Networking on Aflatoxins

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Networking on Aflatoxins

Dr. Christine Schwake-Anduschus, Dr. Norbert HaaseDepartment of Safety and Quality of Cereals

Filamentous fungi Soil microorganism Dependent on the inclusion of high-energy organic

nutrients Development dependent on aw (water activity) and pH of the

substrate Pronounced secondary metabolism

Co-occurrence of mycotoxins possible Example: fumonisines and aflatoxins

2

Fusarium sp.

Aspergillus ochroceus

source: MRI

Mycotoxins

Filamentous fungi

15.08.16 Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals 2

Filamentous fungi and the corresponding mycotoxins

Fusarium spp.

Claviceps spp. Alternaria alternata (u.a. spp.)

Aspergillus flavus >25°C

Penecillium (aurantiogriseum, viridicatum, verrucosum, hordei)

Aspergillus (candidus, flavus, fumigatus)

DON deoxynivalenol often ZON zearalenone middel T2/HT-2 Toxin seldom in wheat fumonisins frequent in maize ergot alkaloids middel in rye alternariol, AME etc.seldom

aflatoxins

ochratoxin A

aflatoxins

>25°C

3

Frequency in GermanyIn the field

During storage

Source: BMEL

aw water aktivity << compared to field


structures of mycotoxins

secondary metabolites chemicaly different differ in detection solubel in water or insolubel

DON deoxynivalenol ZON zearalenone T2/HT-2 toxin fumonisines ergot alkaloid alternaria toxins

ochratoxin A

aflatoxins

OOH

CH3

CH2OH

CH3H H

O

OH

H

O

stabil ~ 120 °CBilder: MRI


Time course of aflatoxin formation and reduction in maize

15.08.16 Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals

Formation: via insect damage, drought stress•Slow drying•Poor storage

Reduction:•Analysis•Rejection of lots•Nixtamalization (cooking with Ca(OH)2 lime , dehulling)

•Milling 5

John I.Pitt et al. Food Control 32 (2013) 205-215

15.08.16 6

Associated partners

JKI Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants FLI Federal Research Institute for Animal Health PAEPARD Platform for African – European Partnership EAFF Eastern Africa Farmers Federation KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ILRI International Livestock Research Institute AflaStop Project funded by the ACDI/VOCA organization

Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals

The goal is to initiate a long-lasting scientific network between African and German

partners by working out the possibilities to reduce aflatoxins in the food value chain

via close contacts.

Project leader MRI Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and FoodDr. Christine Schwake-Anduschus

Budget 158.644 – Duration: 13 month 01.07.16 – 31.07.17

AflaNet Project - Partners

Workpackages of AflaNet Project

15.08.16 7Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals

WP 2 Applicability of rapid test kits for aflatoxin detection

WP 3Aflatoxin M1 development:Knowledge about the ratio B1 feed/M1milk

WP 4Aflatoxin B1 inactivation ofbiosynthesis at the molecular level

WP 6 dissemination of project results, Networking East-Africa and Kenya-Germany

Prospects of Minimization of Aflatoxin in Feed and Food in KenyaLong lasting Cooperation of

German Federal Institutes and Kenyan/ East-African Key Actors

Installation of sustainable relationships

WP 1Liasion officer in KenyaExcursion andExperts survey on siteConference and exchangewith scientists and active groups in Kenya, e.g. EAFF, KALRO, ILRI, PACA, MRI, JKI, FLI

Germany Kenya

WP 5 Capacity building: visits of Kenyan scientists at MRI

At the beginning of the project a study tour to various stakeholders in the agricultural production chain, visits of acreages for maize and visits to research institutions and laboratories are planned.

The liaison officer together with the associated organizations and the coordinator will plan and organize this 6 day visiting tour starting in Nairobi.

The aim is to evaluate which groups and projects are working on aflatoxin minimization and which parameters of minimization strategies for aflatoxins in maize and dairy products are already established and applied.

In addition, approx. 10-12 representatives from research institutions, projects, stakeholders of crop production, storage and processing facilities as well as from consumer protection associations are invited to participate in a one-day-conference in order to generate the necessary further research (~ May/June 2017)













Germany Kenya




Analys

isReje

ction

Controlling the goods is one important lever for food security

Example of a test system

Easy to use

Easy to prepare the samples:

Extraction (water, ethanol, included in test kit)

Application of a spezific volume on the strip

Strip into the reader (or mobile device)

Automatic determination

Results/Numbers have to be interpreted easily

Little information and training required


Handheld device

Test strips

What MRI/GE can do

Max Rubner-Institut, Department of safety and quality of cereals

- More elucidations- Develop and hand out recommendations- Training and science transfer

- Suitability testing of test systems

3 test kit systems have to be testedWhich one?Requirements for Kenya?

1215.08.16











Germany Kenya



What MRI/GE can do

Experiments with oral administration of aflatoxin B1 by bolus (accurate dosing) and the administration of naturally contaminated feed (field conditions) are planned. The daily intake should be at 10 or 50 micrograms per cow per day and not exceed the limit of 5 micrograms / kg aflatoxin B1 for single feed. Analysis of milk is carried out

Produce milk product below the official limits in the urban centers and on the other hand enable the dairy industry to produce milk products which can be exported to other countries.

Analyze the aflatoxin M1 in the products (cheese, yogurt,..

Binding of aflatoxin have to be checked by adding different probiotic cultures and looking on the bioavailability of the aflatoxin afterwards. An evaluation of necessary experiments should be in focused during this work package after consultations in Kenya











Germany Kenya



What MRI/GE can do


ddPCR System for aflatoxin producing fungi will be established as a very sensitive tool to monitor the presence of A. flavus and/or A. parasiticus and to analyze the transcription of the aflatoxin biosynthesis genes under various conditions.

After establishment the system can be used to correlate biomass and/or gene expression with the aflatoxin actually analyzed in a sample. These data will be useful for the development of new measures based on molecular principles to control aflatoxin biosynthesis.

Together with the expertise of African partners concerning endogenous maize production treatments and drying technologies, the influence of various environmental parameters, resulting from these treatments on the activation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes will be analyzed by ddPCR (or qPCR). Especial emphasis will be laid on the combination between drying and temperature











Germany Kenya





Two African scientists will join the working groups from WP 2, 3 or 4 for approximately three weeks in Germany. The persons will be trained in MRI laboratories to transfer the gathered knowledge and the so far conducted results to the associated African partners within the duration of the work packages. The time of the visit, the work plan and the question which department of MRI and institution in Kenya will be involved need to be discussed at the beginning of the project











Germany Kenya



Thank you for your attention

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Networking on Aflatoxins

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