire of Melton – in Melbourne's west – with a population of over 80,000 (2012) decided after several years of community consultation to defer applying for city status until it reaches 150,000.

some former satellite cities have merged into larger cities (for instance, ipswich, Queens-land and dandenong, Victoria), informally they are sometimes still called cities, although ac-cording to the Australian Bureau of Statistics they are officially only part of a larger metro-politan area or conurbation and as such are sometimes called activity Centres by planners.

Sunday 20 JanuaryNEu Tymes

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SHOTS OF ANIIMAL FURSbY IRINI MICHOPOULOU

I ANIMALS

well...1. inspiration for me is emotion ..and emotion can come from something little to something big.Music on the other hand is my "food" in life and fills me with emotion and makes me keep going..2. of course..especially all kinds of professions that are not so, lets say ,necessary!3. i have got one or 2 best friends that i can share my thoughts, worries and happiness ...4. Power of love! Love is a power feeling that fills you hope and gives you energy. love for everything, not only for a person but also for my dog, for music, for art.5.Paolo Roversi is for me a great photographer and artist.His images have an almost painting look that i admire. the way he uses the light is what i always had in my mind when i started photography.6.My own? i dont think that someone or something can really be your own. life changes, things changes, everything is changing. I would love though to find my soul mate in life and have this feeling that we own to each other.7. white and black can become grey, which is very important. grey means balance. so use a little black and a little of white in your life. light and dark can give you different aspects, different feelings and lessons in life.8. Hm, thats depends on the mood i'm in. i can think different moments. the think that i hope though before i die is when this special moment comes, when everything rolls like a movie on your mind. i hope that i wont have regrets and i will can think happy special moments!

Irini Michopoulou

it seems you're on top. your collabo-rations and your works shows that way.1. what do you need more to keep you going and inspiring you?2. for the most professions in greece were crisis. did it touched yours?3. Have you got best friend/s?4. love for Power or Power of love? example5. Who's your favorite artist and why?6. what or who would you love to make your own?7. white, Black or something else? 8. unforgettable moment?

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