Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions

Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is a somatic sense? A) smell B) taste C) touch D) sound E) sight Answer: c Level: 1 2. If you feel someone touch you on the shoulder, the person has stimulated a(n) ____ sense. A) special B) somatic C) visceral D) undifferentiated E) none of the above Answer: b Level: 2 3. When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking? A) special B) somatic C) visceral D) autonomic E) nonspecialized Answer: a Level: 1 4. Which of the following is a visceral sense modality? A) pain B) touch C) temperature D) proprioception E) balance Answer: a Level: 1 5. Vision is dependent upon A) chemoreceptors.

B) photoreceptors. C) thermoreceptors. D) mechanoreceptors. E) nociceptors Answer: b Level: 1 6. Mechanoreceptors respond to A) compression of receptors. B) irritation of nerve endings. C) light striking the receptors. D) binding of molecules to membrane receptors E) a change in temperature. Answer: a Level: 1 7. A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called A) adaptation. B) projection. C) translation. D) perception. E) inclination. Answer: d Level: 1 8. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) visceroreceptors - associated with organs B) adaptation - decreased sensitivity to continued stimulus C) projection - sensation is perceived at the site of the stimulus D) proprioceptors - information about body position E) exteroreceptors - associated with the viscera Answer: e Level: 1 9. The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called A) exteroreceptors. B) internoreceptors. C) visceroreceptors. D) proprioceptors. E) appendoreceptors. Answer: c Level: 1 10. Free nerve endings respond to A) temperature change and pain.

B) pressure and vibration. C) light touch and two-point discrimination. D) temperature change and pressure. E) chemicals. Answer: a Level: 1 11. When a person is blindfolded, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects? A) A person must be able to see what they are holding in order to perceive temperature. B) Temperatures above 37 degrees centigrade actually stimulate the cold receptors. C) Pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects. D) Most temperature receptors cannot differentiate hot from cold. E) Pain receptors are inhibited by both very hot and very cold objects. Answer: c Level: 2 12. Which of the following is mismatched? A) Merkel's disks - light touch B) Pacinian corpuscle - vibration C) Meissner's corpuscles - two-point discrimination D) Ruffini's end organs - temperature E) hair follicle receptors – slight bending of the hair Answer: d Level: 1 13. Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are A) muscle spindles. B) Pacinian corpuscles. C) Ruffini's end organs. D) Golgi tendon organs. E) Merkel’s disks. Answer: a Level: 1 14. Receptors responsible for the control of muscle contractions are A) muscle spindles. B) Pacinian corpuscles. C) Ruffini's end organs. D) Golgi tendon organs. E) Meissner’s corpuscles. Answer: d Level: 1 15. Pacinian corpuscles respond to A) an increase in tendon tension. B) deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.

C) stretch and tension. D) temperature and pain. E) light touch. Answer: b Level: 1 16. The ability to localize the position of body parts is called A) two-point discrimination. B) proprioception. C) fine touch. D) light touch. E) perception. Answer: b Level: 1 17. The _________ _________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involve in _____________ ___________ touch. A) Merkel’s disks; very deep B) Pacinian corpuscles; very light C) Muscle spindles; fine proprioceptive D) Golgi organs; limited awareness E) Meissner’s corpuscles; two-point discrimination Answer: e Level: 1 18. Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called A) adaptation. B) projection. C) translation. D) conduction. E) phantom pain. Answer: a Level: 1 19. Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord? A) lateral spinothalamic tract B) fasciculus gracilis C) lateral corticospinal tract D) tectospinal tract E) corticospinal tract Answer: a Level: 1 20. Lesions on one side of the spinal cord cut the lateral spinothalamic tract and eliminate A) sensations of touch from both sides below the level of injury. B) proprioception on the same side of the body below the level of the injury.

C) pain sensations on the opposite side of the body below the level of injury. D) sensations of itching on the opposite side of the body below the level of the injury. E) sensations of tickle on the same side of the body below the level of injury. Answer: c Level: 2 21. In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the A) receptor to the spinal cord. B) receptor to the brain. C) spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus. D) thalamus to the cerebral cortex. E) spinal cord to cerebellum. Answer: c Level: 1 22. The portion of the dorsal column medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the A) nucleus gracilis. B) nucleus cuneatus. C) fasciculus gracilis. D) fasciculus cuneatus. E) fasciculus nucleus. Answer: c Level: 1 23. The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us A) perceive pain. B) locate position of body parts. C) sense temperature. D) move our arms and legs. E) write a sentence. Answer: b Level: 1 24. Which of the following is mismatched? A) spinotectal tract - visual reflexes B) spinoolivary tract - balance C) spinoreticular tract - pain D) spinocerebellar tract - proprioception E) spinocerebellar tract – comparator function Answer: c Level: 1 25. The gate control theory of pain says that pain impulses traveling through the lateral spinothalamic tract can be suppressed by increased activity of the A) anterior spinothalamic tract.

B) tertiary neurons. C) extrapyramidal tracts. D) dorsal column medial lemniscal system. E) spinocerebellar tracts. Answer: d Level: 1 26. Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called A) chronic pain. B) phantom pain C) referred pain. D) gate pain. E) ghost pain. Answer: b Level: 1 27. When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called A) referred pain. B) central sensitization. C) peripheral sensitization. D) cumulative sensitization. E) phantom pain. Answer: b Level: 1 28. The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in A) the postcentral gyrus B) the precentral gyrus C) the prefrontal gyrus D) the central sulcus E) the superior temporal gyrus Answer: a Level: 1 29. The size of various regions of the somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the _______ sensory receptors in that area of the body. A) size of B) location of C) number of D) size of muscles in E) position of the Answer: c Level: 1 30. During brain surgery, the superior portion of the somatic sensory cortex of a patient is

stimulated. The patient is most likely to A) flex his fingers. B) talk to the surgeon. C) smile. D) feel something touching his hand. E) wiggle his toes. Answer: d Level: 2 31. Which of the following functions is most likely to be performed by the visual association area? A) "recognizes" the face of a close friend B) "sees" the shape of the visual image C) "senses" pain impulses D) "moves" the eyes E) “sees” color Answer: a Level: 2 32. The conscious perception of cutaneous sensations occurs in the cerebral cortex, but these sensations are perceived as if they were on the surface of the body. This is called A) association. B) perception. C) projection. D) integration. E) localization Answer: c Level: 1 33. The primary motor area A) contains sensory neurons for the face in its inferior portion. B) contains a smaller area for control of the hands than for control of the legs. C) contains neurons that control smooth muscle. D) contains more motor neurons for the thighs than the mouth. E) contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow. Answer: e Level: 2 34. Upper motor neurons A) are found in the visual cortex. B) control skeletal muscles. C) are responsible for planning voluntary movements. D) are located in the prefrontal area. E) control smooth muscle. Answer: b

Level: 1 35. If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the A) association neurons. B) premotor neurons. C) postmotor neurons. D) sensory neurons. E) sensory receptors. Answer: b Level: 1 36. Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in A) the postcentral gyrus. B) the precentral gyrus. C) the prefrontal area. D) Broca's area. E) the central sulcus. Answer: c Level: 1 37. If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action. A) visual cortex B) premotor area C) prefrontal area D) auditory association area E) visual association area Answer: b Level: 1 38. Wernicke's area is necessary for A) motivation. B) understanding and formulating coherent speech. C) initiating the muscular movements of speech. D) processing visual images. E) smiling. Answer: b Level: 1 39. Damage to Wernicke's area would result in A) facial paralysis. B) facial tics. C) aphasia. D) "seeing stars". E) apraxia. Answer: c

Level: 2 40. If Broca's area is damaged, the result is A) loss of memory. B) impairment in the movement of the right leg. C) blindness. D) hesitant and distorted speech. E) inability to think of things to say. Answer: d Level: 1 41. A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the A) patient cannot voluntarily move his right arm or leg. B) patient feels no sensations on the left side of his body. C) patient cannot voluntarily move his left eye. D) patient's heart stops beating. E) patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg. Answer: e Level: 2 42. Various areas of the cortex form functional pathways to conduct action potentials necessary to perform specific functions. Arrange the areas below in proper sequence to accomplish reading a poem aloud: 1. visual association area 2. premotor area 3. Broca's area 4. primary motor area 5. Wernicke's area 6. visual cortex A) 1, 6, 5, 3, 4, 2 B) 6, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 C) 6, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 D) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 3 E) 5, 4, 3, 6, 1, 2 Answer: b Level: 2 43. Which of the cortical areas listed below is most likely to be stimulated first when repeating a word you just heard spoken? A) auditory association area B) Broca's area C) primary motor area D) primary auditory cortex E) Wernicke’s area. Answer: d

Level: 2 44. Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true? A) Most descending pathways control sensory functions. B) Many of the descending pathways decussate in the midbrain. C) Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons. D) Descending pathways must synapse in the thalamus. E) These pathways start in the spinal cord and end in the brain. Answer: c Level: 1 45. Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord? A) fasciculus gracilis B) corticospinal tract C) spinothalamic tract D) spinoreticular tract E) trigeminothalamic tract Answer: b Level: 1 46. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) corticospinal tract - movements, especially the hands B) corticobulbar tract - movements in the head and neck C) rubrospinal tract - two-point discrimination D) vestibulospinal tract - maintains upright posture E) reticulospinal - maintenance of posture Answer: c Level: 1 47. Indicate the order of each of the following in a descending pathway. 1. cerebral cortex 2. pyramids 3. cerebral peduncles 4. internal capsule A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 4, 2 C) 1, 3, 2, 4 D) 2, 4, 3, 1 E) 1, 4, 3, 2 Answer: e Level: 2 48. Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the A) rubrospinal and corticospinal. B) spinothalamic and tectospinal.

C) vestibulospinal and rubrospinal. D) corticobulbar and vestibulospinal. E) corticospinal and corticobulbar Answer: c Level: 1 49. The extrapyramidal system A) controls the speed of skilled movements. B) maintains control of unconscious movements. C) interprets cutaneous perception. D) projects sensory information from the medulla to the cerebrum. E) control facial expression, mastication, and tongue movements. Answer: b Level: 1 50. Which of the following result when the spinal cord is hemitransected (cut) on the left side? 1. loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the left side 2. loss of pain and thermal sensations below the injury on the right side 3. loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on the left side 4. loss of fine touch and pressure sensations below the injury on right side 5. loss of fine motor control on the right side below the injury 6. loss of fine motor control on the left side below the injury A) 1, 3, 5 B) 2, 4, 6 C) 2, 3, 6 D) 1, 3, 4, 6 E) 1, 4, 5, 6 Answer: c Level: 3 51. Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause A) loss of memory. B) uncontrolled rage. C) fluent but circular speech. D) a slight shaking of the hands or head. E) loss of sensation. Answer: d Level: 1 52. The cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares A) the incoming sensory stimuli with the outgoing sensory stimuli. B) intended movements with actual movements. C) spinal cord activity with the activity of the cerebrum. D) the right cerebellar hemisphere with the left cerebellar hemisphere. E) and coordinates rapid, complex movements like figure skating.

Answer: b Level: 1 53. A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: 1. inability to maintain balance while walking 2. normal intelligence 3. can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated. 4. decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the A) midbrain. B) cerebellum. C) basal ganglia. D) cerebral cortex. E) brainstem. Answer: b Level: 3 54. Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum? A) loss of general sensation B) balance impairment C) no heartbeat D) great sex drive E) no conscious thought Answer: b Level: 2 55. Which transmitter substance has been implicated in Parkinson's disease? A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) serotonin D) GABA E) acetylcholine Answer: b Level: 1 56. The brainstem A) includes nuclei of cranial nerves II – XII. B) contains centers for several vital reflexes like heart rate and blood pressure. C) contains the reticular formation. D) contains nuclei for vomiting and sneezing reflexes. E) all of the above Answer: e Level: 1 57. The right cerebral hemisphere A) receives sensory input from the left side of the body.

B) is the dominant hemisphere for speech in most people. C) tends to be smaller than the left cerebral hemisphere. D) contains no association areas. E) is not connected to the left cerebral hemisphere. Answer: a Level: 1 58. Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people? A) motor control of left side of the body B) mathematics and speech C) spatial perception D) recognition of faces E) musical ability Answer: b Level: 1 59. Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people? A) adding numbers B) reciting the Gettysburg address C) painting a watercolor landscape D) using a calculator E) making a household budget Answer: c Level: 1 60. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) left cerebral hemisphere - analytical hemisphere B) left cerebral hemisphere - speech area for most of the population C) right cerebral hemisphere - recognition of faces D) left cerebral hemisphere - spatial perception E) left cerebral hemisphere – mathematical hemisphere Answer: d Level: 1 61. A person suffering a stroke in the right parietal lobe may lose the ability to recognize faces. This is called A) aphasia. B) aprexia. C) athetosis. D) amorphosynthesis. E) incoherency. Answer: d Level: 1 62. The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are _____ waves.

A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta E) gamma Answer: a Level: 1 63. Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are ____ waves. A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta E) kappa Answer: b Level: 1 64. In short-term memory, A) information is retained for less than a second. B) the frontal lobe plays the most important role. C) the limit to information stored is approximately 20 bits. D) when new information is presented, old information is eliminated. E) about 12 bits of information can be stored. Answer: d Level: 1 65. Long-term memory may involve A) an influx of potassium ions into the neuron. B) activating substance P. C) a change in the shape of the neuron's cytoskeleton. D) forming a nerve plexus. E) rearranging neurons in the brain. Answer: c Level: 1 66. A series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a thought is called A) an EEG. B) a brain wave. C) a memory engram. D) short-term memory. E) a memory trace. Answer: c Level: 1 67. A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased A) sensory memory.

B) Pavlovian reflexes. C) procedural memory. D) declarative memory. E) short term memory. Answer: d Level: 2 68. Procedural memory is stored primarily in the A) hippocampus and amygdala. B) central sulcus and Wernicke's area. C) cerebellum and premotor area of cerebral cortex. D) temporal lobe and frontal lobe. E) pons and midbrain. Answer: c Level: 1 69. A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because A) short-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory. B) he lost both sensory and short-term memory. C) long-term memory had not been converted to sensory memory. D) he lost long-term memory. E) none of the above Answer: b Level: 2 70. Which of the following is an example of procedural or reflexive memory? A) remembering your name B) riding a bicycle C) locating Russia on a globe D) being afraid of snakes E) reciting a poem Answer: b Level: 2 71. Lesions of the limbic system might result in A) a voracious appetite. B) enhanced fear and anger responses. C) decreased sexual activity. D) loss of coordination. E) loss of sensation. Answer: a Level: 1 72. As the nervous system ages A) reflexes become faster.

B) cutaneous sensation becomes more acute. C) blood pressure decreases. D) reflexes become slower. E) size and weight of the brain increases. Answer: d Level: 1 Refer to the following figure for questions 73-77.

73. Label area “A” on the cerebral cortex. A) visual cortex B) primary motor cortex C) primary somatic sensory cortex D) motor speech area (Broca’s area) E) sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) Answer: b Level: 1 74. Label area “B” on the cerebral cortex. A) visual cortex B) primary motor cortex C) primary somatic sensory cortex D) motor speech area (Broca’s area) E) sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) Answer: c Level: 1 75. Label area “C” on the cerebral cortex. A) visual cortex B) primary motor cortex C) primary somatic sensory cortex D) motor speech area (Broca’s area) E) sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) Answer: d

Level: 1 76. Label area “D” on the cerebral cortex. A) visual cortex B) primary motor cortex C) primary somatic sensory cortex D) motor speech area (Broca’s area) E) sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) Answer: e Level: 1 77. Label area “E” on the cerebral cortex. A) visual cortex B) primary motor cortex C) primary somatic sensory cortex D) motor speech area (Broca’s area) E) sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) Answer: a Level: 1 For questions 78 to 81 match the following types of brain waves with their appropriate description. A) usually occur in children or in adults experiencing frustration B) observed in a person who is awake, quiet, and resting, with eyes closed C) occur in deep sleep, infancy and patients with brain disorders D) occur during intense mental activity 78. alpha waves Answer: b Level: 1 79. beta waves Answer: d Level: 1 80. theta waves Answer: a Level: 1 81. delta waves Answer: c Level: 1 For questions 82 to 86 match the following terms with their definitions. A) the part of the brain involved in the actual declarative memory B) the largest of the cerebral commissures

C) an enzyme that causes degradation of dendritic cytoskeletons D) a series of neurons involved in long-term memory E) a part of the temporal lobe involved in adding emotional overtones to a memory 82. calpain Answer: c Level: 1 83. memory engram Answer: d Level: 1 84. hippocampus Answer: a Level: 1 85. amygdala Answer: e Level: 1 86. corpus callosum Answer: b Level: 1 For questions 87 to 92 match the sensation with the appropriate receptor type. A) mechanoreceptors B) thermoreceptors C) nociceptors D) chemoreceptors E) photoreceptors 87. pain Answer: c Level: 1 88. smell Answer: d Level: 1 89. sight Answer: e Level: 1 90. proprioception Answer: a Level: 1

91. temperature Answer: b Level: 1 92. touch Answer: a Level: 1 For questions 93 to 97 match the following sense receptors with the appropriate function. A) important in responding to continuous touch or pressure B) involved in fine and discriminative touch C) respond to deep cutaneous vibration and pressure D) respond to slight bending of the hair E) respond to both light touch and superficial pressure 93. Merkel's disks Answer: e Level: 1 94. hair follicle receptors Answer: d Level: 1 95. Pacinian corpuscles Answer: c Level: 1 96. Meissner's corpuscles Answer: b Level: 1 97. Ruffini's end organs Answer: a Level: 1

Fill in the Blank 98. The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called _________. Answer: perception Level: 1 99. The sense of taste is an example of a _________ sense. Answer: special Level: 1

100. _________ are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue. Answer: proprioceptors Level: 1 101. The simplest and most common type of sensory nerve endings are _________. Answer: free nerve endings Level: 1 102. The sensory speech area is __________ area. Answer: Wernicke's Level: 1 103. The ability to detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin is called __________. Answer: two-point discrimination Level: 1 104. The motor speech area is ___________ area. Answer: Broca’s Level: 1 105. Cutaneous sensations, although integrated within the cerebrum, are perceived as though they were on the surface of the skin. This is called ______________. Answer: projection Level: 1 106. Pain receptors are also called ____________. Answer: nociceptors Level: 1

Essay Questions 107. Explain why the absence of a properly functioning corpus callosum might result in impaired learning of tasks that require coordination of both limbs. Answer: The corpus callosum allows sensory and motor information from one hemisphere to be shared with the other hemisphere. To perform tasks that require coordination of both limbs, each side of the cerebral cortex needs to know what the other side is doing or planning to do. If the corpus callosum is cut, tactile information from the left hand could not enter the left hemisphere, which controls the right hand. As a result, the right hand would not receive any information of how to respond in relation to the movement of the left hand. Level: 3 108. Speculate why a man might mistake his wife for a hat. Answer: The visual association cortex compares the present visual information to past visual

information (Have I seen this before?) and decides whether or not the input is recognized and the significance of that input. Damage in this area could cause one object to be mistaken for another (for instance, wife for hat). Influence from another area, especially the frontal lobe, could also affect how the visual association cortex "recognizes" or identifies objects and assist in this error in identification. Level: 3