Nervous System
Transcript of Nervous System
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Major division -Central vs. Peripheral
Central or CNS-brain and spinal cord
Peripheral- nerves connecting CNS to muscles and organs
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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3 kinds of neurons connect
CNS to the body
• sensory
• motor
• interneurons
Motor - CNS to muscles and
organs
Sensory - sensory receptors
to CNS
Interneurons: Connections
Within CNS
SpinalCord
Brain
Nerves
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Skeletal
(Somatic)
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Autonomic
Peripheral Nervous System
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Nerves to/from spinal
cord
• control muscle
movements
• somatosensory inputs
Both Voluntary and
reflex movements
Skeletal Reflexes
• simplest is spinal
reflex arc
Muscle
Motor
Neuron
Interneuron
Skin receptors
Sensory
Neuron
Brain
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Two divisions:• sympathetic
• Parasympatheitic
Control involuntary functions• heartbeat
• blood pressure
• respiration
• perspiration
• digestion
Can be influenced by thought and
emotion
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“ Fight or flight” response
Release adrenaline and
noradrenaline
Increases heart rate and
blood pressure
Increases blood flow to
skeletal muscles
Inhibits digestive functions
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
Spinal
cord
SYMPATHETIC
Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heartbeat
Inhibits activity
Stimulates glucose
Secretion of adrenaline,nonadrenaline
Relaxes bladder
Stimulates ejaculationin male
Sympathetic
ganglia
Salivaryglands
Lungs
Heart
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Adrenalgland
Kidney
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“ Rest and digest
” system
Calms body to
conserve and
maintain energy
Lowers heartbeat,
breathing rate,
blood pressure
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain
PARASYMPATHETIC
Spinal
cord
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Slows heartbeat
Stimulates activity
Contracts bladder
Stimulates erectionof sex organs
Stimulates gallbladder
Gallbladder
Contracts pupil
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Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decrease secretion
of stress hormones
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Brain and Spinal Cord
SpinalCord
Brain
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sensory
neuronerelay
neurone
motor
neurone
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Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)
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Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.
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Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH
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http://www.bbc.co
.uk/science/huma
nbody/body/inter
actives/organs/br
ainmap/index.sht
ml
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http://www.jellinek.nl/brain/index
.html
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Left & Right sides are
separate
Corpus Callosum : major
pathway between
hemispheres
Some functions are
„lateralized‟
• language on left
• math, music on right
Lateralization is never 100%
Left
Hemisphere
Corpus CallosumRight
Hemisphere
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LEFT HEMISPHERE
FUNCTIONS
RIGHT HEMISPHERE
FUNCTIONS
Connected to right side of the
body.Connected to left side of the body
Integrates many inputs at once Deals with inputs one at a time.
Processes information in a linear
fashion
Processes information more
diffusely and simultaneously.
Deals with time. Deals with space.
Responsible for verbal expressionResponsible for gestures, facial
movements and body language.
Responsible for arithmetic
operations
Responsible for relational and
mathematical operations
Specializes in recognizing words
and numbers
Specializes in recognizing places,
faces, objects, and music.
Does logical and analytical
thinking.Does intuitive and holistic thinking.
The seat of reason. The seat of passion and dreams.
Crucial side for wordsmiths and
engineers
Crucial side for artists,
craftspeople, and musicians
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http://mrhardy.wi
kispaces.com/End
ocrine+system.swf
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Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
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Principle is
Contralateral
Organization
Sensory data crosses
over in pathways
leading to the cortex
Visual Crossover• left visual field to right hemisphere
• right field to left
Other senses similar
Left visual
field
Right visual
field
Opticnerves
CorpusCallosum
Left VisualCortex
Right VisualCortex
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Movements
controled by
motor area
Right hemisphere
controls left side of
body
Left hemisphere
controls right side
Motor nerves cross
sides in spinal
cord
Somatosensory CortexMotor Cortex
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Major ( but not only) pathway
between sides
Connects comparable
structures on each side
Permits data received on one
side to be processed in both
hemispheres
Aids motor coordination of left
and right side
Corpus Callosum
Medial surface of right hemisphere
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What happens when the corpus callosum
is cut?
Sensory inputs are still crossed
Motor outputs are still crossed
Hemispheres can‟t exchange data
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Surgery for
epilepsy : cut the
corpus callosum
Roger Sperry,
1960‟s
Special apparatus• picture input to just one side
of brain
• screen blocks objects on
table from view
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left
hemisphere
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Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left
hemisphere
??
“What did
you see?”
Picture to left
brain• can name the object
• left hand cannot identify by
touch
Picture to right brain
can’t name the object
left hand can identify
by touch
“Using your left hand,
Pick up what you saw.”
I saw an
apple.
“What did
you see?”
Nonverbal
right
hemisphere
Verbal
left
hemisphere
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Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
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Input from Optic nerve
Contains primary
visual cortex
• most is on surface
inside central fissure
Outputs to parietal and
temporal lobes
Occipital
Lobe
Visual
Lobe
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Inputs are auditory, visual
patterns
• speech recognition
• face recognition
• word recognition
• memory formation
Outputs to limbic System,
basal Ganglia, and brainstem
Contains primary
auditory cortex
Temporal
Lobe
Temporal
Lobe
Auditory
Cortex
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Parietal
Lobe
Somatosensory
Cortex
Inputs from multiple senses
contains primary
somatosensory cortex
borders visual &
auditory cortex
Outputs to Frontal lobe
hand-eye coordination
eye movements
attention
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Frontal
Lobe
Contains primary motor cortex
Motor
Cortex
Motor
CortexBroca’s
Area
Motor
CortexWorking
Memory
No direct sensory input
Important planning and
sequencing areas
Broca’s area for speech
Prefrontal area for
working memory
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Major structures of the
nervous• CNS, Somatic, Autonomic
• Two hemispheres & 4 lobes
Organization• contralateral input & output
• primary sensory areas
• motor areas
• Commissure
Localization of functionsCentral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
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http://www.gillettechildrens.org/fileUpl
oad/BrainMap.swf
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/anima
tions/brainanatomy.swf
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_01/i_
01_cr/i_01_cr_ana/i_01_cr_ana_1a.swf