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20/09/02 Antonio Capone - Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - Washington, DC - USA 1

NEMO Status Report

Antonio Capone - INFN - Romaon behalf of the

NEMO Collaborationhttp://nemoweb.lns.infn.it/

Neutrinos and Subterranean Science - NeSS02Washington, DC - USA - 19÷21 September 2002

-A Km3 scale high-energy Neutrino Telescope-Site selection and characterization in Mediterranean Sea-R&D program for the “KM3” neutrino detector construction-Present detector design: sensitivity and resolutions-The “test site” close to Catania (Sicily, Italy)-Construction plans


NEMO Collaboration

INFN:Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, LNF, LNS, Messina, Roma - ITALY

CNR:Istituto di Oceanografia Fisica (La Spezia)Istituto di Biologia del Mare (Venezia)Istituto Talassografico (Messina)Istituto GEOMARE-SUD (Napoli)

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Istituto Nazionale di Oceanorafia e Geofisica Sperimentale (Trieste)

Centro Interdisciplinare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali (Pavia)

Marina Militare Italiana

Saclant NATO Undersea Research Centre

Universities of:Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Genova, Messina, Roma - ITALY


Site selection for a Km3 Undersea Cherenkov High-Energy Neutrino Telescope

in Mediterranean at depth >3000m (1998-2000)

35° 50’ N, 16° 10’ E (3350m) in the Ionian Sea (Capo Passero) 39° 05’ N, 13° 20’ E (3400m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Ustica)39° 05’ N, 14° 20’ E (3400m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Alicudi)40° 40’ N, 12° 45’ E (3500m) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Ponza)

Selected as “Test Site”

20km from shore2000m depth

Best site for the Best site for the “km“km33 Telescope”Telescope”

80 km from shore80 km from shore3300m depth3300m depth


Depth and atmospheric Muon Flux reduction

Φµ(

cm-2

sr-1

sec-1

)

AMANDA

ANTARES

NEMO

NESTOR

(B&W plot from Moscoso)

Φµ(

cm-2

sr-1

sec-1

)


Capo Passero deep sea currentsCollected ~ 3 years of deep-sea current data in Capo Passero “KM4” site.

---> average current intensity: 3.1 cm/sec (rms 2.1)---> maximum current intensity: < 16 cm/sec

RCM8: Mechanical current meterRCM11: Doppler current meter


Capo Passero: sedimentation rateSe

dim

ent f

lux

(mg

m-2

d-1)

time


In situ Measurements of Inherent Optical PropertiesAC9: absorption(a), scattering (b) and attenuation (c=a+b) for

9 wavelengths: 412, 440, 488, 510, 532, 555, 650, 676, 715 nm

Ia(x)=I0e-a•x

Ic(x)=I0e-c•x

absorbing “Flow tube” “c” measurement

angular acceptance 0.7°

25cm long flow tube

Deep sea set-up:AC9, CTD,

battery pack,PC on ship deck

reflecting “Flow tube” “a” measurement


Site Selection: Light transmission in Capo Passero Seasonal characterisation of optical and oceanographic parameters in Capo Passero “KM4”.

The column water shows at large depths homogeneity and negligible variations

spring

summerwinter

La Lc

a cT s

AC9 data


Absorption lengths in NEMO sites and in Baikal lake

Baikal March 2001

V. Balkanov et al.Baikal & Nemo Coll.

astro-ph/0207553

A. Capone et al., NEMO Collaboration,Nucl. Inst. & Methods A, 487 (2002) 423-424.


Attenuation lengths in NEMO sites and in Baikal lake


Measurements of light scattering function in deep-sea water

β(λ,ϑ) and <cos(λ,ϑ) > soon available

angular resolution ~0.1°incident light beam not detected

50 cm


Capo Passero: Biofouling on optical surfaces at 3200m depth (short term measurement)

22/12/99

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

days

transparency

theta 75° theta 60° theta 45° theta 30° theta 15° theta 5°

Negligible effect of fouling after 40 days

Transparency =(PD/reference)t / (PD/reference)day#1


Capo Passero biological analyses: luminescent bacteria

Luminescent bacteria

Optical background measurement consistent with 40K rate and no bioluminescence: measured 360±40 photons/cm2·s at 0.3 p.e. level


Capo Passero NEMO site characteristics

• distance from the coast ~ 80 km

• distance from shelf break >40 km

• close to ports, international airport, INFN LNS

• depth > 3300 m

• bathymetric profile is flat over 10 km2

• average current Intensity ~ 3 cm/sec (max < 15 cm/s)

• low biological activity

• at λ=440nm: light attenuation length ~ 35÷40 m (42 m in March)

• at λ=440nm: light absorption length ~ 70÷100 m (100 m in March)

• measured sedimentation rate and fouling rate are low


Montecarlo studies for the possible configuration of the Km3 detector

4096 optical modules (upward and downward looking)

64 semi-rigid vertical structures:

600m high and displaced at ≥150 m distance

>1km2 effective area for TeV muons

<0.3° median reconstruction angle

Opnemo fast MC code:

Estimate the telescope response as a function of:

-detector geometry-PMT Area, Q.E. and TTS-water optical properties


Coordinated Feasibility Study for a Km3 detector

coordinated by INFN in collaboration with NATO SACLANTcen, CNR, INOGS

Cable construction and deployment

NEXANS, Pirelli

Detector:deployment and recovery

ENI Consortium

Data/power transmissionsystem

ALCATEL, Pirelli

UnderwaterconnectionsOcean Design

Detector:design and construction

ENI Consortium

ROV/AUVoperations

ENI Consortium

ENI Consortium: SAIPEM, SASP ENG., SONSUB Artist’s view


40 mdistance between arms

Ti or fiberglassMaterials for construction

20 marm length

150 m750 m

lowest arm (distance rom seabed)

highest arm (distance from seabed)

64OM per tower

4OM per arm

16number of arms

750 mtotal height

The proposed Km3 project: towers à la NEMO

750

m

Optical Module

Electronics module

Electro optical cable

Non mechanical !!!

Dynema fiber

tensioning cable


Deployment details


The proposed Km3 project: detector layout

64 VERTICAL STRUCTURES (4096OM)

8 ROWS

8 COLUMNS

200m Distance between VERTICAL STRUCTURES

Bases of vert. structures

plan view of the detector

100 kmE.O. Cable from the shore

8 JUNCTION BOXES

8 BRANCHING UNITS

Backbone Solution


The proposed Km3 project: main electro optical cable

Optical fibers

Studied with: Nexans and Pirelli

Different solutions evaluated taking into account:mechanical and electrical aspects, complete cable designs, cable cost,manufacture time, ..

Main characteristics of the EOC:• Length 100 km• Power load 80 kW• Optical fibers 48• Electrical conductors 3 or 4

Proposed solutions for power transmission :• AC voltage • DC voltage – monopolar system (sea return)• DC voltage – bipolar system (cable return)

AC voltage

DC voltage – bipolar system

Electrical wire

Optical fibers

Electrical wire


The proposed Km3 project: Aeff and <∆θ> vs light abs. length

Towers height = 600 mNtowers = 64NOM = 4096

––––

La(450 nm) = 30 mLa(450 nm) = 40 mLa(450 nm) = 55 mLa(450 nm) = 75 m

Effective Area (km2) Median angle (deg)

Median angle (deg)Effective Area (km2)

Nstring/tower= 64 - Hstring/tower= 600m - NPMT = 4096 - DPMT = 10” - σPMT = 2.5 ns - dxy = 180 m

∆θ=|θµrec- θµtrue|


Tower a la NEMO: different values of the “arm” length

Nstring/tower= 64 - Hstring/tower= 600m - NPMT = 4096 - DPMT = 10” - σPMT = 2.5 ns - dxy = 180 m



∆θ=|θµrec- θµtrue|

L = 40 m –L = 20 m –L = 1 m –String a la ANTARES

Tower a la NEMO


The proposed Km3 project: underwater connectors and jumpers

Studied with Ocean Design

OD is a leading company in the manufacture of underwater wet mateable connectors, JB – JB jumper and JB – BU jumpers.

Wet-mateable hybrid [optical / electrical]

Mate up to 8 optical fibers and/or electrical circuits underwater. Available in ROV, manual and stab-plate versions with single and/or multi-mode optical fiber. In a single connector, multiple channels allow for higher fiber count, maintenance flexibility and expansion.

Specifications

•100 mate cycles without refurbishment•< 0.5 dB attenuation/optical contact•10 amps at 1,000 volts electrical circuit•10,000 psi operation, •80 lbs mating force for ROV format


The proposed Km3 project: data transmission system

ALCATEL Italiaproposed a data transmission system according to NEMO specifications.

System characteristics :

• standard telecom system;• redundancy;• high MTBF;• auto-reconfiguration in case of fails; • high transmission rate;• low power consumption

(< 500 W each string tower)

One module for each plane of the string.This Optical Module (S-1.1) will be used as Electrical/Optical converter within the customerequipment in both sides, under sea and in the landing station.

one (STM1 + ST1.1)per each arm

one 1660 SM per tower

One module for each tower of the detector. Each 1660SM will collect all the data coming from the 16 STM 1 of the string. The module will be closed inside a small Junction Box at the base of the string.


The proposed Km3 project: data transmission rate

1 arm (4 OM)STM1

155 Mbps

1 tower (16 arms)1660-SM

2.5 Gbps (1 wavelength)

16 towers1686-WM

DWDM40 Gbps per channel(16 wavelengths)

48 fibers available:8x1686WM - 2 fiber each16 needed for transmission32 fibers free

100 km cable to shore

JB


The proposed Km3 project: data transmission system

KM3

Main

Redundancy

100 km

Shore LAB

A L C T E L

1660SM

STM-1 & ST 1.1

1686WM 1686WM

1660SM

1686WM1686WM

STM-1 & ST 1.1

DWDM technology

plus the network manager system


The Test Site at the port of Catania

Geostar (INGV):Oceanographic and environmental survey.

Permanent on-line seismic monitoring connected to POSEIDON network.

Deep sea (2000 m) test for:• electronics• connectors• optical modules, acoustic modules• deployment and recovery procedures

From the shore lab to the Test site28 km of optical fibres


The Test Site at the port of Catania: an INFN-LNS facility

Catania

LNS

Port

Test site Laboratory


The Test Site at the port of Catania: the electro optical cable

10 Optical Fiber standard G-652( 6 to NEMO, 4 to GEOSTAR)

6 Electrical Conductors Φ 4 mm2

( 4 to NEMO, 2 to GEOSTAR)

2.330 m of doubly armed cable

20.595 m of single armed cable

JB BU

JB

JB5.000 m drop cable for recovery

SHORE

GEOSTAR

NEMO test

NEMO connections tested !


The Test Site at the port of Catania: advanced R&D for the Km3

MAIN JUNCTION BOX

SECONDARY JB

NEMO TOWER

CABLE from SHORE

The Test Site at the port of Cataniaunderwater multidisciplinary laboratory

TestSite

POSEIDON – GEOSTARSubmarine seismic survey

CREEP (UCL)Rock creeping

CIBRAAcoustic survey


Summary• NEMO R&D successful:

• Optimal installation site for the “km3” in Capo Passero area

• Long term site characterization activity continues

• Technological feasibility study for the km3 (INFN-Industries-Marine

Research Institutes)

• Test Site at 2000m depth available for advanced R&D

• Large participation to ANTARES 0.1 km2 detector

construction (Mechanical structures, instrumentation, software)

• Definitive km3 design in the framework of an international

collaboration

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