Networking Concepts Lesson 07 - Architectures - Eric Vanderburg

Networking Concepts – Eric Vanderburg ©2005

Chapter 7

Network Architectures


Network Architectures

The overall structure, topology, physical media, and channel access method.


Ethernet

Easy to installWorks with many protocolsUses a hardware address


10Mbps Standards

10base510base210baseT

UTP or STP5-4-3 rule – 5 segments, 4 repeaters, 3

segments with nodes100m1024 nodes, 1024 segments

10baseF


10baseF

10baseFL – fiber to desktop10baseFP – connecting passive hubs,

500m10baseFB – fiber backbone1024 nodes, 1024 segments


100baseT

100baseT4 – 4pair Cat3100baseTX – 2 pair Cat5100baseFX – 2 strand fiberHub Types

Class I – 1 hub between devicesClass 2 – 2 hubs between devicesSwitches are immune


Gigabit Ethernet

802.3z1000baseLX – long wavelength (1270-

1355nm), multimode fiber1000baseLH – long haul, 10,000m,

single-mode1000baseZX – 100,000m, single-mode1000baseSX – short wavelength (770-

860nm), multimode


Gigabit Ethernet

1000baseCX – twin copper cables, short range 25m, for connecting equipment

1000baseT802.3abFull duplex all wires


10 Gigabit Ethernet

802.3ae All fiber LAN versions

10GbaseSR – 26-82m, multimode, high speed server, switches, & SANs

10GbaseLR, 10km, single mode, campus backbone MAN versions

10GbaseER – 40km, single-mode WAN versions

10GbaseSW – 300m, multimode 10GbaseLW – 10km, single mode 10GbaseEW – 40km, single mode


Ethernet Frame Types

Must use same frame type to communicate 802.3 – Netware 2x, 3x 802.2 - IEEE 802.3 Ethernet SNAP (SubNetwork Access Protocol)

– AppleTalk, protocol type field Ethernet II – TCP/IP, has protocol type field in

the preamble, can be up to 1518 bytes long


Max Segments

Switches reduce the collision domainRouters reduce the broadcast domain

Add switches or routers to the network


Wireless

Hidden node problem – all can hear AP but not each other

Demand priority used to correctRTS (Ready to Send)CTS (Clear to Send)


Token Ring

NAUN (Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor) NADN (Nearest Active Downstream Neighbor) Beaconing – find error in ring, beacon sent

every 7 seconds MAU (Multistation Access Unit) / SMAU (Smart

Multistation Access Unit) Has 10 or 16 ports, 2 ports used for RI (Ring In) &

RO (Ring Out)


Token Ring Frame Types

802.5 frame type (the native format for Token Ring networks), up to 18,000 bytes long

Token Ring SNAP - 802.5 frame type with SNAP header (can be used with TokenTalk)


AppleTalk

AppleTalk Phase 1 – 32 nodes/network, 254 max

AppleTalk Phase 2EtherTalk (1024)TokenTalk

LocalTalk – bus network


FDDI

Redundancy Uses Fiber 500 nodes 100m Primary and secondary ring Multiple frames Concentrator – hub for FDDI DAS (Dual Attachment Station) – connected to primary

and secondary rings SAS (Single Attachment Station)

Used when connected to DAS concentrator


Broadband

Cable DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface

Specification) Longer range Faster speed

DSL More secure

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 2 B (bearer) channels, 56kbps 1 D (data) channel 16 kbps


ISDN

H channels provide a way to aggregate B channels. H0=384 kb/s (6 B channels) H10=1472 kb/s (23 B channels) H11=1536 kb/s (24 B channels) H12=1920 kb/s (30 B channels) -

International (E1) only


DSL TypesType Description Data Rate Distance Limit Application

IDSL ISDN Digital Subscriber Line 128 Kbps 18,000 feet on 24 gaugeSimilar to the ISDN BRI service but data only (no voice on the same line)

CDSLConsumer DSLfrom Rockwell

1 Mbps downstream; less upstream

18,000 feet on 24 gaugeSplitter less home and small business service

DSL Lite

"Splitterless" DSLFrom 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream

18,000 feet on 24 gaugeThe standard ADSL; sacrifices speed for not having to install a splitter at the user's home or business

HDSL / UDSL

High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line / Unidirectional DSL

1.544 Mbps duplex on two twisted-pair lines;2.048 Mbps duplex on three twisted-pair lines

12,000 feet on 24 gaugeT1/E1 service between server and phone company or within a company;WAN, LAN, server access

SDSL Symmetric DSL

1.544 Mbps duplex (U.S. and Canada); 2.048 Mbps (Europe) on a single duplex line downstream and upstream

12,000 feet on 24 gaugeSame as for HDSL but requiring only one line of twisted-pair

ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

1.544 to 6.1 Mbps downstream;16 to 640 Kbps upstream

1.544 Mbps at 18,000ft2.048 Mbps at 16,000ft6.312 Mpbs at 12,000ft8.448 Mbps at 9,000ft

Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access

RADSL Rate-Adaptive DSL from WestellAdapted to the line, 640 Kbps to 2.2 Mbps downstream; 272 Kbps to 1.088 Mbps upstream

Not provided

Used for Internet and Web access, motion video, video on demand, remote LAN access

VDSL Very high Digital Subscriber Line12.9 to 52.8 Mbps downstream;1.5 to 2.3 Mbps upstream;1.6 Mbps to 2.3 Mbps downstream

4,500 feet at 12.96 Mbps;3,000 feet at 25.82 Mbps; 1,000 feet at 51.84 Mbps

ATM networks;Fiber to the Neighborhood


Broadcast

SatelliteModem for upload400kbps downloadDirectPC


ATM

Asynchronous Transfer ModeDedicated circuitCells used – 53byte (Header:5, Data:48)


SONET

Synchronous Optical Network Easy to add and remove multiplex channels Asynchronous technologies require

demiltiplexing and remultiplexing of the entire switching structure when a change is made.

Ring DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing) – divides fiber into 32 channels from 1520-1580nm wavelengths


Terms

Synchronous - digital transitions in the signals occur at exactly the same rate.

Plesiochronous - transitions occur at “almost” the same rate, with any variation being constrained within tight limits.

Asynchronous - transitions do not necessarily occur at the same rate


Optical Carrier (OC)

See page 273


HIPPI

High Performance Parallel InterfaceSerial HIPPI, 800MbpsGSN (Gigabyte System Network)

HIPPI 6400, 6.4Gbps

Networking Concepts Lesson 07 - Architectures - Eric Vanderburg

Technology

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