Networking Fundamentals
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Transcript of Networking Fundamentals
Networking Fundamentals
Introduction and OSI model
CLASSIFICATIONSIntroduction
• LAN – Local Area Network
• WAN– Wide Area Network
• PAN– Personal Area Network
• MAN– Metropolitan Area Network
Classifications
TOPOLOGIESIntroduction
• Bus• Star• Ring• Mesh• Wireless• Hybrid
Topologies
NETWORK MODELSIntroduction
• Client/Server• Peer-to-Peer
Network Models
PROTOCOLSIntroduction
• TCP/IP• FIR• ATM• LLDP• NetBIOS & NetBEUI
Protocols
DEVICESIntroduction
• Media / Converters• NIC– Network Interface Card
• Repeater• Hub• Gateway• Bridge• Switch• Router
Devices
Hub
• Physical Layer• Box with lots of Ethernet connection sockets• Repeats messages to all connected nodes– Generates wasted traffic– Nodes must filter messages intended
for them
• Cheapest way to connect devices
Bridge
• Data Link Layer• Single incoming and outgoing ports• Keeps MAC address tables for two LAN
segments • Filters traffic using the MAC address
Switch
• Connects all nodes to each other like a hub • Examines Ethernet messages for destination
MAC address• Intelligently relays messages toward
destination• More expensive than hubs• Can be combined with hubs
Router
• Network Layer• A router connects to two different networks
Ex: LAN to WAN (internet)• Routers maintain a so-called routing table to
keep track of routes– Without routers the internet could not function– Uses the IP address to forward packets
Gateway
• Application Layer down to network layer• Connect and translate data between networks with
different protocols or architecture• For instance, allowing communication between TCP/IP
clients and IPX/SPX or AppleTalk• A gateway links two systems that do not use the same:– Communication protocols– Data formatting structures– Languages– Architecture
STANDARDS GROUPSIntroduction
• IEEE• ISO• W3C• CERN• UL• EIA• TIA• ANSI
Standards Groups
• IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• ISOInternational Organization for Standardization
• W3CWorld Wide Web Consortium
• CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research
• ULUnderwriters Laboratories
• EIAEnergy Information Administration
• TIATelecommunications Industry Association
• ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute
Standards Groups
OSI MODELIntroduction
• Application• Presentation• Session• Transport• Network• Data Link• Physical
OSI MODEL
Mnemonics to RememberTop Down:A Perfectly Simple Technology Narrowed Down PhysicallyAll People Seem To Need Data ProcessingAll Pros Search Top Notch Donut Places
Bottom Up:Programmers Like Networks That Seldom Postpone Anything*Programmers Dare Not Throw Salty Pretzels AwayPlease Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza AwayPlease Do Not Tell Sales People AnythingPeople Don’t Need To See Paula AbdulPeople Desperately Need To See Pamela AndersonPaula Did Networking 'Til She Passed Away
* Uses L for Link layer rather than D for Data Link