.NET Fundamentals ASP.NET Web Services December 11, 2003

.NET Fundamentals

ASP.NET Web Services

December 11, 2003

Homework or Other Questions?

Review Class Goals

Class Goal #1

Provide an overview of the .NET Architecture and it’s Major Components– Programming Languages– ADO.NET– ASP.NET– Web Services– XML Integration

Class Goal #2

Understand the .NET Frameworks as an Object Oriented, Strongly Typed, Computing Environment

Class Goals #3

Work with various .NET Framework components– Common Language Runtime (CLR)– .NET Framework Class Library (FCL)– Assemblies– Strong Names– The Global Assembly Cache (GAC)– ADO.NET– ASP.NET– Web Services

Class Goals #4

Develop a basic fluency programming in C#

Agenda Tonight and Monday December 15th

• Web Services Presentation

• Web Services Class Exercise

• Web Service Class/Homework Project– Start tonight– Complete Monday (or by Friday December 19th)– Teams of two or three ?

• Also help on Monday with any homework assignment or other questions (All homework due by Friday December 19th)

Topics – December 11, 2003• Distributed Computing• ASP.NET Web Services• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)• WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

• Let’s write a web service with Visual Studio.NET

• Debugging an ASP.NET Web Application

• XML Web Services

• Local vs. Web Projects

• Deploying Web Applications

• Internet Information Services (IIS)

ASP.NET Web Services

Web Services• Web Services are a new way of performing

remote procedure calls over HTTP

• Web Services make use of SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). SOAP is an XML-based standard that details how method calls are made over HTTP in a reproducible manner

• Web Services are completely described using WSDL (Web Service Description Language)

• Web Services are able to use the full array of C# and .NET techniques over the server.

What is SOAP?

SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol)


Remote objects can give a program almost unlimited power over the Internet, but most

firewalls block non-HTTP requests. SOAP, an XML-based protocol, gets around this limitation to provide intraprocess communication across

machines.


• Traditionally, HTTP is the application level protocol used between web-clients and web servers.

• Web clients are now more than browsers requesting HTML.

• HTTP is fairly simple, restricted to requesting and sending resources with GET, PUT and POST, but is not designed for flexible exchange of data between applications.

• The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) aims to fix this by defining a protocol that any application can use to communicate and exchange data with any other application


• SOAP is a simple, lightweight XML-based protocol for exchanging structured and type information on the Web.

• SOAP uses XML Grammar tailored for exchanging web service data

• .NET Web Service usually sends SOAP messages over HTTP

• SOAP Protocol was originally developed by Compaq, HP, IBM, Lotus, Microsoft, and others


• To achieve maximum flexibility, SOAP uses XML syntax to format its content.

• SOAP is designed to be:– As simple as possible– Provide a minimum functionality

• Therefore SOAP is both modular and flexible.• However, the SOAP protocol does not include anything

on security or transactions


• Since SOAP is an application level protocol, it can run on any transport e.g. TCP.

• The protocol defines a messaging framework that contains no application or transport semantics. As a result, the protocol is modular and very extensible.

• Since SOAP messages are XML, which is plain text, they can easily pass through firewalls

• SOAP is not limited to name/value pairs as HTTP-GET and HTTP-POST are, but can send complex objects including datasets, classes, and other objects.

• SOAP focuses on the ability to send messages from a sender to a recipient. The use of SOAP as an RPC mechanism is purely a byproduct of this functionality. RPC-like behavior is achieved by sending messages in both directions.


• One negative to using SOAP is that messages tend to be verbose, because of the nature of XML.

• If bandwidth or transmission performance is an issue, HTTP-GET or HTTP-POST maybe better choices.

• .NET Frameworks provides a class, the SoapHttpClientProtocol for using the SOAP protocol in your clients.

• .NET Frameworks provides a number of classes for interacting with HTTP protocol, including a hierarchy of classes for SOAP, HTTP-GET and HTTP-POST client protocols, all deriving from WebClientProtocol and HttpWebClientProtocol.

Structure of a SOAP Message

SOAP Envelope

SOAP Header

SOAP Body

Header parts

Payload

SOAP Fault

Structure of a SOAP message• The Envelope is the top-level container

representing the message. • The Header is a generic container for added

features to a SOAP message in a decentralized manner. SOAP defines attributes to indicate who should deal with a feature and whether understanding is optional or mandatory.

• The Body is a container for mandatory information intended for the ultimate message receiver. SOAP defines one element for the body to report errors, called a SOAP Fault.

SOAP styles

• SOAP can have 2 styles – Document-style SOAP, which is used to simply

exchange XML data.– RPC-style SOAP, which is used to make an RPC

request and get it’s response.• Both styles of SOAP messages look the same, but the

body of an RPC style SOAP message has some rules around how requests/responses are tagged.

A Basic SOAP Message<SOAPENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAPENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"/>

<SOAPENV:Body> <StockQuoteRequest symbol="FOO"/> </SOAPENV:Body>

</SOAPENV:Envelope>

• This message has just an envelope and a body.• The SOAP envelope namespace has to be specified to make

this a valid SOAP message.• This shows a document-style SOAP message.

SOAP Faults and .NET exceptions

• Any .NET exception that is thrown on the web service side is automatically wrapped in a SOAPException, so it can be serialized as a SOAP Fault.

• The InnerException chain is lost.• One way to transmit meaningful information is to catch

exceptions at the Web Service, and re-throw a SOAPException, with additional information stuck into the Details element of the SOAPException class.

• The receiving side can parse out the SOAP fault detail.

SOAP Specification

http://www.w3.org/TR/soap

Web Services

Web Services.• A web service is an application that exposes a Web-

accessible API (i.e. a class method).– The key is that it is Web-accessible, not just

browser-accessible.• Another way of looking at a .NET web service is that

it is a unit of managed code, typically installed under IIS, that can be remotely invoked using HTTP.

• A Web service is language agnostic.– All you care about is invoking the service with the

input parameters formatted correctly, and parsing the output (if any).

Web Services Architecture

Windows client

Browser client

Other client

Web Server (IIS)

Request Handler

Web Service

Web Service

SOAP

Anatomy of a Web Service

• In .NET, a web service is implemented by one or more assemblies, just like any other library.

• In addition, some additional infrastructure is needed:– A wire protocol – used to transmit your service

request and receive a response. (i.e. HTTP/GET, HTTP/POST or SOAP).

– A description service – so clients can programmatically access and examine the interface contract.

– A discovery service – so clients can programmatically discover the existence of web services.

Let's Look at Converting this Simple Code into a Web Service

using System;

class Hello

{

public string HelloMessage()

{

return ("Hello .NET Web Service"):

}

}

The .asmx File<%@ WebService Language="C#" Class="Hello" %>

using System;using System.Web.Services;

class Hello:System.Web.Services.WebService{

[WebMethod]public string HelloMessage(){

return ("Hello .NET Web Service");}

}

Let's Try It !

• Save the .asmx file in the inetpub/wwwroot directory• Access the web service by specifying the .asmx file in

the URL (i.e. http://localhost/simplehello.asmx)• Invoking the web service this way automatically

generates a web page that specifies the message format, and gives you a convenient invocation button for simple parameters. (i.e. it only supports a GET)

• Notice that the response is wrapped in XML

Web Service Directive

<%@ WebService Language="C#" Class="Hello" %>

• Required for all web services• Directive Name WebService• Variable number of attribute/value pairs

– Language (C#, VB, JS, VJ#, ...) C# is default– Class (required, class in either the .asmx or code-

behind file, the code-behind file must be compliled and stored in the ./bin subdirectory)

WebMethod Attribute

class Hello:System.Web.Services.WebService

{

[WebMethod]

public string HelloMessage()

• the Method must be public

• the WebMethod attribute has a number of properties

WebMethod Attribute Properties

[WebMethod(property="value" ...)]

• BufferResponse Property

• CacheDuration Property

• Description Property

• EnableSession

• MessageName

• TransactionOption

WebService Attribute

• Optional

• Provides additional information to be added to the Web Service

• Properties:

– Description Property

– Name Property

– Namespace Property

Discovery File

http://localhost/simplehello.asmx?WSDL

• Provides a way for developers to find out about the methods exposed by the web service.

• Written in WSDL (Web Service Description Language)

Creating a Discovery File

• In a command window:

disco.exe /out:<output directory name> http://localhost/simplehello.asmx

• Creates three output files– .disco file– .WSDL file– results.discomap file

Sample .disco File

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<discovery

xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/disco/">

<contractRef ref=http://localhost/SimpleHello.asmx?wsdl docRef=http://localhost/SimpleHello.asmx xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/disco/scl/" />

<soap address=http://localhost/SimpleHello.asmx xmlns:q1=http://tempuri.org/ binding="q1:HelloSoap" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/disco/soap/" />

</discovery>

WSDL (Web Services Description Language)

• The XML Web services infrastructure is founded on communication via XML-based messages that comply with a published service description.

• The service description is an XML document written in an XML grammar called WSDL (Web Services Description Language) that defines the format of messages the XML Web service understands.

• The service description serves as an agreement that defines the behavior of an XML Web service and instructs potential clients in how to interact with it.

• The service description also specifies what the service consumer can expect to happen when a properly formatted message is submitted to the XML Web service.

WSDL File Document Elements• A Web Service is described with a WSDL File. The following

elements are involved in a WSDL document.– definitions – root element of a WSDL document.

– types – optional element can be used to define the data types used to describe the messages exchanged by this service.

– message – describes the messages exchanged by this service. Elements that represent the request and response, one per protocol (SOAP, HTTP GET and HTTP POST).

– portType – defines a set of abstract operations (i.e. a single round-trip query and response), giving it a name.

– binding – connects an abstract message to its message and transport (i.e. SOAP, HTTP GET, HTTP POST). Generally one binding element per transport.

– service – maps each portType to its binding, associates a port and binding to a location (URL) where the service can be reached.

– documentation – contains additional human readable information about the service.

– import – allows a WSDL document to include the contents of another.

WSDL in Visual Studio.NET

In Visual Studio.NET, for most part, you can ignore the details of the WSDL file and

concentrate on implementing the service.

WSDL Specification

http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl

Web Service Deployment

• .asmx File (and .disco File) must reside in a virtual directory exposed by IIS so that they are accessible to a browser on the Internet.

• Directory structure is the same as for a .NET Web Form application with the code-behind file, web.config file (if it exists), ./bin/WebServiceName.dll, etc.)

Let’s write a Web Service with

Visual Studio.NET

Let’s write a web service with Visual Studio.NET

• Create a new project of type “ASP.NET Web Service”• Notice that the project automatically creates a new

virtual directory under IIS. (You may specify an existing virtual directory if you want.)

• A number of files are created, but the important ones are:– The .asmx file– The .asmx.cs file– The web.config file

The .asmx file

• The .asmx file contains the WebService processing directive and serves as the addressable entry point for the XML Web service.

<%@ WebService Language="c#" Codebehind="Service1.asmx.cs" Class="ws1.Service1" %>

The .asmx.cs file

• The .asmx.cs class file is a hidden, dependent file of the web service.

• It contains the code-behind class for the XML Web service.

• When viewing the Code View (F7) of the web service, you see the contents of this file.

The .asmx.cs filepublic class Service1 : System.Web.Services.WebService {...

// uncomment the Hello web service[WebMethod]public string HelloWorld(){

return "Hello World";}[WebMethod]public string PersonalHello(string name){

return "Hello "+name;}

Other files

• The Web.config file– An XML-based file that contains configuration

information for ASP.NET resources

• The .vsdisco file– An XML-based file used by ASP.NET's

dynamic XML Web service discovery process, which uses this file to identify searchable paths on the Web server.

Testing your web service• If you run your web service in Visual Studio.NET, it

brings up a browser window and navigates to the .asmx page.

• This page contains all the web methods supported by the service.

• You also get a link to browse the WSDL service description file.

• Clicking on the method itself brings up a page which shows the various request and response formats.

• If the web method has simple parameters, a test harness allows you to invoke and debug the service.

Go To Browser Example

Web Service Client

Creating a Web Service Client

• Create a ASP.NET Web Application• In the Solution Explorer, right click References and select

Add Web Reference (You can rename the web reference here if you wish).

• Select the desired Web Service or enter following url...

http://localhost/simplehello.asmx• Visual Studio.NET queries the service and the WSDL file

and creates a proxy object for you. You can now instantiate and use objects of the service class as if they were in a local assembly.

Adding a Web reference

Creating a Web Service Client

• Create a few labels, a textbox, and a couple of buttons

• Using the following code examples:

– Add the using statement

– Add the buttonclick code for each button

– Remember:

• Instantiate the web service object

• Use the web service object to execute the method

Client Code Button1

using HelloClient.localhost; Add a using statement

private void Button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Service1 obj = new Service1(); Instantiate the service object

Label3.Text = obj.HelloWorld(); Execute the method.

}

Client Code Button2

private void Button2_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

if (TextBox1.Text == "")

{

Label3.Text = "How about a name first!";

}

else

{

Service1 obj = new Service1();

Label3.Text = obj.PersonalHello(TextBox1.Text);

}

}

Class Exercise

Class Exercise

• Using Visual Studio create both a Hello Web Service and then a HelloClient which accesses the Hello Web Service.

Project TeamsHomework Assignment

Final Homework / Project

• See Project Description on web.

• Work in teams or two or three.

• Complete work by end of class on Monday (or no later than Friday, the classroom should be available on Thursday).

• Be sure to capture and publish your learnings.

.NET Fundamentals ASP.NET Web Services December 11, 2003

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