In the kNOW Webinar Series

Net-Zero Roadmap:How Water Resource RecoveryFacilities Contribute to theOverall DecarbonizationStrategy

September 15, 2021

Presenters

Emma ShenJacobs, Global Technology Lead for Wastewater Energy Optimization andSector Decarbonization

Jeff CarmichaelMetro Vancouver, Division Manager, Business Development Group

Per Henrik NielsenVCS Denmark, Project Director

Amanda LakeJacobs, European Regional Wastewater Solutions Lead

Latest Trends in Decarbonizingthe Wastewater Sector

Emma ShenJacobs Global Technology Lead – Wastewater EnergyOptimization and Sector Decarbonization

WRRFs Become Part of the Solution for Decarbonizing Our Future

©Jacobs 20214

Energy embedded in wastewater isalmost five times the energy demandrequired for treating wastewater itself.

WRRFs offer immense opportunities toreduce energy and carbon footprintthrough operational optimization andadaptation of innovative processes.

(Beyond) Net-Zero WRRF is no longerjust a vision for “utilities of the future”.

Source: https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2021/32/is-net-zero-now-water-s-biggest-priority

WaterResources

20%

Desalination9%

WaterTreatment

13%Water

Networks32%

WastewaterNetworks

7%

WastewaterTreatment

18%

Sludge Management1%

Energy Consumption Breakdown in Water Sector (GWI, August 2021)

GHG Sources at WRRFs

©Jacobs 20215

Sewer System

Raw SewagePumping Station

HeadworksPrimary Clarifiers Aeration Tanks

Sludge Thickening Anaerobic Digestion

Biogas Combustion

Biosolids Dewatering

Biosolids Management

Secondary Clarifiers

Effluent Discharge

Biogas energyrecovery

Biosolids beneficial reuse orresource recovery

Carbon dioxide (CO2)GWP = 1

Methane (CH4)GWP = 28

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)GWP = 265

Adopted from WEF Factsheet “GHG Sources and Sinks for WRRFs” (2021)GWP: Global Warming Potential

Other emission sources: Consumption of

purchase energy (e.g.,electricity, natural gas,fuel oil) Diesel fuel (e.g.,

vehicles) Refrigerants Chemicals

Energy Recovery from Biogas Should be the Baseline

©Jacobs 20216

No biogas should be flared (wasted)!

Combined heat and power (CHP) or renewable natural gas (RNG) – market driven

High carbon intensity for local power grid (e.g.,coal, natural gas)

High electricity cost Subsidies for renewable generation

Low carbon intensity for local power grid (e.g.,nuclear or hydro)

Carbon tax or incentives for GHG emissionreduction

BiogasCHP RNG Production

Electricity generation – typically enoughdemand onsite (offset)

Heat reuse onsite

RNG (biomethane) - grid injection or used asvehicle fuel

Renewable heat onsite and offsite

Innovative Technologies to Boost Biogas Production

©Jacobs 20217

Micro Hydrolysis Process (MHP)

Innovative anaerobic digestion technology developed by Jacobs incollaboration with Verde Technologies and Brigham Young University

Use of Caldicellulosiruptor Bescii (C. Bescii), a hyper-thermophilic anaerobicbacteria, to hydrolyze cellulose and other recalcitrant biomass

Lab-scale and pilot testing show promising results:

>70% volatile solids reduction

25% more biogas production

25% less biosolids generation

Improved dewaterability

First full-scale implementation planned atthe Clinton River WRRF (Oakland County,Michigan) after successful pilot

Converting Biosolids to Low Carbon Intensity Fuel

©Jacobs 20218

Pyrolysis – converting biosolids into gas (syngas), liquid (bio-oil) and biochar

Parry et al., 2020. Circular Biochar Economy. WEFTEC Connect

Pyrolysis Equipment at Silicon Valley Clean Water WRRF(California)

Integrated Thermal Process (Fluid Lift Gasification™) atMorrisville Municipal Authority Facility (Pennsylvania)

Sewer Thermal Recovery

©Jacobs 20219

Sewer - low-carbon, reliable source for heating and cooling Every 1 MGD of wastewater provides approximately 0.9 MW heating/cooling capacity

(based on 5 °C deltaT)

Offsets GHG emission from conventional natural gas heating/electrical cooling

Reduces thermal pollution in waterways

Scalable – from individual building to district energy system (DES) application

PIRANHA - small system serving25 to 200 residential units(Courtesy: SHARC)

In-pipe heat recovery, applied with newinstallation or replacing sewers(Courtesy: Rabtherm)

Architectural rendering for National WesternCenter (Denver, CO) – 3.8 MW sewer thermalDES under construction

Renewable Microgrid with Energy Storage

©Jacobs 202110

Independent from a central grid, with localenergy generation, storage and intelligentcontrols Renewable energy sources:− Solar− Biogas (cogen)− Hydrogen Key benefits for WRRFs:− Increases site resilience and redundancy− Reduces energy cost− Reduces GHG emissions− Might help build a local solar or hydrogen

industry with new jobs

WRRF-Based Hydrogen Hubs

©Jacobs 202111

Jacobs Yarra Valley Water Whitepaper:https://www.jacobs.com/sites/default/files/2020-06/jacobs-yarra-valley-water-towards-a-zero-carbon-future.pdf

Metro Vancouver Climate ActionREGIONAL PLANS AND LIQUID WASTE SERVICES INITIATIVES AND PROJECTS

Jeff CarmichaelDivision Manager, Business Development,Liquid Waste Services

15 September 2021

DRIVERS FOR CLIMATE ACTION

13

Climate 2050: Metro Vancouverdemonstrates bold leadership inresponding to climate change• Carbon neutral region by 2050• Infrastructure, ecosystems and

communities are resilient to theimpacts of climate change

Energy Management PolicyBoard Strategic PlansLiquid Waste Management Plan

Regional greenhouse gas emissionsCAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

14

Dominated by vehicle and buildingemissions

Somewhat unique low-GHGhydroelectricity

Non-energy related emissions arepoorly understood, so not includedin current reporting protocols.

Greenhouse GasesESTIMATED EMISSIONS IMPACT

15

Goal:45% region-wide emissionsreduction by 2030

Goal:45% region-wide emissionsreduction by 2030

REDUCING LIQUID WASTE GHG EMISSIONS

16

Residualsmanagement

Fleet and LWSvehicles

Buildings Construction

Wastewaterconveyance

Wastewatertreatment

• Natural gas use• Purchased electricity• Diesel use• Embodied emissions• Fugitive N2O• Fugitive methane

• Purchased electricity• Embodied emissions• Potential fugitive

methane

• Gasoline and diesel• Embodied emissions

• Gasoline and diesel• Embodied emissions

• Gasoline and diesel• Embodied emissions• Natural gas use

• Purchased electricity• Diesel use• Embodied emissions

USING LIQUID WASTE RESOURCES TO REDUCEREGIONAL EMISSIONS

17

Biosolids aslandfill cover and

carbon sink

Energy sources:• Renewable natural gas

• Sewer / effluent heat

• Co-generation

• Biofuel

• Biosolids as fuel

Action Protocol: Carbon Price Policy Methodology

• Policy establishes a price ($150/tonneCO2e) on applicable GHG emissions

• Value of GHGs associated with aproposed project or initiative can becalculated

• Intent to use Life Cycle Cost Analysis toquantitatively compare options

• Use process in place but no checks toensure participation

18

Project/Initiative:options analysis

Option A Option B

Capital $Op. $

Project lifeGHGs

Life-cyclecost A

Life-cyclecost B

Capital $Op. $

Project lifeGHGs

X

Photo Caption hereSEWER HEATINITIATIVES

5

10

15

20

25

Aver

age

Dai

ly Te

mpe

ratu

re (°

C)

Metro Vancouver WWTPs - Effluent Sewage Temperature

Annacis IslandIonaLions GateLulu IslandNorthwest Langley

SEWER HEAT: CURRENT AND FUTURE CAPACITY

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Annacis Island Iona Island North Shore Lulu Island

# of

hig

h-ris

e bu

ildin

gs s

ervi

ced

MW

Currentcapacity:700 high risebuildings

Futurecapacity:950 buildings

North ShoreEffluent Heatproject indesign now

HIGH-EFFICIENCY AERATION

21

2020 and earlier activities• Identified HEA technology w/ improved performance for energy use reduction• Project funded under MV Sustainability Innovation Fund (SIF)• Negotiated scope of work for demonstration testing at DC Water

2021 activities• Execute contract for demonstration testing• Design pilot facility modifications• Procure fluidic oscillator and initiate construction

Future activities• Install and test Perlemax fluidic oscillator• Complete WRF third-party independent assessment

HTL – PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL

22

2021 activities• Complete procurement for HTL unit design and fabrication• Complete preliminary design of outside battery limits• Continue work with Industrial Research Chair at UBC Okanagan to identify how to best integrate HTL into

WWTP operations

Future activities• Construction, installation and testing of HTL pilot at AIWWTP• Investigation of low carbon phosphorus and nitrogen compounds for use as fertilizer with UBC

BIOGAS UPGRADING: CURRENT AND PLANNED SYSTEM

digestersanaerobicdigesters

sewage biogas

boilersheat for buildingsand digesters

System

SludgeGas

TreatmentSystem

RNG FortisBCpipeline

flare

heatexchanger(s)

Photo Caption hereBUSINESS CASE ANALYSIS

• 25-year equipment life

• Estimated $11M capital costs

• Initial RNG sales $630,000 /yr

• Initial O&M costs $150,000 /yr

• Carbon price policy benefits $380,000 /yr(average 2,500 tonnes CO2e per year)

• Positive business case and cash flow

GHG Reduction Potential

1 in 4potential

Thank you. Questions?Jeff.Carmichael@metrovancouver.org

Beyond Energy NeutralityProgram: Achieving EnergyIndependence in a LargeWater Resource RecoveryFacility

Per Henrik NielsenVCS Denmark, Project Directorphn@vandcenter.dk

Ejby Mølle WRRF

Ammonia-Based Aeration Control Played Key Role in EnergyOptimization of BNR Process

Maximizing Biogas Utilization

• Additional engine generation capacityfully utilized produced biogas

– More electrical production– More heat recovered

• Reduced carbon footprint from flaring

• Carbon redirection

30

Beyond Energy Neutrality Program: Engaging GlobalInput for Collaborative Process Optimization at Ejby Molle

Screen, Grit, and Grease3.88% Primary Treatment

3.09%Pumping to

Trickling Filters2.15%

Pumping to ActivatedSludge5.80%

Trickling Filters -Stage 2 pumping

7.30% Trickling Filters -Recirculation pumping

4.73%Trickling Filters -

WAS/Humus Pumping0.01%

Trickling Filters - ReturnPumping to Act Sludge

0.64%

Activated Sludge -Anaerobic Zone Mixers

1.78%Activated Sludge -

Oxidation Ditch Aeration39.35%

Activated Sludge -Oxidation Ditch Mixing

2.09%

Activated Sludge -RAS Pumping

0.86%

Activated Sludge -WAS Pumping

0.22%

Activated Sludge- Other0.24%

Effluent Filters10.43%

Sludge Storage1.56%

Anaerobic Digestion3.83%

Thickening/DewateringCentrifuges

6.44% Other5.59%

Ejby Mølle WWTP 2011 Annual Average Electricity Consumption

Detailed Historic Energy Consumption and GenerationData Key in Evaluating Optimization Opportunities

75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115% 120%

Existing Condition (Baseline)

No Trickling Filters

Lower Bioreactor Sludge Age

Partial Effluent Filtration

Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment

All Operational EOOs

All Operational EOOs + Anammox + Diffusers

Energy Produced 2011 Additional Energy Produced Additional Energy Saved

Energy Self-Sufficiency

Readily Implementable Optimization OperationalModifications Showed Potential for Achieving Neutrality

-

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

kWh/year

Implementing Several EOOs Achieved Energy Self-Sufficiency by the End of 2013

VCS Energy Consumption 2011-2019

-20,000,000

-15,000,000

-10,000,000

-5,000,000

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

kWh Energy consumption 2011 - 2019 VCS Denmark

Vehicles internal + external

Administration

Heat consumption

Watersupply

Sewer system

Wastewater Treatment Plants

Solar panels

Power production biogas

Heat production biogas

Net consumption VCS

-20,000,000

-15,000,000

-10,000,000

-5,000,000

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

kWh Energy consumption 2011 - 2019 VCS Denmark

Vehicles internal + external

Administration

Heat consumption

Watersupply

Sewer system

Wastewater Treatment Plants

Solar panels

Power production biogas

Heat production biogas

Net consumption VCS

2020Heat pumps at outlet

from EM WRRF

Replace sludge storagetank at EM

Thermal hydrolyses (tobe decided)

2011Merger with

NordfynsSpildevand

Mixing indigestersreduced

Shut downsludge

dewateringHaarslev

2013Sludge from

NE and NW toEM

Gas engine 2installed

Water from oilmill redirectedto EM instead

of Otterup

2014Demon /

sidestreamtreatment

Activatedsludge

pumpingstation

2016Ventilation and

heatersoptimized at

rainwaterpumps

Bottom aerationNW

2018Sludge fromOtterup and

HofmansgaveWRRF to NW

New mixers inaerationtankat Bogense

WRRF

2010Decision CO2

neutral in2014

EM newsludge

dewatering

2012Workshop with Jacobs

Insulation of digester walls

Heat recovery fromtransformer in machine shop

Shut down sludgedewatering Hofmansgave

2015Sludge / sludgeheat exchangersafter digesters

2015 + 2016High priority on

sewerinvestments

2017Changed motors for

rotors at NE

Recuperative sludgedewatering

Changed pipebetween sludgebuffer tank and

digester (Higher drycontend)

2019Gas engine 1 from

2009 renovated

RefurbishFilterpumpingstation (new

pumps and heatrecovery fromtransformers

VCS Energy Consumption 2011-2019

Influent PrimaryClarifier

WAS

Bioreactor (aerobic/anoxiczones)

EffluentNOB out-selection

MainstreamWAS

Hydrocyclones

Sidestream Reactor

AOB and anammox ”seed”(bioaugmentation)

DewateringCentrate

SecondaryClarifier

MainstreamHydrocyclones

Leveraging Deammonification for Both Sidestreamand Mainstream Nitrogen Control

Induced Granulation and Sidestream BioaugmentationImproved Sludge Settleability

Intermittentaeration

continuousaeration

It's Not Energy Reduction at the Expense of theEnvironment: N2O Probe Development and Application

Further DevelopingEmerging Technologies:MABR Demonstration

First drying, using super heated steam, and then pyrolysis of the sludge

The energy source is the organic content inthe sludge.The calorific value in the sludge is utilized byburning the pyrolysis gasses.

The end product is a biochar/soil improver with plant available phosphorus,and can be processed into activated carbon (filter material)

…and excess thermal energy, fordistrict- or local heating

1

2

What About Biosolids?

Ejby Mølle WWTP circa 1956

Summary Thoughts and Conclusions

Decarbonisation in the UK

Amanda LakeJacobs European Regional Wastewater Solutions Lead

Decarbonisation in the United Kingdom

2019- Pledge to net zero 2030

2020– 2030 Net zero routemap

2021– Individual company netzero routemaps

Importance of Scope 1 Process Emissions

©Jacobs 202145

Global Industry and Research Efforts to Date

©Jacobs 202146

France Netherlands

Switzerland

Australia

Denmark

United Kingdom

Finland

ItalySpain

Austria

US

China

Sweden

What We Know So Far

©Jacobs 202147 ©Jacobs 202047

(Vasilaki et al. 2019)

Mitigating Nitrous Oxide Emissions

©Jacobs 202148 ©Jacobs 202048

Full scale modelling and mitigation Investigating drivers and solutions

Vasilaki et al. (2018)

De Haas & Ye (2021)

Duan et al. (2020)

Evolution in industryemission factors

Mitigating Methane Emissions

©Jacobs 202149 ©Jacobs 2021

Delre et al. (2017)

Off site characterisation

On site mitigationAvfall Sverige (2019)

Holmgren et al. (2015)DBFZ (2019)

Emerging Approaches

50 ©Jacobs 2020

Knowledge Base

Peer reviewedliterature

Risk AssessmentN2O before

N2O afterMitigation

Courtesy Cobalt Water Global

Challenges and Opportunities

©Jacobs 202151

Monitoring methods Cost benefit of mitigation Collaboration for climate action

Duan et al. (2020)

Q&A

Thank You

Important

The material in this presentation has been prepared by Jacobs®.

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