NERVOUS SYSTEMthexgene.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/3/31333379/lec.6... · 2019-08-19 · NERVOUS...
Transcript of NERVOUS SYSTEMthexgene.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/3/31333379/lec.6... · 2019-08-19 · NERVOUS...
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Jhia Anjela D. Rivera1,2
1Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines
2Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Centro Escolar University
NERVOUS SYSTEM
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions:• Sensory input - Sensory receptors monitor numerous external and internal
stimuli
• Integration - processing sensory input and initiating responses
• Control of muscles and glands - controls the major movements of the body through the control of skeletal muscle, internal gland movements
• Homeostasis - regulatory and coordinating activities
• Mental activity - brain is the center of mental activities, including consciousness, thinking, memory, and emotions
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DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERALNERVOUS SYSTEM
SENSORY DIVISION
MOTOR DIVISION AUTONOMIC MNS
SOMATIC MNSSYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
ENTERIC
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DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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SOMATIC VS AUTONOMIC
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• composed of the brain and spinal cord
• develop from the neural tube in the embryo
• brain is located within the skull, and the spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal, formed by the vertebrae
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• composed of all nervous structures outside the CNS that connect the CNS to the body
• consists of the spinal and cranial nerves, visceral nerves and plexuses, and the enteric system
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
a. Brainb. The Meningesc. The Hemispheresd. The Interior of the Cerebrume. The Inter-Brainf. The Midbraing. The Structure of the Cerebrumh. The Cerebellumi. The Pons Varollij. The Medulla Oblongata
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BRAIN
Parts of the brain during development (rostral (cranial) to caudal):
1. Telencephalon (cerebrum)
2. Diencephalon
3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
4. Metencephalon
5. Myencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)
• becomes the large cerebral hemispheres
• surface of these hemispheres consists of elevations (gyri) and depressions (sulci)
• hemispheres are partially separated by a deep longitudinal fissure
• fills the area of the skull above the tentorium cerebelli and is subdivided into lobes based on position
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DIENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)
• hidden from view in the adult brain by the cerebral hemispheres
• consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and other related structures
• classically is considered to be the most rostral part of the brainstem
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MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)
• first part of the brainstem
• located at the junction between and in both the middle and posterior cranial fossae
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METENCEPHALON
• gives rise to the cerebellum (consisting of two lateral hemispheres and a midline part in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium cerebelli) and the pons (anterior to the cerebellum, and is a bulging part of the brainstem in the most anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa against the clivus and dorsum sellae)
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MYELENCEPHALON (MEDULLA OBLONGATA)
• caudalmost part of the brainstem, ends at the foramen magnum or the uppermost rootlets of the first cervical nerve and to which cranial nerves VI to XII are attached
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MENINGES
• three layers of membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord
• a tough, outer layer (the dura mater), a delicate, middle layer (the arachnoid mater), and an inner layer firmly attached to the surface of the brain (the pia mater).
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CRANIAL MENINGES
• CRANIAL DURA MATER - thick, tough, outer covering of the brain; consists of an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer• Periosteal layer - firmly attached to the skull; periosteum of the cranial cavity,
contains the meningeal arteries, and is continuous with the periosteum on the outer surface of the skull at the foramen magnum and other intracranial foramina
• Meningeal layer - close contact with the arachnoid mater and is continuous with the spinal dura mater through the foramen magnum
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MENINGES
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CRANIAL MENINGES
• ARACHNOID MATER - a thin, avascular membrane that lines, but is not adherent to, the inner surface of the dura mater; its inner surface thin processes or trabeculae extend downward, cross the subarachnoid space, and become continuous with the pia mater.
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CRANIAL MENINGES
• PIA MATER - a thin, delicate membrane that closely invests the surface of the brain; follows the contours of the brain, entering the grooves and fissures on its surface, and is closely applied to the roots of the cranial nerves at their origins
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HEMISPHERES
• LEFT HEMISPHERE• Does all the talking
• Repository of language
• Processes many aspects of language: syntax, semantics, etc.
• Does the job for analytical skills, math, logic
• RIGHT HEMISPHERE• mainly concerned with visuospatial tasks
• nonverbal communication: interprets more subtle aspects of language - metaphor, allegory, ambiguity
• also concerned with emotions, intuition
• global holistic aspects of sensory processing
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HEMISPHERES
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CEREBRUM
• largest part of the brain
• divided into left and right hemispheres by longitudinal fissure
• Has (gyri) numerous folds, which increase the surface area of the cortex and intervening grooves (sulci)
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LOBES OF THE BRAIN
• FRONTAL LOBE• Personality, behavior, emotions, judgment, planning, problem solving, speech
(speaking and writing (Broca’s Area), body movement (motor strip), intelligence, concentration and self-awareness
• PARIETAL LOBE• Interprets language, words, sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip),
interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory, spatial and visual perception
• OCCIPITAL LOBE• Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
• TEMPORAL LOBE• Understanding language (Wernick’s Area), memory, hearing and sequencing and
organization
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CEREBRUM
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INTER-BRAIN• Hypothalamus
• Located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the master control of the autonomic system; plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep and sexual response, regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, secretion of hormones
• Pituitary Gland• Lies in a small pocket of bone at the skull base called sella turcica; connected to the hypothalamus of the
brain by pituitary stalk; known as “master gland”; controls other endocrine glands; secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth, respond to stress and fight disease
• Pineal Gland• Located behind the third ventricle; regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting
melatonin, has some role for sexual development
• Thalamus• Serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex; plays a role in pain
sensation, attention, alertness and memory
• Basal ganglia• Includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus,
• Limbic system• Center of our emotions, learning and memory; includes cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional
reactions) and hippocampus (memory)
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INTER-BRAIN
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INTER-BRAIN
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INTER-BRAIN
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MIDBRAIN• smallest region of the brainstem
• located just superior to the pons and contains the nuclei of cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and V (trigeminal)
• COLLICULI – dorsal part of the midbrain (4 mounds)• SUPERIOR COLLICULI - involved in visual reflexes, and receive touch input
• INFERIOR COLLICULI - involved in hearing and are an integral part of the auditory pathways in the CNS
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MIDBRAIN
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CEREBELLUM• Little brain
• attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons by several large connections called cerebellar peduncles
• Coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture and balance
• CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – connections that provide routes o f communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS
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PONS VAROLLI• part of the brainstem just superior to the medulla oblongata
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MEDULLA OBLANGATA• most inferior part of the brainstem
• continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord
• contains sensory and motor tracts; cranial nerve nuclei; other, related nuclei; and part of the reticular formation
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves that are linked to the
brain and the spinal cord
• contains sensory receptors which help in processing changes in the internal and external environment
• subdivided into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system (autonomic has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles & somatic has voluntary control of skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle)
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SPINAL NERVES• connected to the spinal cord by posterior and anterior roots
• POSTERIOR ROOT - contains the processes of sensory neurons carrying information to the CNS - the cell bodies of the sensory neurons, which are derived embryologically from neural crest cells, are clustered in a spinal ganglion at the distal end of the posterior root, usually in the intervertebral foramen
• ANTERIOR ROOT - contains motor nerve fibers, which carry signals away from the CNS—the cell bodies of the primary motor neurons are in anterior regions of the spinal cord.
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SPINAL NERVES
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SPINAL NERVES
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SPINAL NERVES NOMENCLATURE• eight cervical nerves—C1 to C8
• twelve thoracic nerves—T1 to T12
• five lumbar nerves—L1 to L5
• five sacral nerves—S1 to S5
• one coccygeal nerve—Co.
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SPINAL NERVES
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SPINAL NERVES
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PLEXUS• Intertwining of nerves, where nerves come together and then separate
• Cervical plexus (originates from C1-C4) – innervate several muscles attached to the hyoid bone, skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head [phrenic nerve:diaphragm]
• Brachial plexus (originates from C5-T1) – innervate upper limb and shoulder [axillarynerve: innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles & radial nerve:muscles &skin of posterior arm & forearm & ulnar nerve: muscles &skin of anterior arm & forearm & median nerve: muscles &skin of anterior arm & forearm and intrinsic hand muscles]
• Lumbosacral plexus (originates from L1-S4) – innervates the lower limb [obturatornerve: muscles of the medial thigh and the skin over the same region & femoral nerve: innervates anterior thigh muscles and the skin over the anterior thigh and medial side of the leg & tibial nerve: innervates the posterior thigh muscles & common fibular nerve: innervates the muscles of the lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles (tibial+fibular) sciatic nerve
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CERVICAL PLEXUS• (originates from C1-C4) – innervate several muscles attached to the hyoid
bone, skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head [phrenic nerve:diaphragm]
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS• (originates from C5-T1) – innervate upper limb and shoulder [axillary nerve:
innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles & radial nerve:muscles &skin of posterior arm & forearm & ulnar nerve: muscles &skin of anterior arm & forearm & median nerve: muscles &skin of anterior arm & forearm and intrinsic hand muscles]
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LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS • (originates from L1-S4) – innervates the lower limb [obturator nerve: muscles
of the medial thigh and the skin over the same region & femoral nerve: innervates anterior thigh muscles and the skin over the anterior thigh and medial side of the leg & tibial nerve: innervates the posterior thigh muscles & common fibular nerve: innervates the muscles of the lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles (tibial+fibular) sciatic nerve
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CRANIAL NERVES• 12 pairs of cranial nerves pass through foramina or fissures in the
cranial cavity
• All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain
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CRANIAL NERVES COMPONENTS
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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CRANIAL NERVES (FUNCTIONS)
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