Nematodes and Tree Fruits

Howard Ferris

Department of Nematology

University of California, Davis

hferris@ucdavis.edu

November 4, 1999

malefemale

male female

malefemale

C las s ifica tion o f N em atod es

E n op lid a

Iso la im id a

M on on c h id a

D oryla im id a

S tich os om id a

Trip lon c h id a

E n op lia

A reo la im id a

C h rom ad orid a

D esm osco lec id a

D esm od orid a

M on h ys te rid a

C h rom ad oria

A d en op h orea

R h ab d it id a

S tron g ylid a

R h ab d it ia

S p iru rid a

A scarid a

C am allan id a

D rilon em atid a

S p iru ria

D ip log as te rid a

Tylen c h id a

D ip log as te ria

S ec ern en tea

N em ata

Plant-feeding nematodes……..

• Cause mechanical injury to cells and tissues

• Cause cell death

• Modify cell development

• Modify cell function

• Disrupt uptake of water and nutrients

• Alter photosynthate partitioning

• Create avenues of ingress

• Predispose plants to other stresses

Signs and symptoms…..

• Stunting, slow growth, dieback

• Chlorosis and nutrient deficiencies

• Wilting

• Reduced yield

• Lack of response to other treatments

• Root symptoms– Root tip stunting– Galls at root tip or along roots– Lesions on roots

Migratory endoparasite of• almond• apricot• peach• nectarine• plum• prune• walnut• grape• rose

Lesion nematodes

Migratory ectoparasite of• almond• apricot• peach• nectarine• plum• prune• walnut• cherry• grape• grasses

Predisposes Prunus sp. to bacterial canker

Ring nematodes

Root-knot nematodesMeloidogyne spp

Sedentary endoparasites of•Lovell peach root•English walnut•Many grape cultivars•Many weed species•Many cover crops

Migratory ectoparasite of• almond• apricot• peach• nectarine• plum• prune• walnut• cherry• grape

Virus vector in Prunus sp.Dagger nematodes

Migratory ectoparasite of• almond• apricot• peach• nectarine• plum• prune• walnut• cherry• grape

Pin nematodes

Management strategies….

• Planting site selection, non-host rotation

• Preplant soil disinfestation

• Clean equipment, water

• Certified planting stock

• Rootstock selection

• Biological antagonists, the soil food web

• Postplant management— amendments— nematicides— cover crops

Preplant disinfestation - nematicides

• Methyl bromide

• 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone)

• metam sodium (Vapam)

Cover / Rotation Crops

Lesion Rootknot

Dagger Ring Pin

Sudan N H N N ?

Barley N H- N H ?

CahabaVetch

H H- N H ?

Alfalfa N H- H H ?

Rootstock selection - Juglans

Lesion Rootknot

Dagger Ring Pin

Englishwalnut

S/I S/I S/I S/I S/I

Blackwalnut

S/I R S/I S/I S/I

Paradoxhybrid

S/T S/T S/I S/I S/I

Rootstock selection - Prunus

Lesion Rootknot

Dagger Ring Pin

Lovell S/I S/I S/I S/I S/I

Nemaguard S/I N S/I S/I S/I

Marianna2624

S/T N S/I S/I S/I

Myrobalan29C

S/T N S/I S/I S/I

Deep Purple R ? S/I S/I S/I

Biological antagonists, the soil food web• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Nematodes

• Microarthropods

Consider:

� Food web maturity

� Susceptibility to disturbance

� Indicators of food web condition

Ca2

Om4 Om5

Ca3 Ca4 Ca5

Fu2 Fu3 Fu4 Fu5

Ba1

Fu2Ba2 Ba3 Ba4 Ba5

K-trajectory

0.25

0.8

0.25

0.25

0.25

1.0

1.0

1.0

2.25 4.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

2.25

2.25

2.25

BasalStructured

StableMature

omnivores

carnivores

fungivores

bacterivores

cp-1 cp-2 cp-3 cp-4 cp-5

B M

E

Postplant management - amendments

• onion

• garlic

• pumpkin

• rapeseed

• herbal remedies

• cover crops and green manures

A) Ac = Allium cepa, As = Allium sativum, Cc = Coptis chinensis, Ec = Eugenia caryophyllata, Nt = Nicotiana tabacum, Sa = Sinapis alba. B) Ac = Asparagus cochinchinensis, Me = Manihot esculenta, Ss = Stemona sessifolia, Zo = Zingiber officinale. C) Ap = Andrographis paniculata, Gb = Ginkgo biloba, Hh = Hedera helix, Sa = Senna alexandrina.

D) Cl = Coix lacryma-jobi, No = Nerium oleander, Rc = Ricinus communis, Tg = Torreya grandis.

Postplant management - nematicides

Nemacur Enzone DiTera

Almond R

ApricotCherry R

NectarinePeach R R

Plum R

Prune R

Walnut

Management strategies - Summary

• Planting site selection, rotation

• Clean equipment

• Certified planting stock

• Rootstock selection

• Preplant disinfestation

• Biological antagonists, the soil food web

• Postplant management— amendments— nematicides— cover crops