Nepal and Tibet
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Transcript of Nepal and Tibet
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Nepal and Tibet
Ancient Architectural History
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Nepal
Influences: Geographical- 720km long x 240km in average breadth,
extending across the Himalayas and along the northern
border of India
- High mountains including Mount Everest
- Three old capitals: Katmandu, Patan and Bhatgaon
Historical and Social- bulk of population were Newars
and Gurkhas ( Tibetan-Mongol stock),
-Indigenous style in arts and architecture never
materialized because of Migrations and invasions from
India
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Influences
14th, 15th and early 18th C- arts flourished during the reign ofMulla Rajas
-1768: Gurkha Raja seized the empire. Rajput a Gurkhadynasty, Hindu by adoption and intermarriage ruled thecountry.
Religious:
-3rd C- Indian emperor Asoka brought Buddhism to the
valley of Nepal. Built stupas for commemoration.-5th ans 7th C- Buddhist and Hindu setllements were formed.
Conversions were made and monasteries formed
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Architectural Character
Exuberant decorative treatment of buildingsfrom India and China
Stupas, temples, picturesque townships and
intricate native craftsmanship Stupas : oldest monuments associated with
Asoka, Swayambunath and Bodnath both in
Katmandu Two kinds of Temples survived:
-Sikhara (Indian Influence)
-Pagoda ( Chinese Influence )
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Character
Monumental Pillar- a Nepalese town feature,generally supporting a metal superstructureadorned with mystic symbols, groups of divinitiesand portrait statuary of royalties.
Secular Architecture:-principaly of wood
-brick for sytructural purposes and metal forornament
in bigger streets, houses embraced a courtyard,faade were treated elaborately
-3 storeyed: ist-shop beneath an overhanging firstfloor which in turn is overhung by the top storey
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Character -each floor is supported by brackets and struts
ornately carved and sometimes painted -each floor is supported by brackets and struts
ornately carved and sometimes painteWindowshave lattice screens
-roofs have red curved tiles, metal gutters andprojecting cornice for protection against rain
decorations: carving, embossing, tinkling bells and
hanging lamps-adornment typifed in Makara form of rain water
spout, characteristic of Buddhist iconography andoften work of arts.
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Examples:
Swyambhu Nath
Stupa
Located in a lovely little hillrock Swayambhu Nat Stoup isone of the most fascinating
architectural jewels of theworld. This great Stoup is saidto have been built around 250B.C.
Generally a holy memorial siteStoup represents a typicalBuddhist architecture. Its mainfeature the white dome isidentified with a spotless purejewel of Nirvana and a thirteentiered golden spire in conical
shape surmounted on thedome. Underneath thistowering structure are a pair ofall seeing eyes of Buddhapainted on all four sides of theStupa.
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Boudha Nath
Stupa
One of the oldest and the biggestBuddhist monuments ever built in
Nepal, Boudhanath is an imposingstructure standing some 36 meters.The Stupa stands on the massivethree level mandala style Platformssurrounded by colourful privatefamily houses.The basic feature of this great stupais very much like that ofSwayambhunath stupa except itsfinial displaying. It is much biggerthan Swayambhu stupa and lies onthe valley floor whereas the formerone stands on the hill top. This stupais said to have been built in 5thcentury A. D. The site is consideredvery much like mecca for the TibetanBuddhists and every year tens ofthousands of pilgrims from all overthe Himalayan region visit the stupa.
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Tibet
Ancient Architectural History
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Influences
Geographical: Bounded by China on the North and
East, to the south by India, Nepal and Bhutan,
India on the west.
-the highest country in the world (4000-5000m in
elevation)
-monastic settlements
-sheep and yaks raised, possibly agriculture
-rugged land
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Historical and Social
Until the 7th C- small regions kingdoms were
established under King Sron-Btsang-Gam-Po
with 2 Buddhist wives
Monasteries, Chief Abbot ( the Grand or Dalai
Lama became ruler of Tibet )
19th-20th C- Tibet has become an autonomous
state of Peoples Republic of China
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Religious
Originally followed an animistic faith Bonpo,
which included elements of mysticism and
sorcery
630AD- Mahayana Buddhism was introduced,
tempered by indigenous folk cults
Tantric Buddhism prevalent in other countries
was founded by Padma- Sambhava
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Character
Influenced by Indian Buddhism
9th century influence from the east:
-stupas
-monastery- fortress like, sited on hilltops, not regular in plan,
built of stones and bricks Temple: rectangular stone building, vermillion and yellow
bands in the eaves
Roof: carries a chinese pagoda type pavillion, tile or beatenclay roofing
Plan resembles a chaityas . Pillars and Beams are paintedyellow or red
Walls are covered with frescoes or silks
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Examples
Sakya Monastery (1071): once famous for its
collection of Sanskrit and Tibetan Manuscripts,
7 storeys high with spacious assembly hall
Potala Palace, Lhasa: built for the 5th Dalai
Lama. Skycraper like sloping walls, guilded
roofs and bells, richly decorated sanctuaries,
reception and state rooms.
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Sakya Monastery
The seat of
the Sakya orSakyapa school
of Tibetan Buddhism, it was
founded in 1073, by KonchokGyelpo (1034-1102), originally
a Nyingmapa monk of the
powerful noble family of
the Tsang and became thefirst Sakya Trizin. Its powerful
abbots governed Tibet during
the whole of the 13th century
after the downfall of the kingsuntil they were eclipsed by the
rise of the
new Gelukpa school
ofTibetan Buddhism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakyapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingmapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya_Trizinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelukpahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelukpahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya_Trizinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya_Trizinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya_Trizinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingmapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakyapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakya -
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Potala Palace
Situated on the Red Hill
of central Lhasa, Potala
Palace is the highest
ancient palace in the
world, reaching
3,767.19m (12,359.55ft) atthe topmost point.
Potala named after a
holy hill in South India is
a Sanskrit word meaning"Abode of the
Avalokitesvara (Buddha
of Mercy)."
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Potala Palace