Networking Fundamentals and the Internet
Transcript of Networking Fundamentals and the Internet
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Chapter 16
Networking Fundamentals
and the Internet
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You Will Learn
About the typical hardware componentsof a network
How several popular networkarchitectures manage data traffic
How data is transmitted over several
interconnected networks How communications layers and their
protocols are used on a network
continued
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You Will Learn
About many of the popular applications
used on a network
How to connect to a network using amodem and a phone line
About the Internet and how to support
PCs connected to the Internet
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An Overview of Networking
A means of connecting computers togetherso they can share data (files and programs)and resources (printers and modems)
Network hardware and network software
Terminology Node
Packet or frame Header
Trailer
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The OSI Layer Network Model
A seven-layer model of communications
supported by a network; layers are
responsible for: Disassembling data into segments to be assigned
to separate packets
Later reassembling packets into contiguous data
Passing packets to and receiving packets from thenetwork media or cabling
Refers to software and firmware only
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Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Application layer Interfaces with the user or application using the
network
Presentation layer Compresses and decompresses data and
interfaces with the application layer and thesession layer
Session layer Makes and manages a connection between two
nodes of the network
continued
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Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Transport layer Verifies data and requests a resend when the data
is corrupted
Network layer Routs packets
Data-link layer
Disassembles packets and reassembles data intopackets
Physical layer Interfaces with the network media (cabling)
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Data Frames
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Network Architectures
Most popular physical network architectures
Ethernet
Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Relatively new type of network
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Very fast
Works well over both short and long distances
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Networks
Basic differentiating characteristics
How computers are logically connected
How traffic is controlled
Network types
LAN
WAN
Internetwork
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Ethernet
Most popular network topology
Configured as either a bus or a star
A passive network (the computers, notdedicated network devices, drive thesignals over the network)
Contention-based system (eachcomputer contends for the opportunityto transmit on the network)
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Ethernet
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Ethernet
Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Carrier sense Computer must sense that network is free to handle its
transmission before initiating a signal
Multiple access
Many computers use the same network
Collision detection
Each computer must detect and manage collisions
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Ethernet Cabling Systems
Can use any one of six cabling systems
Two most popular
10BaseT
10Base2 (Thinnet)
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10BaseT Networks
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Thinnet Networks
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Token Ring
Physical star but a logical ring
Stations are connected to a centralized
multistation access unit (MAU) in a star formation Compared with Ethernet:
More robust and reliable
More complex and expensive
More difficult to maintain
Can use UTP or STP cables that have 2
twisted pairs for a total of 4 wires in the cable
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Connecting Components on a
Token Ring
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Communication on a Token
Ring
Controlled by a token
A small frame that constantly travels
around the ring in only one direction When a station seizes the token, it controls
the channel until its message is sent
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FDDI
Does not require a centralized hub,
making it both a logical and physical
ring Often used as a backbone network
(links several networks together)
Often uses fiber-optic cabling
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FDDI
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FDDI
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Summary of Network
Architecture
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Networking Hardware
Some common components
Network interface card (NIC)
Provides a PC with direct connection to network
Hubs
Provide centralized location for nodes to
connect on a star network
Bridges, routers, and gateways
Connect one network to another
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
A network adapter board that plugs into
a computers system board and
provides a port on the back of the cardto connect a PC to a network
Requires an IRQ, an I/O address, and,
for DOS and Windows 9x real mode,upper memory addresses
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Network Card Communication
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Combo Card
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Considerations when Selecting a
Network Card
Type of network you are attaching to(e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, or a
proprietary network standard) Type of media you are using (e.g.,
shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic cable)
Type of I/O bus you are attaching thecard to (e.g., PCI or ISA)
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Bridges, Routers, and Gateways
Devices used to connect networks and
network segments to each other
Main reasons for internetworking Extend geographical area past what a
single LAN can support
Decrease traffic on a single LAN bydividing the LAN into more than one
network
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Bridges, Routers, and Gateways
Bridge Hardware device, coupled with software at the
data-link layer, used to connect similar networks
and network segments
Router Transfers a packet to other networks only when
the packet is addressed to a station outside its
network Gateway
Device or process that connects networks withdifferent protocols
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Networking Software Overview
Each layer in the OSI model uses a different
protocol
Firmware on network cards controls the twolowest layers (physical and data-link)
OS managing the network controls most layers
Best known: UNIX, NetWare by Novell, and Microsoft
Windows NT
Third-party add-on software can provide top layers
Examples: Netscape Communicator, Chameleon by
NetManage, and Eudora by QUALCOMM
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Networking Software Overview
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Network Protocol
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
A common way PCs with modems can
connect to an internet TCP/IP
Supports the internet
IPX/SPX protocol Used by Novell NetWare for LANs
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Network Protocol
NetBEUI protocol
Proprietary Microsoft networking protocol
used only by Windows-based systems, andlimited to LANs because it does notsupport routing
Protocols to communicate with their
counterpart services on the receivingnode of the network
Examples: SMTP, HTTP, FTP
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Network Services
Web browsers
Chat rooms
E-mail
FTP
Telnet
Print services
Network drive
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Two Network Configurations
Peer-to-peer network
Users at each workstation can use shared printers
and files on each others computers
Services are often limited to FTP, print services,
and network drives
Dedicated-server network
Has at least one computer, or server, on thenetwork that serves the other computers on the
network
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Peer-to-Peer Network
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Dedicated-Server Network
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Networking with Windows 9x
and Windows NT Workstation
Methods of connecting to network
Network card (Ethernet, Token Ring, or
other design) Direct cable connect (serial or parallel port)
Dial-up networking (modem and phonelines)
Installing a network card Supporting PCs on a network
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Dial-Up Networking (DUN)
Allows a PC to remotely connect to a
network through a phone line
Uses PPP to send packets of data overphone lines
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How DUN Works
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Creating a Dial-Up Connection
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Creating a Dial-Up Connection
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Creating a Dial-Up Connection
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Creating a Dial-Up Connection
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Dial-Up Adapter
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Direct Cable Connection
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Installing Network Adapters Using
Windows 9x and Windows NT
Installing an NIC under Windows NT
Installing an NIC under Windows 9x
Using resources on a network
i C
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Installing an NIC under
Windows NT
I lli NIC d
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Installing an NIC under
Windows NT
I lli NIC d
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Installing an NIC under
Windows 9x
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Using Resources on a Network
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Using Resources on a Network
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Using Resources on a Network
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Servicing PCs on a Network
Verify that the PC is network-ready
Log off the network
Save network files and parameters to disk Disconnect network cable and repair the PC
Restore network configurations
Reconnect PC to the network Verify that network resources are available to
the PC
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Saving Network Files and Parameters
to Disk Using DOS or Windows 95
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PCs and the Internet
Internet
The worldwide collection of over a million
hosts that can communicate with eachother using TCP/IP
A web of interconnecting, yet independent,
networks
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How the Internet Works
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Connecting to the Internet
Most people use an Internet service
provider (ISP)
Provides access to the Internet for amonthly fee
Provides online services
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IP Addresses
Internet Protocol (IP) address
A 32-bit dotted-decimal addressconsisting of four numbers separated byperiods
Used to uniquely identify a device on anetwork that uses TCP/IP protocols
Divided into three classes based onnumber of possible IP addresses ineach network within each class
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Classes of IP Addresses
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Reserved IP Addresses
Static and D namic IP
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Static and Dynamic IP
Addresses
Static IP address
Permanently assigned to a workstation
Dynamic IP address An assigned IP address used for current
session only
When session is terminated, IP address isreturned to the list of available addresses
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Domain Names
Unique, text-based name that identifies
an Internet address
Typical endings in the United States:.edu, .gov, .com, .org, .net
Also include a country code
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Domain Name Resolution
Services that track relationships
between domain names and IP
addresses Domain Name System or Domain Name
Service (DNS)
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS)
The Internet Networks and
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The Internet, Networks, and
Subnets
The many different protocols that make
up the TCP/IP protocol suite
How TCP/IP uses the IP addresssystem
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Routing Using TCP/IP
TCP/IP uses routers to transfer packets
of data (datagrams) from network to
network in such a way that the overalltransmission makes all these networks
appear to be one large network
Each protocol of the CCP/IP suiteperforms a single task
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The Suite of TCP/IP Protocols
IP Addresses and Physical
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IP Addresses and Physical
Addresses
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How TCP/IP Routing Works
Default Gateways and Network
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Default Gateways and Network
Masks
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Subnets and Subnet Masks
Subnet
Division of a large network, consisting of
smaller separate networks, each assigneda logical network IP name
Subnet mask
Defines which portion of the host addresswithin an IP address is being borrowed to
define separate subnets within a network
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Classless Addresses
Class C network addresses that a
service provider owns and then
subleases to small companies
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Classless Addresses
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Routing Packets over Networks
Static routing
Routing tables dont automatically change
and must be manually edited Dynamic routing
Routing tables are automatically updated
as new information about routes becomes
known and is shared by one router with
another
Configuring TCP/IP with
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Configuring TCP/IP with
Windows 9x
Configuring TCP/IP with
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Configuring TCP/IP with
Windows 9x
Configuring TCP/IP with
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Configuring TCP/IP with
Windows 9x
Configuring TCP/IP with
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Configuring TCP/IP with
Windows NT
Configuring TCP/IP with
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Configuring TCP/IP with
Windows NT
Establishing Dial-up Connection to
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Establishing Dial-up Connection to
the Internet Using Windows 9x
Install and configure the modem
Configure Dial-Up Adapter
Configure Dial-Up Networking
Install applications software to use the
Internet
Configuring Dial-Up
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Configuring Dial Up
Networking
Configuring Dial-Up
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Configuring Dial Up
Networking
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Examples of Network Services
Most function at top three layers of the
OSI model -- application, presentation,
and session layers Must be a program running on both
nodes of the network for the service to
work
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Upper-Level Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Used by the World Wide Web
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Used to transfer files
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Used to transfer e-mail
Uniform Resource Locator
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Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)
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World Wide Web Browsers
Provide interface between Web sites and PCs
Access a server by either its IP address or its
domain name
Use HTTP to request and pass documents on
the Web
Terminology
Hypertext
HTML
i f
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File Transfer
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Used to transfer files between two
computers using same or different OS Can be initiated at a command prompt
or using an ISP
File Transfer from a Command
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File Transfer from a Command
Prompt
Fil T f U i ISP
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File Transfer Using an ISP
Fil T f U i ISP
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File Transfer Using an ISP
N t k D i M
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Network Drive Map
One of most powerful and versatile methods
of communicating over a network
Uses network file service (NFS) software to
make one PC appear to have a new hard
drive
Files and folders on host computer are
available even to network-unaware DOSapplications
Preparing a Windows NT Host
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Preparing a Windows NT Host
Computer for a Network Drive Map
Preparing a Windows NT Host
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Preparing a Windows NT Host
Computer for a Network Drive Map
Preparing a Windows NT Host
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Preparing a Windows NT Host
Computer for a Network Drive Map
Mapping the Network Drive from a
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pp g
Remote to a Host Computer
Mapping the Network Drive from a
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pp g
Remote to a Host Computer
Mapping the Network Drive from a
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pp g
Remote to a Host Computer
Network Troubleshooting
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g
Guidelines
Windows 9x dial-up problems (modemproblems) Cannot make a connection
You can connect, but you get the messageUnable to resolve hostname
After connecting, you get the error messageUnable to establish a compatible set of networkprotocols
Problems with TCP/IP Problems with TCP/IP configuration or suspected
network problems (packet Internet groper orPING)
Ch t S
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Chapter Summary
Fundamentals of the hardware and
software that make up networks
How to support a PC that interfaces withthe Internet