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Transcript of Network Analysis Basics - Ayscom€¦ · Network Analysis Basics Why Use S-Parameters? relatively...
MD1010 – Network B2B
Adolfo Del SolarApplication Engineer
Network Analysis Basics
Agenda
• Overview
• What Measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Example Measurements
Network Analysis Basics
Vector network analyzers (VNAs)…
• Are stimulus-response test systems
• Characterize forward and reverse reflection and transmissionresponses (S-parameters) of RF and microwave components
• Quantify linear magnitude and phase
• Are very fast for swept measurements
• Provide the highest levelof measurement accuracy
S21
S12
S11 S22
R1 R2
RF Source
LO
Test port 2
BA
Test port 1
Phase
Magnitude
DUT
Reflection
Transmission
What is a Network Analyzer?
Network Analysis Basics
RF
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
Lightwave
DUT
Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy
Network Analysis Basics
Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more complex RF
systems
Ensure distortionless transmission
of communications signals
linear: constant amplitude, linear phase / constant group delay
nonlinear: harmonics, intermodulation, compression, AM-to-PM
conversion
Ensure good match when absorbing
power (e.g., an antenna)
KPWRFM 97
Why do we need to test components?
Agenda
• Overview
• What Measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Example Measurements
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission-line Basics
Low frequencies• wavelengths >> wire length
• current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power transmission
• measured voltage and current not dependent on position along wire
High frequencies• wavelength << length of transmission medium
• need transmission lines for efficient power transmission
• matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very important for low
reflection and maximum power transfer
• measured envelope voltage dependent on position along line
I+ -
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission-line Zo
Zo determines relationship between voltage and current waves
Zo is a function of physical dimensions and r
Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)
characteristic impedance
for coaxial airlines (ohms)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
no
rmalized
valu
es
50 ohm standard
attenuation is lowest at 77
ohms
power handling capacity peaks at 30
ohms
Network Analysis Basics
Power Transfer Efficiency
RS
RLFor complex impedances, maximum power
transfer occurs when ZL = ZS* (conjugate
match)
Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS
RL / RS
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lo
ad
Po
we
r
(no
rma
lized
)
RS
RL
+jX
- jX
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission-line terminated with Zo
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves
like an infinitely long transmission line
Zs = Zo
Zo
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power
is absorbed in the load)
V inc
Zo = characteristic impedance of
transmission line
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission-line Terminated with Short, Open
Zs = Zo
Vrefl
V inc
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a short or
open reflects all power back to source
In-phase (0o) for open,
out-of-phase (180o) for short
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission-line Terminated with 25 W
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does not go to zero
as with short or open
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25 W
V inc
Network Analysis Basics
High-Frequency Device Characterization
Transmitted
Incident
TRANSMISSION
Gain / Loss
S-Parameters
S21, S12
Group
Delay
Transmission
Coefficient
Insertion
Phase
Reflected
Incident
REFLECTION
SWR
S-ParametersS11, S22 Reflection
Coefficient
Impedance, Admittance
R+jX, G+jB
ReturnLoss
G, rT,t
Incident
Reflected
TransmittedRB
A
A
R=
B
R=
Network Analysis Basics
Reflection Parameters
dB
No reflection(ZL = Zo)
r
RL
VSWR
0 1
Full reflection(ZL = open, short)
0 dB
1
=ZL - ZO
ZL + OZ
Reflection
Coefficient=
Vreflected
Vincident
= r FG
=r GReturn loss = -20 log(r),
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
VSWR = Emax
Emin=
1 + r
1 - r
Emax
Emin
Network Analysis Basics
Smith Chart Review
Smith Chart maps rectilinear
impedance plane onto polar plane
-90o
0o180
o+-
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
90o
0
Polar plane
Z = ZoL
= 0G
Constant X
Constant R
Smith chart
GLZ = 0
= ±180 O
1
(short) Z = L
= 0 O
1G(open)
0 +R
+jX
-jX
Rectilinear impedance plane
Network Analysis Basics
Transmission Parameters
VTransmitted
VIncident
Transmission Coefficient = T =
VTransmitted
V Incident
= t
DUT
Gain (dB) = 20 Log V
Trans
V Inc
= 20 log t
Insertion Loss (dB) = - 20 Log V
Trans
V Inc
= - 20 log t
Network Analysis Basics
Why Use S-Parameters?
relatively easy to obtain at high frequencies
measure voltage traveling waves with a vector network analyzer
don't need shorts/opens which can cause active devices to oscillate or self-
destruct
relate to familiar measurements (gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...)
can cascade S-parameters of multiple devices to predict system performance
can compute H, Y, or Z parameters from S-parameters if desired
can easily import and use S-parameter files in our electronic-simulation tools
Incident TransmittedS21
S11Reflected S22
Reflected
Transmitted Incident
b1
a1b2
a2S12
DUT
b1 = S11a1 + S12 a2
b2 = S21 a1 + S22 a2
Port 1 Port 2
Network Analysis Basics
Measuring S-Parameters
S 11 =Reflected
Incident=
b1
a 1 a2 = 0
S 21 =Transmitted
Incident=
b2
a 1 a2 = 0
S 22 =Reflected
Incident=
b2
a 2 a1 = 0
S 12 =Transmitted
Incident=
b1
a 2 a1 = 0
Incident TransmittedS 21
S 11Reflected
b1
a 1
b2
Z 0
Load
a2 = 0
DUTForward
IncidentTransmitted S 12
S 22
Reflected
b2
a2
b
a1 = 0
DUTZ 0
LoadReverse
1
Agenda
• Overview
• What Measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Example Measurements
Network Analysis Basics
Generalized Network Analyzer Block Diagram
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
REFLECTED(A)
TRANSMITTED(B)
INCIDENT (R)
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
SOURCE
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
DUT
Source
Network Analysis Basics
Supplies stimulus for system
Swept frequency or power
Traditionally NAs used separate source
Most Agilent analyzers sold today have
integrated, synthesized sources
Signal Separation
Network Analysis Basics
directional couplersplitter
• measure incident signal for reference
• separate incident and reflected signals
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)INCIDENT (R)
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
SOURCE
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
DUT
Network Analysis Basics
Directivity is a measure of how well a
coupler can separate signals moving in
opposite directions
Test port
(undesired leakage signal)
(desired reflected signal)
Directional Coupler
Directivity
Detector types
Network Analysis Basics
Tuned Receiver
Scalar broadband
(no phase information)
Vector
(magnitude and phase)
Diode
AC
DC
RF
IF Filter
IF = F LO
FRF
RF
LO
ADC / DSP
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)INCIDENT (R)
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
SOURCE
Incident
Reflected
Transmitted
DUT
Network Analysis Basics
RF always comes out port 1
port 2 is always receiver
response, one-port cal available
RF comes out port 1 or port 2
forward and reverse measurements
two-port calibration possible
Transmission/Reflection Test Set
Port 1 Port 2
Source
B
R
A
DUTFwd
Port 1 Port 2
S-Parameter Test Set
DUTFwd Rev
Transfer switch
Source
B
R1
A
R2
T/R Versus S-Parameter Test Sets
Network Analysis Basics
Achieving measurement flexibility• RF Performance• Easy to learn and use• Powerful measurement config.• Advanced connectivity• Flexible automation choices
Rules of 4:
32 independent measurement channels
26 windows to view traces and channels
8 active and 8 memory traces per window
4-parameter display needs only one channel
Channel
TraceTraceTraceTraceTraceTrace
Trace• Parameter
• Format
• Scale
• Markers
• Trace math
• Electrical delay
• Phase offset
• Smoothing
• Limit tests
• Time-domain
transform
Channel• Sweep type
• Frequency
• Power
• IF bandwidth
• # of points
• Trigger state
• Averaging
• Calibration
WindowWindow
WindowWindow
Trace (CH1)
Trace (CH2)
Trace (CH1)
Trace (CH2)Trace (CH3)
Trace (CH4)
Global• Trigger source
• Port extensions
• RF power on/off
Agenda
• Overview
• What Measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Example Measurements
Network Analysis Basics
Why do we have to calibrate?
It is impossible to make perfect hardware
It would be extremely difficult and expensive to make
hardware good enough to entirely eliminate the need
for error correction
How do we get accuracy?
With vector-error-corrected calibration
Not the same as the yearly instrument calibration
What does calibration do for us?
Removes the largest contributor to measurement
uncertainty: systematic errors
Provides best picture of true performance of DUT Systematic error
The Need for Calibration
Network Analysis Basics
Systematic Measurement Errors
A B
Source
Mismatch
Load
Mismatch
CrosstalkDirectivity
DUT
Frequency response
reflection tracking (A/R)
transmission tracking (B/R)
R
Six forward and six reverse error terms yields 12 error
terms for two-port devices
Network Analysis Basics
response (normalization)
– simple to perform
– only corrects for tracking errors
– stores reference trace in memory,
then does data divided by memory
vector
– requires more standards
– requires an analyzer that can measure phase
– accounts for all major sources of systematic error
S11m
S11a
SHORT
OPEN
LOAD
thru
thru
Types of Error Correction
Network Analysis Basics
Systematic Measurement Errors
Vector-error correction…
• Is a process for characterizing systematic error terms
• Measures known electrical standards
• Removes effects of error terms from subsequent measurements
Electrical standards…
• Can be mechanical or electronic
• Are often an open, short, load, and thru,
but can be arbitrary impedances as well
Errors
Measured
Actual
Network Analysis Basics
ED = Directivity
ERT = Reflection tracking
ES = Source Match
S11M = Measured
S11A = Actual
To solve for error terms, we measure 3
standards to generate 3 equations and 3
unknowns
S11M
S11AES
ERT
ED
1RF in
Error Adapter
S11M
S11A
RF in Ideal
Assumes good termination at port two if testing two-port devices
If using port 2 of NA and DUT reverse isolation is low (e.g., filter passband):
assumption of good termination is not valid
two-port error correction yields better results
S11M = ED + ERT
1 - ES S11A
S11A
Reflection: One-Port Model
Network Analysis Basics
Two-Port Error Correction
Each actual S-parameter is a function of
all four measured S-parameters
Analyzer must make forward and reverse
sweep to update any one
S-parameter
Luckily, you don't need to know these
equations to use network analyzers!!!
Port 1 Port 2E
S11
S21
S12
S22
ESED
ERT
ETT
EL
a1
b1
A
A
A
A
X
a2
b2
Forward model
= fwd directivity
= fwd source match
= fwd reflection tracking
= fwd load match
= fwd transmission tracking
= fwd isolation
ES
ED
ERT
ETT
EL
EX
= rev reflection tracking
= rev transmission tracking
= rev directivity
= rev source match
= rev load match
= rev isolation
ES'
ED'
ERT'
ETT'
EL'
EX'
Port 1 Port 2
S11
S
S12
S22 ES'ED'
ERT'
ETT'
EL'
a1
b1A
A
A
EX'
21A
a2
b2
Reverse model
S a
S m ED
ERT
S m ED
ERT
ES EL
S m E X
ETT
S m EX
ETT
S m ED'
ERT
ES
S m ED
ERT
ES E L EL
S m EX
ETT
S m E X
ETT
11
111
22 21 12
111
122 21 12
-
--
- -
-
-
-- -
( )('
'' ) ( )(
'
')
( )('
'' ) ' ( )(
'
')
S a
S m E X
ETT
S m ED
ERT
ES EL
S m ED
ERT
ES
S m ED
ERT
ES EL
21
21 22
111
122
-1
--
-
-
-
( )('
'( ' ))
( )('
'' ) ' ( )(
'
')EL
S m EX
ETT
S m E X
ETT
21 12- -
'S E S E- -(
')( ( ' ))
( )('
'' ) ' ( )(
'
')
m X
ETT
m D
ERT
ES EL
S m ED
ERT
ES
S m ED
ERT
ES EL EL
S m E X
ETT
S m E X
ETT
S a
121
11
111
122 21 12
12
-
-
-
-- -
('
')(
(
S m ED
ERT
S m ED
ERT
S a
22
111
22
-) ' ( )(
'
')
S m ED
ERT
ES EL
S m E X
ETT
S m E X
ETT
11 21 12--
- -
-
ES
S m ED
ERT
ES EL EL
S m E X
ETT
S m E X
ETT
)('
'' ) ' ( )(
'
')1
22 21 12
--
- -
1
Network Analysis Basics
data before 1-port calibration
data after 1-port calibration
0
20
40
60
6000 12000
2.0
Retu
rn L
oss (
dB
)
VS
WR
1.1
1.01
1.001
MHz
Before and After One-Port Calibration
Errors and calibration standards
Network Analysis Basics
Convenient
Generally not
accurate
No errors removed Easy to perform
Use when highest
accuracy is not required
Removes frequency
response error
For reflection
measurements
Need good termination
for high accuracy with
two-port devices
Removes these errors:
Directivity
Source match
Reflection tracking
Highest accuracy
Removes these errors:
Directivity
Source, load match
Reflection tracking
Transmission tracking
Crosstalk
UNCORRECTED RESPONSE 1-PORT FULL 2-PORT
DUT
DUT
DUT
DUT
thru
thru
ENHANCED-RESPONSE
Combines response and 1-port
Corrects source match for transmission
measurements
SHORT
OPEN
LOAD
SHORT
OPEN
LOAD
SHORT
OPEN
LOAD
Agenda
• Overview
• What Measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Example Measurements
MD1010 – Network B2B
Adolfo Del SolarApplication Engineer
Thank you!