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Transcript of Nematodes of Dogs & Cats. Toxocara sp. Significance the most important parasites infection at birth...
![Page 1: Nematodes of Dogs & Cats. Toxocara sp. Significance the most important parasites infection at birth death: first two weeks (lung migration) larval migration.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649c805503460f9493765d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nematodes of D ogs & Cats
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Toxocara sp.
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Significance• the most important parasites
• infection at birth• death: first two weeks (l
ungmigration)• larval migration
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male =- 4 1 0 cm
female =- 5 1 8 cm
Morphology
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T. canis cervical alae: - long & narrow - semilanceolate
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cervical alae: - broader - arrow head
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Life cycle
• modes of transmissio n: T. canis• transplacenta• transcolostrum• direct ingestion• paratenic host
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Direct li fe cycle
3age < mths
- 1015 d
tttttttt tttttti on ttttttttt tttt
od- ttttt4 5
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Indirect li fe cycle ( > 3 )
- 1015 d
somatic migration
pr epat ent per i od- 35 weeks (neonates)
42> d gestation
transplacentatranscolostrum paratenic hosts
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Life cycle•Toxocara cati:
• direct ingestion• paratenic host• no prenatal transmission
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Effect onhost• adult: no clinical signs
• puppies: severely affected,pneumonia
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signs: vomiting, em aciation, potbelly,
obstruction, dull coats
- death: 2 3 weeks aft er birth
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Diagno sis T. canis
T. cati
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Infective stage
Ascarid egg
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SEM differentiation
large, coarse pitted surface
-92 2000 287294Uga et al., Vetrinary Parasitology ( ):
tttt tttttt ttttttt,
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Treatment
ivermectin dichlorvos fenbendazole febantel pyrantel piperazine
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• Saprophytic soil fungi• Paecilomyces sp.• Ovicidal activity of T
. canis 2000(Basualdo J.A.,)
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• Use of ivermectin during pregnancy
1) dose: 300 mcg/kg on da y 0, 30, and 60 of gestation
- reduce # worms by 90% - reduce # eggs by 99.8%
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• Use of ivermectin during pregnancy
2) dose: 300mcg/kg on day 0, 30, 60 of gestation, 10 d post
whelping - reduce # worms by 100% - no eggs were passed in environ.
1999(Payne P.A., )
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•Selamectin• topical administration• - dose: 6 mg/kg (6 12 mg/kg)
• -# 9399reduce adults by .8.1%
• -# 909reduce eggsby5%
2000(McTier T.L., )
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Control• good sanitation
• regular deworming
• anthelmintics:• 2, 4, 6 weeks
of age
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Public Health• visceral larva migrans ( T. canis):
• children: chronic granulomatous– liver, lung, brain, eye
• ocular larva migrans• choroidoretinitis
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Toxascaris leonina
( arrowhead worm)
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male: up to 7 cm
female: up to10cm
head: lanceolate cervical alae
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Life cycle• transmission:
• direct ingestion• paratenic host• no larval migration
• -prepatent period = 8 10 weeks
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Effect onhost• puppy: potbelly, intermitten
t diarrhea, poor condition, in testinal obstruction
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Diagnosis
T. leonina
T. canis
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Treatment
piperazinedichlorvos
pyrantelfenbendazole
febentel + praziquantel
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Ancylostoma caninum
(Hookworm)
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Ancylostoma caninum
•Geographi c distribution–temperat
e climates–worldwide
•Significance– very import
ant– causes deat
aaaaa( )– causes hea
vy blood losses
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Morphology
• worms:redor gray• size:upto1.6cm• mouth: 3 pairs
of promi nent teeth
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Life cycle modes of infection:
1. eating (infective eggs)
2. skin penetration (larvae)
tracheal migration
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modes of infection:• intrauterine infection
• transcolostrum• parateni c host
prepatent period = 15- 18 days
Life cycle
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HOOKWORMS
HOOKWORMS
ANCYLOSTOMA
ANCYLOSTOMA
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Larval penetrationคั�น!
moist eczema &
ulceration
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effec t on
dog
“ pale mucous membrane”
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effec t on
dog
“ severe blood loss”
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effec t on
dog blood vessels rupture &
hookworms feed on the released blood (0.25 ml/day)
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Ancylostoma caninum
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Clinical signs
• factors: dose, age, immunestatus
•dermatitis• puppy pneumonia• diarrhea: dark in color (bloo
d &mucus)
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Clinical signs
• severe blood loss:• - iron deficiency anemia• edema, weakness, wei
ght loss• poor coat condition
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heavy inf ection: fr
equently fatal with
in 2 week s of birth in puppie
s
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Diagnosis
• clinical signs• fecal examination:
• fresh direct smear
• simple floatation -ovoid, thin shelled,
morulate embryo
ttt60 40tttt
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Treatment• supportive care: blood tran
sfusions, iron supplement• anthelmintics: fenbendazo
le, ivermectin, tetrahydrop yrimidine (pyrantel)
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• Ivermectin + pyrantel• ivermectin = 6mcg/kg
• pyrantel pamoate = 5mg/kg
• 99.6 % reduction of adult hookworms
1992(Nolan T.J. et. al, )
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•Doramectin• 1mg/kg on d30 of ge
station reduce somati c larvae in bitches an d adult hookworms in
bitches and puppies 199(Schnieder, T. et al,6)
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•Moxi decti n• 1 mg/kg on d5 5 of
- 58gestation ( d before parturition): co
mpletely prevent lact ogenic infections in pu
ppi es. (Epe, C., 1 9 9 9 )
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Deworming program
• CDC recommendation:• bitch: fenbendazole in th
e 3rd trimester (kill migrati ng larvae)
• pups: 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age
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Control
• feces elimination• - keep kennel floor dry
• regular deworming• treat bitch with ivermectin
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Effect on man• Adul t Ancyl ostomacani num
• excretory/secretory antigens
• causes hypersensitivity i nman
• human eosinophilic enteritis
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Cutaneous larval migration
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Cutaneous larval migration
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Trichuris vulpis(whipworms)
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size: 4.5- 7 .5 cm
a anterior part: 3/4 of body, long & slender
Morphology
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Life cycle• location: caecum• infection: direct in
gestion of infective egg
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T
R
IC
H
U
R
IS
T
R
IC
H
U
R
IS
LIFE
CYCLE
- prepatent period = 11 12 weeks
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Effect on host• intestine: irritation of c
aecum& large intestine• profuse diarrhea, loss o
f weight, unthriftiness• anemia in heavy infection
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Diagnosis
- Lemon shapedwi thbi pol ar pl ugs
- - 7090 3040x microns
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Treatment
mebendazole fenbendazoledichlorvos febantel
avermectins are not as effective.
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Spirocerca lupi (esophageal wor
m)
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• Definitive host• dogs
• Intermediate host• coprophagous beetles
• lizards, chickens , mice (paratenichost)
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morphology:red,coi l ednematode - 38cm long
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beetle s
encystlarvae
tttttt tt tttttt
gastroepiploic artery coeliac artery thoracic aorta
esophagus
(1)
tt3
)
prepatent period- 56mths
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Effect on host• larval migration: aorta
•haemorrhage• granuloma, stenosis• aneurysm, rupture
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Effect o n host
• adult: embe dded in the walls of aort
a, esophagu s and stomach
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Effect on host• adult: nodules,tumor
• nodules: interf ere with swallo
wing, respirati on and circulat
ion
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• signs: persis tent vomitin
g, wt. loss, hemoptysis
• aneurysm burst
causes sudd en death
“esophage al sarcoma”
10% of infected dttt
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Diagnosis
• floatation method
• radiography• endoscopy• necropsy
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Diagnosis• - egg:small,oblonginshape,thi ck shel l ed,
larva inside
- - 30381115x mi cr ons
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Treatment• fenbendazole
• avermectins
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Control• isolate infected animals• dispose of the vomit and feces
• keep dogs from eating be etles, paratenic hosts
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Strongyloides stercoralis
(threadworms)
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Morphology• parasitic stage: pathen
ogenetic female• - size: 2 9 mm. long• filariform esophagus
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Life cycle• host: dogs, cats, men• -direct life cycle: free livin
g, parasitic• prepatent period = 7 days
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Life cycle• modes of infection:
• skin penetration• ingestion (rare)• hyperinfection (mucosa
l migration)• autoinfection (perianalarea)
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Significance• reinfection: kennel situation
• causes severe disease only in young animals
• heavy infection: death in puppies
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Effect on host• skin:dermati ti s
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intestine: irritation , catarrhal inflamm
ation, mucosal ero sion, necrosis
signs: diarrhea (bl ood), low appetite,
weight loss, dehyd ration, weakness,
death
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lung migration: alve oli destruction, ecc
hymotic hemorrhag e, pneumonia
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Diagnosis• fecal exami nati on
• larvae,eggs contai ni ngl arvae
- 40 50 mi cr ons
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TreatmentDichlorvosFenbendazole Control
clean & d ry floor
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Gnathostoma spinigerum
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G. spinigerum
• - size: 1 3 cm. long• headbulb: “ballonets”• head&anteriorpart: spines
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Life cycle• 7prepatent period: months• 1st a aaaaaa. :• 2nd int. host: fresh water fis
aaaaaaaa,• aaaa aaa:
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Gnathostomaspinigerum
cats, dogs nodule in the gastric wall
eggs (L1)
Cyclops (L2)
fish, frog, snake (L3)
man
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Effect on host
• aaaaa aaaaaaaa:– cause intermittent,migraaaaaa aaaaaaaa ,swelling
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Effect on host• visceral larva migrans:• cough, hematuria,• ocular involment• eosinophilic meningtitsis
• myeloencephalitis
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Pathogenesis• larvalmigration: liverdamage,
mesentery, diaphragm, thoraciccavity
• adult: migrate in stomach wall
• cavity, pus, cyst
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Diagnosis
• egg:rare i nfeces
Treatment• no specific drug (albendazole)
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Physaloptera praeputialis
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Morphology
• - size: 1.5 4.8 cm long• body: large,thick,stout nematodes• egg: contain a larva when laid
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Life cycle
• host: dogs, cats, other carnivores
• intermediate hosts:• crickets, cockroaches, beetles
• - 4183prepatent period =days
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• location: stom ach, duodenum
• worldwide distribution
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Effect on host•adult
• irritation: firmly attac h to the lining of the g
astric mucosa• bleeding,mucosaerosi on• digestion interference
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Clinical signs• loss of condition• vomiting (possibly bl
oody, mucoid)•anorexia
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Diagnosis• fecal examination (floatation)
• small, oblong eggs con taining larvae
- - 4058 3034x microns
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Treatment•anthelmintics
• dichlorvos, benzimid azoles, avermectins
• control pets’ eating habits