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.NET Framework
.NET Framework component stack
Developer(s) Microsoft
Initial release 13February 2002
Stable release 4.6.1 / 17 November 2015[1]
Operating system Windows 98 or later, Windows
NT 4.0 or later
Type Software framework
License Mixed see Licensing
Website microsoft.com/net
(http://microsoft.com/net)
.NET FrameworkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software
framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily
on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library
known as Framework Class Library (FCL) and provideslanguage interoperability (each language can use code
written in other languages) across several programming
languages. Programs written for .NET Framework
execute in a software environment (as contrasted to
hardware environment), known as Common Language
Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that
provides services such as security, memory management,
and exception handling. FCL and CLR together
constitute .NET Framework.
FCL provides user interface, data access,database
connectivity, cryptography, web application
development, numeric algorithms, and network
communications. Programmers produce software by
combining their own source code with .NET Framework
and other libraries. .NET Framework is intended to be
used by most new applications created for the Windows
platform. Microsoft also produces an integrated
development environment largely for .NETsoftware
called Visual Studio.
.NET Framework started out as a proprietary
framework, although the company worked to standardize
the software stack almost immediately, even before its
first release. Despite the standardization efforts,
developers particularly those in the free and open-
source software communitiesexpressed their
uneasiness with the selected terms and the prospects of
any free and open-source implementation, especially with
regard to software patents. Since then,Microsoft haschanged .NET development to more closely follow a
contemporary model of a community-developed
software project, including issuing an update to its patent
that promises to address the concerns.
.NET Framework family also includes two versions for
mobile or embedded device use. A reduced version of
the framework, .NET Compact Framework, is available
on Windows CE platforms, including Windows Mobile
devices such as smartphones. Additionally, .NET MicroFramework is targeted at severely resource-constrained
devices.
http://microsoft.com/nethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compact_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_devicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_standardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotNet.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotNet.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotNet.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_connectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotNet.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compact_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_devicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_standardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_applicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_connectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_accesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_managementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_virtual_machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_interoperabilityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttp://microsoft.com/nethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_categorieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_98https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cyclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotNet.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_logo.png -
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Contents
1 History
2 Release history
3 Architecture
3.1 Common Language Infrastructure
3.2 Class library
3.3 Assemblies
3.4 .NET Core
3.5 C++/CLI
4 Design principles
4.1 Interoperability
4.2 Language independence
4.3 Portability
4.4 Security
4.5 Memory management
4.6 Simplified deployment4.7 Performance
5 Licensing
6 Alternative implementations
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History
Microsoft started development of .NET Framework in the late 1990s, originally under the name of Next
Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000, the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.
In August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, and Intel worked to standardize Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI) and C#. By December 2001, both were ratified ECMA standards. [2][3]ISO followed in
April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.[4][5]
While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patentsessential to implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-discriminatory terms". In addition to
meeting these terms, the companies have agreed to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did
not apply for the part of .NET Framework not covered by ECMA/ISO standards, which included Windows
Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-
Microsoft implementations of the full framework.[6]
On 3 October 2007, Microsoft announced that the source code for .NET Framework 3.5 libraries was to
become available under the Microsoft Reference License (Ms-RSL[a]).[7]The source code repository became
available online on 16 January 2008 and included BCL, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, Windows Forms, WPF, and
XML. Scott Guthrie of Microsoft promised that LINQ, WCF, and WF libraries were being added.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Guthriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reference_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_and_Non_Discriminatory_Licensinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Standardisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft -
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Microsoft .NET Framework v4.5
logo
On 12 November 2014, Microsoft announced .NET Core, in an
effort to include cross-platform support for .NET, the source release
of Microsoft's CoreCLR implementation, source for the "entire [...]
library stack" for .NET Core, and the adoption of a conventional
("bazaar"-like) open-source development model under the
stewardship of the .NET Foundation. Miguel de Icaza describes
.NET Core as a "redesigned version of .NET that is based on the
simplified version of the class libraries",[9]and Microsoft's Immo Landwerth explained that .NET Core wouldbe "the foundation of all future .NET platforms". At the time of the announcement, the initial release of the .NET
Core project had been seeded with a subset of the libraries' source code and coincided with the relicensing of
Microsoft's existing .NET reference source away from the restrictions of the Ms-RSL. Landwerth
acknowledged the disadvantages of the previously selected shared source license, explaining that it made
codename Rotor "a non-starter" as a community-developed open source project because it did not meet the
criteria of an OSI-approved license.[10][11][12]
Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends the scope beyond its previous
pledges. Prior projects like Mono existed in a legal grey area because Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to
the technology in "covered specifications", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any
.NET runtime technologies documented on MSDN that have not been formally specified by the ECMA group,
if a project chooses to implement them. This permits Mono and other projects to maintain feature parity with
modern .NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published without being at risk of
patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new grant does maintain the restriction that any
implementation must maintain minimum compliance with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.[13]
Microsoft's press release highlights that the cross-platform commitment now allows for a fully open source,
modern server-side .NET stack. However, Microsoft does not plan to release the source for WPF or WindowsForms.[14][15]
Release history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopholehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icazahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software#Development_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microsoft_.NET_Framework_v4.5_logo.png -
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Overview of .NET Framework release history[16][17]
Version
number
CLR
version
Release
date De velopment tool
Included inReplaces
Windows Windows Server
1.0 1.0 2002-02-
13
Visual Studio
.NET[18] XP[a] N/A N/A
1.1 1.1 2003-04-24
Visual Studio .NET
2003[18] N/A 2003 1.0[19]
2.0 2.0 2005-11-
07
Visual Studio
2005[20] N/A
2003, 2003 R2,[21]2008 SP2,
2008 R2 SP1N/A
3.0 2.0 2006-11-
06
Expression
Blend[22][b] Vista 2008 SP2, 2008 R2 SP1 2.0[16]
3.5 2.0 2007-11-
19
Visual Studio
2008[23]7, 8[c],
8.1[c], 10[c] 2008 R2 SP1
2.0,
3.0[16]
4.0 4 2010-04-
12
Visual Studio
2010[24] N/A N/A N/A
4.5 4 2012-08-
15
Visual Studio
2012[25] 8 2012 4.0[16]
4.5.1 4 2013-10-
17
Visual Studio
2013[26] 8.1 2012 R2
4.0,
4.5[16]
4.5.2 4 2014-05-
05
N/A N/A N/A4.0
4.5.1[16]
4.6 4 2015-07-
20
Visual Studio
2015[27] 10 N/A
4.0
4.5.2[16]
4.6.1 4 2015-11-
17[28]Visual Studio 2015
Update 1
10 Version
1511 N/A
4.0
4.6[16]
Notes:
a.^ .NET Framework 1.0 is integral OS component of Windows XP Media Center edition or Tablet PC edition.
Installation CDs for the Home editions and the Professional editions of Windows XP SP1, SP2 or SP3 comes
with .NET Framework installation packages.[17]
b.^Expression Blend only covers the Windows Presentation Foundation part of .NET Framework 3.0.
c.^^^.NET Framework 3.5 is not automatically installed with Windows 8, 8.1 or 10. It must be installed
either from a Windows installation media or from the Internet on demand. Control Panel always attempts the
latter.[29]
Architecture
Common Language Infrastructure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Blendhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10#November_2015_upgradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4.6.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2015https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4.6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4.5.2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4.5.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4.5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2010https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2_SP1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2008https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_3.5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2_SP1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_SP2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Blendhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2_SP1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_SP2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003_R2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_.NET_2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_1.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework_version_history#.NET_Framework_1.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime -
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Visual overview of the Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI)
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) provides a
language-neutral platform for application development
and execution, including functions for exception handling,
garbage collection, security, and interoperability. By
implementing the core aspects of .NET Framework
within the scope of CLI, this functionality will not be tied
to a single language but will be available across the many
languages supported by the framework. Microsoft'simplementation of CLI is Common Language Runtime
(CLR). It serves as the execution engine of .NET
Framework. All .NET programs execute under the
supervision of CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and
behaviors in the areas of memory management, security,
and exception handling.
For computer programs to run on CLI, they need to be
compiled into Common Intermediate Language (CIL)
as opposed to being compiled into machine code. Uponexecution, an architecture-specific just-in-time compiler
(JIT) turns the CIL code into machine code. To improve
performance, however, .NET Framework comes with
Native Image Generator (NGEN), which performs
ahead-of-time compilation.
Class library
.NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries. The class library is organized in a hierarchy of
namespaces. Most of the built-in APIs are part of either System.*or Microsoft.*namespaces. These classlibraries implement a large number of common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering,
database interaction, and XML document manipulation, among others. .NET class libraries are available for all
CLI compliant languages. .NET Framework class library is divided into two parts: Base Class Library (BCL)
and Framework Class Library (FCL).
BCL includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API
of CLR.[30]Classes in mscorlib.dlland some classes in System.dlland System.core.dllare part of
BCL. BCL classes are available in .NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations including .NET
Compact Framework, Microsoft Silverlight, and Mono.
FCL is a superset of BCL and refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an
expanded set of libraries, including Windows Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, Language Integrated Query
(LINQ), Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and
Workflow Foundation (WF). BCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++, and
comparable in scope to standard libraries of Java.
Assemblies
Compiled CIL code is stored in CLI assemblies. As mandated by the specification, assemblies are stored inPortable Executable (PE) file format, common on Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files. Each assembly
consists of one or more files, one of which must contain a manifest bearing the metadata for the assembly. The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic-link_libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Executablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Integrated_Queryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADO.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Formshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compact_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CLI_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespaceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Image_Generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Overview_of_the_Common_Language_Infrastructure.svg -
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complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with the file name on disk) contains its simple text name,
version number, culture, and public key token. Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same
complete name, excluding the revision of the version number.
A private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming. The public key token identifies
which private key an assembly is signed with. Only the creator of the keypair (typically .NET developer signing
the assembly) can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a previous version assembly, since the
creator is in possession of the private key. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to Global Assembly
Cache.
.NET Core
.NET Core is a free and open-source cross platform implementation of the .NET Framework. It consists of
CoreCLR a complete cross-platform runtime implementation of CLR, the virtual machine that manages the
execution of .NET programs. .Net Core also includes CoreFX, which is a partial fork of BCL and will support
ASP.NET.[31]CoreCLR comes with an improved just-in-time compiler, called RyuJIT.[32]
.Net Core runs console and ASP.NET software in Windows, Linux and OS X. It does not implement WindowsForms or WPF which render the standard GUI for desktop software on Windows, as .NET Core is designed
to work with Universal Windows Platform instead.[33].NET Core is also modular, meaning that instead of
assemblies, developers deal with packages.[33]
C++/CLI
Microsoft introduced C++/CLI in Visual Studio 2005, which is a language and means of compiling Visual C++
programs to run within the .NET Framework. Certain portions of the C++ program still run within an
unmanaged Visual C++ Runtime, while specially modified portions are translated into CIL code and run with the.NET Framework's CLR.
Assemblies compiled using the C++/CLI compiler are known as mixed-mode assemblies, since they contain
native and managed code within the same DLL.[34]Such assemblies are also difficult to reverse engineer, since
.NET decompilers such as .NET Reflector only reveal the managed code.
Design principles
Interoperability
Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, .NET
Framework provides means to access functionality implemented in newer and older programs that execute
outside .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in System.Runtime.InteropServices
and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework. Access to other functionality is achieved
using the P/Invoke feature.
Language independence
.NET Framework introduces a Common Type System (CTS) that defines all possible data types and
programming constructs supported by CLR and how they may or may not interact with each other conforming
to CLI specification. Because of this feature, .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object
instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming .NET language.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CLI_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_typehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Type_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Reflectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_C%2B%2Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Formshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework_Class_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Runtimehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-sourcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_namehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_key -
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Portability
While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, it has
engineered the framework to be platform-agnostic,[35]and cross-platform implementations are available for
other operating systems (see Silverlight and Alternative implementations). Microsoft submitted the
specifications for CLI (which includes the core class libraries, CTS, and CIL), [36][37][38]C#,[39]and
C++/CLI
[40]
to both ECMA and ISO, making them available as official standards. This makes it possible forthird parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.
Security
.NET Framework has its own security mechanism with two general features: Code Access Security (CAS), and
validation and verification. CAS is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically the
evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from
the intranet or Internet). CAS uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other code can
demand that calling code be granted a specified permission. The demand causes CLR to perform a call stack
walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission if any assembly isnot granted the permission a security exception is thrown.
Managed CIL bytecode is easier to reverse-engineer than native code, unless obfuscated.[41][42]NET
decompiler programs enable developers with no reverse-engineering skills to view the source code behind
unobfuscated .NET assemblies. In contrast, apps compiled to native machine code are much harder to reverse-
engineer, and source code is almost never produced successfully, mainly because of compiler optimizations and
lack of reflection. One concern is over possible loss of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control
mechanisms. To mitigate this, Microsoft has included Dotfuscator Community Edition with Visual Studio .NET
since 2002.
[b]
Third-party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as vmware, V.i. Labs,Xenocode, and Red Gate Software. Method-level encryption tools for .NET code are available from vendors
such as SafeNet.
Memory management
CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done) it handles
memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed. Instantiations of .NET types
(objects) are allocated from the managed heap a pool of memory managed by CLR. As long as there exists a
reference to an object, which might be either a direct reference to an object or via a graph of objects, the object
is considered to be in use. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannot be reached or used, itbecomes garbage, eligible for collection.
.NET Framework includes a garbage collector (GC) which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the
application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them. It is a
non-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. GC runs only when a certain amount of
memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when
the conditions to reclaim memory are reached, GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NET application has a set
of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap (managed objects). These include references to
static objects and objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, as well as objects
referred to by CPU registers.[43]When GC runs, it pauses the application and then, for each object referred to
in the root, it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as
reachable. It uses CLI metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then
recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection#Na.C3.AFve_mark-and-sweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(data_structure)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeNethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Gate_Softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocodehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.i._Labshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vmwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Studio_.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotfuscatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscated_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering#Reverse_engineering_of_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Access_Securityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight -
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using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable are garbage.[43]This is the markphase.[44]Since the
memory held by garbage is not of any consequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of
free space between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then compactedtogether to make
free space on the managed heap contiguous again.[43][44]Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the
object is updated by GC to reflect the new location.[44]The application is resumed after the garbage collection
is over. The latest version of .NET framework uses concurrent garbage collection along with user code, making
pauses unnoticeable, because it is done in background.[45]
GC used by .NET Framework is alsogenerational.[46]Objects are assigned ageneration newly created
objects belong to Generation 0. The objects that survive a garbage collection are tagged as Generation 1, and
the Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are Generation 2objects. .NET Framework uses up to
Generation 2 objects.[46]Higher generation objects are garbage collected less frequently than lower generation
objects. This helps increase the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend to have a longer lifetime
than newer objects.[46]Thus, by eliminating older (and thus more likely to survive a collection) objects from the
scope of a collection run, fewer objects need to be checked and compacted. [46]
Simplified deployment
.NET Framework includes design features and tools which help manage the installation of computer software to
ensure that it does not interfere with previously installed software, and that it conforms to security requirements.
Performance
When an application is first launched, the .NET Framework compiles the CIL code into executable code using
its just-in-time compiler, and caches the executable program into the .NET Native Image Cache.[47][48]
Due tocaching, the application launches faster for subsequent launches, although the first launch is usually slower. To
increase speed of the first launch, developers may use the Native Image Generator utility to manually compile
and cache any .NET application, ahead-of-time.[48]
The garbage collector, which is integrated into the environment, can introduce unanticipated delays of execution
over which the developer has little direct control. "In large applications, the number of objects that the garbage
collector needs to deal with can become very large, which means it can take a very long time to visit and
rearrange all of them."[49]
.NET Framework provides support for calling Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) via managed code from April2014 in Visual Studio 2013 Update 2. However, Mono has provided support for SIMD Extensions as of
version 2.2 within the Mono.Simd namespace before. Mono's lead developer Miguel de Icaza has expressed
hope that this SIMD support will be adopted by CLR's ECMA standard.[50]Streaming SIMD Extensions have
been available in x86 CPUs since the introduction of the Pentium III. Some other architectures such as ARM
and MIPS also have SIMD extensions. In case the CPU lacks support for those extensions, the instructions are
simulated in software.
Licensing
Components of .NET Framework are licensed as follows:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icazahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahead-of-timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Image_Generatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)#Generational -
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Component License
.NET Core
CoreFX and CoreCLR MIT License[51]
.NET Micro Framework Apache License 2.0[52]
.NET Compiler Platform (codename "Roslyn") Apache License 2.0[53]
ASP.NET Apache License 2.0[54]
ASP.NET Web Stack Apache License 2.0[55]
ASP.NET Ajax Control Toolkit BSD License[56]
ASP.NET SignalR Apache License 2.0[57]
Entity Framework Apache License 2.0[58]
NuGet Apache License 2.0[59]
Reference source code of .NET Framework 4.5 and earlierMicrosoft Reference License (Ms-RSL[a]
)[7][60]
Reference source code of .NET Framework 4.6 MIT License[61]
.NET Framework redistributable package Proprietary software[62]
Alternative implementations
.NET Framework is the predominant implementation of .NET technologies. Other implementations for parts of
the framework exist. Although the runtime engine is described by an ECMA/ISO specification, other
implementations of it may be encumbered by patent issues ISO standards may include the disclaimer, "Attentionis drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights."[63]It is more difficult to develop
alternatives to FCL, which is not described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright restrictions.
Additionally, parts of FCL have Windows-specific functionality and behavior, so implementation on non-
Windows platforms can be problematic.
Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here.
.NET Micro Framework is a .NET platform for extremely resource-constrained devices. It includes a
small version of CLR and supports development in C# (though some developers were able to use
VB.NET,[64]albeit with an amount of hacking, and with limited functionalities) and debugging (in an
emulator or on hardware), both using Microsoft Visual Studio. It also features a subset of .NET
Framework Class Library (about 70 classes with about 420 methods), a GUI framework loosely based
on WPF, and additional libraries specific to embedded applications.
Mono is an implementation of CLI and FCL, and provides additional functionality. It is dual-licensed
under free software and proprietary software licenses. It includes support for ASP.NET, ADO.NET, and
Windows Forms libraries for a wide range of architectures and operating systems. It also includes C# and
VB.NET compilers.
Portable.NET (part of DotGNU) provides an implementation of CLI, portions of FCL, and a C#compiler. It supports a variety of CPUs and operating systems.
Microsoft Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure is a non-free implementation of CLR.
However, the last version only runs on Microsoft Windows XP SP2, and has not been updated since
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_source#Microsoft_Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Common_Language_Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DotGNUhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-licensinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VB.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reference_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuGethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_Licensehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NEThttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Compiler_Platformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License_2.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Micro_Frameworkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License -
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2006, therefore it does not contain all features of version 2.0 of .NET Framework.
CrossNet[65]is an implementation of CLI and portions of FCL. It is free software using the open source
MIT License.
Notes
a. The license has previously been abbreviated Ms-RL, but Ms-RL now refers to the Microsoft Reciprocal
License.
b. Dotfuscator Community Edition 4.0
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Wikibooks has a book on
the topic of:.NET
Development Foundation
Wikiversity has learning
materials about
Introduction to
Microsoft.NET
External links
Official website (http://www.microsoft.com/net)
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(https://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/) on MSDN
Library
.NET Framework Index
(http://dotnetindex.appspot.com/home.html)
Overview of .NET Framework (MSDN)
(https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zw4w595w.aspx)
.NET Framework FAQ (http://www.dotnetcodes.com/frmArticlesTyp.aspx?
Cat=Interview%20Questions)
.NET Github repository (https://github.com/Microsoft/dotnet)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.NET_Framework&oldid=706615277"
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