Network Classifications - Edİz Şaykol's Home...
Transcript of Network Classifications - Edİz Şaykol's Home...
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Network Classifications
• Scope – Local area network (LAN) – Metropolitan area (MAN) – Wide area network (WAN)
• Ownership – Closed versus open
• Topology (configuration) – Bus (Ethernet) – Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)
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Figure 4.1 Network topologies
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Figure 4.1 Network topologies (continued)
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Protocols
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection) – Used in Ethernet
– Silent bus provides right to introduce new message
• CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) – Used in Wi-Fi
– Hidden terminal problem
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The hidden terminal problem
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Communication over a bus network
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Connecting Networks
• Repeater: Extends a network
• Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
• Switch: Connects several compatible networks
• Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an
internet
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Figure 4.4 Building a large bus network from smaller ones
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Routers connecting two Wi-Fi networks and an Ethernet network to form an
internet
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Inter-process Communication
• Client-server
– One server, many clients
– Server must execute continuously
– Client initiates communication
• Peer-to-peer (P2P)
– Two processes communicating as equals
– Peer processes can be short-lived
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The client/server model compared to the peer-to-peer model
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Distributed Systems
• Systems with parts that run on different computers
– Infrastructure can be provided by standardized toolkits
• Example: Enterprise Java Beans from
Oracle
• Example: .NET framework from Microsoft
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The Internet
• The Internet: An internet that spans the world
– Original goal was to develop a means of connecting networks that would not be disrupted by local disasters.
– Today it has shifted from an academic research project to a commercial undertaking.
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Internet Architecture
• Internet Service Provider (ISP) – Tier-1
– Tier-2
• Access ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet – Traditional telephone (dial up connection)
– Cable connections
– DSL
– Wireless
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Internet Addressing
• IP address: – pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in
dotted decimal notation
• Mnemonic address: – Domain names
– Top-Level Domains
• Domain name system (DNS) – Name servers
– DNS lookup
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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN)
• Allocates IP addresses to ISPs who then assign those addresses within their regions.
• Oversees the registration of domains and domain names.
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Traditional Internet Applications
• Electronic Mail (email)
– Domain mail server collects incoming mail and transmits outing mail
– Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to clients via POP3 or IMAP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet
• SSH
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A typical URL
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World Wide Web
• Hypertext and HTTP
• Browser gets documents from Web server
• Documents identified by URLs
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Hypertext Document Format • Contains tags to communicate with browser
–Appearance
• <h1> to start a level one heading
• <p> to start a new paragraph
– Links to other documents and content
• <a href = . . . >
– Insert images
• <img src = . . . >
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A simple Web page
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A simple Web page (continued)
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An enhanced simple Web page
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An enhanced simple Web page (continued)
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Package-shipping example
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Internet Software Layers
• Application: Constructs message with address
• Transport: Divides message into packets
• Network: Handles routing through the Internet
• Link: Handles actual transmission (bits, signals, etc.) of packets
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Following a message via Internet
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Security
• Attacks – Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware,
phishing software) – Denial of service – Spam
• Protection – Firewalls – Spam filters – Proxy Servers – Antivirus software
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Encryption
• FTPS, HTTPS, SSL
• Public-key Encryption
– Public key: Used to encrypt messages
– Private key: Used to decrypt messages
• Certificates and Digital Signatures
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Public-key encryption
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