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NEMATODE CONTROL STRATEGIES UPDATE BECKY B. …ccvegcrops.ucanr.edu/files/237053.pdf ·...
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NEMATODE CONTROL STRATEGIES UPDATE
BECKY B. WESTERDAHL
EXTENSION NEMATOLOGIST /PROFESSOR OF NEMATOLOGY
WWW ADDRESS:
ucdnema.ucdavis.edu
JANUARY 8, 2008
HEALTHY INFESTED
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PROBLEMS WITH ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ONNEMATODE RESISTANT TOMATOES:
Mi-1 IS A SINGLE DOMINANT GENE
ALL VARIETIES HAVE THE SAME RESISTANCEGENE
RESISTANT TO MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA, M.JAVANICA, M. ARENARIA.
NOT RESISTANT TO M. HAPLA
PLANTS WITH UP TO 5 GALLS ARECONSIDERED “RESISTANT”
RESISTANCE BREAKING RACES FIRST FOUNDIN 1995
SELECTED FROM WITHIN NATIVE POPULATIONIN THE FIELD
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WILLIAMSON LAB (UCDAVIS):
9 RESISTANCE BREAKING RACES IN CULTURE
6 FROM YOLO COUNTY
2 FROM LOS BANOS
1 FROM NORTH CAROLINA
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LIFE CYCLE OF A NEMATODE:
EGG
ADULT
J1 J2
J3
J4
J = JUVENILE OR LARVA
M
M
MM
TIME
SIZE
B. A. JAFFEE
B. A. JAFFEE
M = MOLT
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
CARROT (xy)
SUGARBEET (lmnop)
TOMATO (abcd)
1998 SOUTH COAST FIELD STATION - ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE
WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
NE
MA
TO
DE
S P
ER
QU
AR
T O
F S
OIL
a a aaa
ab
abc
bcdbcd
cdcd
cd
d
a
TWO POINTS WHICH ARE NOT IDENTIFIED BY THE
SAME LETTER ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT
FROM EACH OTHER ACCORDING TO FISHER'S
PROTECTED LSD TEST AT P = 0.05.
JU
VE
NIL
ES
/ L
ITE
R O
F S
OIL
WHEN SHOULD YOU SAMPLE FOR NEMATODES?
WHEN SHOULD YOU TREAT FOR NEMATODES?
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SAMPLING FOR NEMATODES:
pcok
NEMATODES ARE NOT TYPICALLY UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED -
MULTIPLE SUBSAMPLES / SAMPLE
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EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE ON NEMATODEREPRODUCTION:
SANDY SOILS TEND TO HAVE HIGHERPOPULATIONS THAN CLAY SOILS
BUT POPULATIONS IN CLAY SOILS GETHIGH ENOUGH TO CAUSE A PROBLEM
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TESTING FOR RESISTANCE BREAKING RACES:
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF JUVENILES - NO
PERINEAL PATTERN ANALYSIS - NO
ISOZYME ELECTROPHORESIS OF ADULTS - NO
BIOASSAY - RECENTLY DEVELOPED BY WILLIAMSON LAB
PCR MARKERS FOR JUVENILES - UNDER INVESTIGATION BY WILLIAMSON LAB
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CULTURAL PRACTICES:
CROP ROTATION
RESISTANT VARIETIES
FALLOWING / WEED CONTROL
COVER CROPS / GREEN MANURES /
BIOFUMIGATION
TRAP CROPS
FLOODING
DATE OF PLANTING
SOIL AMENDMENTS
HOW LONG BEFORE YOU CAN PLANTTOMATOES AGAIN?
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TYPICAL CROPS AND GROWING SEASONSFOR YOLO COUNTY:
* TOMATOES (SUMMER) * CUCURBITS (SUMMER) * SUGARBEETS (FALL OR SPRING PLANTED) * ALFALFA (PERENNIAL) * GRAIN (WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY) (WINTER) * CORN (SUMMER) * SUNFLOWER (SUMMER) * SAFFLOWER (SUMMER) * BEANS (SUMMER) * RICE (SUMMER) * FALLOW
STEM & BULB
NEMATODE
ON ALFALFA
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TYPICAL NEMATODES FOR YOLO COUNTY:
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
ROOT KNOT MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (I)(80% OF THE TIME)
MELOIDOGYNE ARENARIA (A) MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA (J) MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA (H)
SUGARBEET CYST HETERODERA SCHACHTII
LESION PRATYLENCHUS THORNEI (T) PRATYLENCHUS NEGLECTUS (N)
STEM & BULB DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI (SEVERAL BIOTYPES)
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HOST RANGE:
CROP NEMATODE ROOT KNOT CYST LESION STEM & RESISTANT
BULB VARIETIESTOMATOES YES NO N NO I,J,ACUCURBITS YES NO T NO NOSUGARBEETS YES YES T NO NOALFALFA YES NO N,T YES TOLERANTGRAIN I,J,A NO T,N OATS NOCORN I,J,A NO T,N NO NOSUNFLOWER YES NO ? NO NOSAFFLOWER YES NO ? NO NOBEANS YES NO T NO YESRICE ? NO NO NO NOFALLOW NO NO NO NO
ROOT-KNOT SPECIES:I = INCOGNITA J = JAVANICAA = ARENARIA
LESION SPECIES:T = THORNEI N = NEGLECTUS
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HOST RANGE:CROP ROOT KNOT
SUSCEPTIBLETOMATOES YES CUCURBITS YES SUGARBEETS YES ALFALFA TOLERANTGRAIN I,J,A CORN I,J,ASUNFLOWER YESSAFFLOWER YESBEANS YES (RESISTANT VARIETIES)RICE ?FALLOW NO
ROOT-KNOT SPECIES:I = INCOGNITA J = JAVANICA A = ARENARIA
WHAT ARE THE BEST ROTATION CROPS?
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ROOT KNOT NEMATODE ON PROCESSING TOMATOES - SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
NUMBER OF LARVAE/GRAM OF SOIL
FALL PERCENT SPRING INCREASE FALL % OF
DECLINE NORMAL
YIELD 0.01 1000 X 10.0 100
0.31 85 0.05 500 X 23.8 98
1.56 85 0.25 150 X 37.3 85
4.06 85 0.65 75 X 48.0 65
6.25 85 1.00 55 X 54.8 53
THE USE OF NEMATODE DAMAGE/ECONOMICTHRESHOLDS IS OFTEN LIMITED BY THE METHODSAVAILABLE TO DETECT NEMATODES.
HOW LONG BEFORE YOU CAN PLANT TOMATOES AGAIN?
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ROOT-KNOT NEMATODERATE OF YEARSDECLINE/ OFYEAR FALLOW 85 % 0.25 - 2
FALLOWNO CROP - NO WEEDS -NEMATODES STARVE
EFFECTIVENESS -EXCELLENT -
COST - ??
DRY VS WET, SOIL DISTURBANCE,
COST OF WEEDCONTROL
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B. A. JAFFEE
TRAP CROPPING:JUVENILE ENTERS ROOT AND
BEGINS FEEDING
IMMATURE FEMALE NO LONGER ABLE TO MOVE
DESTROY CROP BEFORE FEMALE LAYS EGGS
PLANT COMMERCIAL CROP
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NEMATODE / HOST ASSOCIATION DATABASES
H. FERRIS, E. CASWELL-CHEN, B. WESTERDAHLFROM URL: http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/
SELECT: VIEW DATABASES
NEMABASE Nematode-Host Association Database(can also be obtained from ucipm website)
Nematode Common-Scientific Name DatabasePlant Common-Scientific Name Database
Lownsbery Nematode-Host AssociationDatabase
Radewald California OrnamentalNematode-Host Association Database
Nematode Primer Database
Knowledge Planning Database
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SUMMARY OF HOST-NEMATODE RESPONSES ON COVER CROPS:
Root Knot
Northern Southern Javanese Peanut Lesion Ring Dagger Dagger
Meloidogyne Meloidogyne Meloidogyne Meloidogyne Pratylenchus Criconemella Xiphinema Xiphinema
hapla incognita javanica arenaria vulnus xenoplax americanum index
Marigold Host Host Host, Trap Crop Non Host Host
Sudan, Poor Host Good Host Host Host Non Host Antagonistic Antagonistic Nonhost
SS-222 Antagonistic
Barley, Host Poor Host Good Host Host Non Host Host Antagonistic Nonhost
Columbia Antagonistic
Cahaba White Good Host Poor Host Host, Trap Host Host Host Antagonistic Nonhost
Vetch Crop
Salina Sweet Host Poor Host Poor Host Nonhost - +
Clover
Moapa Alfalfa Susceptible Poor Host Poor Host Nonhost Non Host Host Host
Coker 916 -
Wheat
Nova II Vetch + - - - - -
Blando Brome Host Nonhost Non Host Host Good Host Poor Host
Grass
DATA SUMMARY BY M.V. MCKENRY, 1991
+ = PROBABLE HOST, - = PROBABLE NONHOST, BASED
ON DATA FROM GEORGIA AND S. CAROLINA
TO SELECT A COVER CROPYOU NEED TO KNOW WHICH SPECIES YOU HAVE?
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PLANTING IN COOLER SOILS CAN REDUCE DAMAGE
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TREATMENT OPTIONS:
SHANK INJECTION -
TELONE II (1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE)
TELONE C-17 (WITH CHLOROPICRIN)
DRIP IRRIGATION -
TELONE EC (TARP)
INLINE (1,3-D + 33% CP) (TARP)
METAM SODIUM
METAM POTASSIUM
ENZONE
VYDATE (OXAMYL)
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3
4
5
6
7
8
OXAMYL TREATMENT INITATIONOXAMYL TREATMENT INITATION
(weeks prior to harvest) (weeks prior to harvest)
ROOT GALL SEVERITY (0-8)ROOT GALL SEVERITY (0-8)
8 7 6 5 4
Time of Discovery / Postplant Treatment Initiation
Started
3 weeks
post plant
“Is it ever to late to initiate treatment”
AOV Time P=0.0001
UN
TR
EA
TE
D
“Sooner weekly treatments initiated the better”Noling, 1998
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••Vydate L in drip Vydate L in drip –– higher higher
frequency at modest rates is mostfrequency at modest rates is most
effective. (effective. (6x@1qt6x@1qt better 3x@2qt) better 3x@2qt)
••Start Vydate L drip treatmentsStart Vydate L drip treatments
close to planting date.close to planting date.
••Use Highest Vydate L rate in 1Use Highest Vydate L rate in 1stst
application to get application to get ppmppm needed. needed.
Post Methyl Bromide:Post Methyl Bromide:GENERALGENERAL
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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••DonDon’’t expect miracles from cropt expect miracles from crop
rescue, identify problem fieldsrescue, identify problem fields
before planting.before planting.
••Under high pressure, use 2 Under high pressure, use 2 qtsqts
Vydate L in drip for first two apps.Vydate L in drip for first two apps.
••Combine Combine VapamVapam + Vydate L + Vydate L
treatments for broadest spectrumtreatments for broadest spectrum
Post Methyl Bromide:Post Methyl Bromide:GENERALGENERAL
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
CARROT (xy)
SUGARBEET (lmnop)
TOMATO (abcd)
1998 SOUTH COAST FIELD STATION - ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE
WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
NE
MA
TO
DE
S P
ER
QU
AR
T O
F S
OIL
a a aaa
ab
abc
bcdbcd
cdcd
cd
d
a
TWO POINTS WHICH ARE NOT IDENTIFIED BY THE
SAME LETTER ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT
FROM EACH OTHER ACCORDING TO FISHER'S
PROTECTED LSD TEST AT P = 0.05.
JU
VE
NIL
ES
/ L
ITE
R O
F S
OIL
WHEN SHOULD YOU SAMPLE FOR NEMATODES?
WHEN SHOULD YOU TREAT FOR NEMATODES?
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IF YOU HAVE A RESISTANCE BREAKING RACE:
DON’T PLANT NEMATODE RESISTANT TOMATOES FOR
AT LEAST 2 YEARS
USE A PREPLANT FUMIGANT NEMATICIDE
FOLLOWED BY A SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETY OR A
ROTATION CROP
MOST ROTATION CROPS WILL BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE
NEMATODE RESISTANT ALFALFA IS NOT NEMATODE
RESISTANT, IT WILL MAINTAIN THE POPULATION
PLANTING IN COOLER SOIL SHOULD REDUCE DAMAGE
NEMATODES REPRODUCE MORE SLOWLY, ROOTS
CAN BECOME ESTABLISHED
IF YOU DON’T HAVE A RESISTANCE BREAKING RACE:
ALTERNATE BETWEEN A RESISTANT VARIETY AND
FUMIGATION WITH A SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETY OR ROTATION