NEGROS OCCIDENTAL

i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

This guidebook belongs to:

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2014

Authors

Managing Editor / Layout Artist

Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr

Editorial Adviser

Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr

PhilRice®

Wilfredo B. Collado Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Reynilda M. Monteza Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman

This guidebook was funded by the project “Identification, Biophysical Characterization and Mapping of the Rice Areas of the Philippines” of PhilRice

® (ISD -002-001).

Negros Occidental ii

NEGROS OCCIDENTAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Soil Color Groups........................................... 5

Black/Grayish Brown ............................. 7

Gray/Bluish Gray ...……..……................ 10

Strong Brown/Red.............……………..... 11

Brown/Yellowish Brown..….................... 12

Olive Brown/Gray................................... 16

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 17

Soil Productivity …………………………......... 36

Crop Suitability Analysis…….......................... 38

Soil Management Recommendations............ 45

Appendices……………………………….……. 55

Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 56

Soil Sampling....................................... 56

Color Determination............................. 57

Texture Determination.......................... 58

pH Determination................................. 59

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 60

Glossary………………………………………… 62

Soil Textural Classes…………………... 64

References…………………………………….. 65

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

FOREWORD

EUFEMIO T. RASCO, JR Executive Director

This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was developed for easier field identification of soils.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Negros Occidental and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivi-ty index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

Negros Occidental iv

The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined.

This guidebook includes 18 soil series in Negros Occidental, namely: Bago, Bantay, Batuan, Bolinao, Cadiz, Faraon, Guimbalaon, Isabela, La Castellana, Luisiana, Manapla, Obando, Pulupandan, Silay, San Manuel, Tupi, Umingan, and Victorias.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

Negros Occidental 2

2. From a vacant area of your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples needed.

3. Soil samples should be taken from a recommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well-preserved and free from any kind of cultivation (see page 56).

1. Conduct preliminary interview on the historical background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practices, natural

occurrences such as flood, erosion, and human activities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.


5. Identify the texture of the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classifi-cation tool to deter-mine classes of soil (see page 58).

4. Know the color of the soil. Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to series recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inher-ent color which makes it dif-ferent from the other series (see page 57).

6. Determine the soil pH. The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page 59).

7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

mottles slickenside

Negros Occidental 4

8. Take note of the presence or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50-cm depth.

Lateritic nodules

Manganese/iron concretions

Quartz

9. Use the Simplified Keys to Soil Series Guidebook and com-pare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identified.


SOIL Color Groups Black/Grayish Brown (go to pages 7-9)

Obando Isabela

Gray/Bluish Gray (go to page 10)

Cadiz

Silay

Faraon

Bago

Tupi

Luisiana Bolinao

Strong Brown/Red (go to page 11)

Negros Occidental 6

SOIL Color Groups Brown/Yellowish Brown (go to pages 12-15)

Bantay

Victorias

San manuel

Guimbalaon

Umingan

La Castellana

Batuan

Manapla Pulupandan

Olive Brown/Gray (go to page 16)


Bago (figure on page 18)

Coarse fragments Soft powdery grayish-brown concretions

pH 6.5-7.5

Others Brown spot mottles; shiny smooth surfaces (slickensides); massive

Texture: Clay

Black/Grayish Brown

Cadiz (figure on page 22)

Coarse fragments

Brown nodules, pebbles, and compacted reddish gravel “igang”; red/dark brown soft powdery black concretions

pH 6.0-7.0

Others Reddish specks; red/dark brown spot mottles

Texture: Clay/Clay loam

Negros Occidental 8

Faraon (figure on page 23)

Coarse fragments Limestone (grayish-white rock)

pH 7.0- 8.0

Others Grayish to white porous cor-alline limestone rock, which is soft and easily broken

Texture: Clay

Black/Grayish Brown

Silay (figure on page 31)

Coarse fragments None

pH 4.0-6.0

Others Yellowish-brown spot mottles; hard compact gray “bakias” below the profile

Texture: Silt loam


Black/Grayish Brown

Tupi (figure on page 33)

Coarse fragments

Porous volcanic pebbles, stones, and gravels (breccia); stones and boulders below the profile; big black boulders on the surface (outcrops)

pH 5.5-6.5

Others Brown spot mottles

Texture: Sand

Gray/Bluish Gray

Negros Occidental 10

Isabela (figure on page 25)


pH 5.5-7.5

Others

Red/black/gray spot mottles; shiny smooth surfaces; compact; very plastic and sticky when wet, hard to compact when dry

Texture: Heavy clay

Obando (figure on page 29)

Coarse fragments Quartz/crystals; broken marine shells

pH 7.0-8.0

Others Gray-brown spot mottles

Texture: Sand


Bolinao (figure on page 21)

Coarse fragments

Grayish-white pebbles (limestone) and cobblestones; soft powdery black concre-tions; white hard limestone rock below the profile

pH 5.0-6.5

Others Grayish-brown spot mottles

Texture: Clay

Strong Brown/Red

Luisiana (figure on page 27)


pH 4.5-5.5

Others Red specks and black spot mottles

Texture: Clay


Bantay (figure on page 19)

Coarse fragments Soft weathered shale

pH 5.0-6.0

Others Shale (easily crushed powdery mass) below the profile

Texture: Clay

Brown/Yellowish Brown

Guimbalaon (figure on page 24)

Coarse fragments

Reddish and angular gravels at the surface; soft powdery- red and black fragments; weathered andesite and basalts; partially weathered rock outcrops in some places

pH 5.0-6.5

Others Black and red spot mottles

Texture: Clay



Batuan (figure on page 20)

Coarse fragments

Soft weathered yellowish and white shale fragments; yellowish-brown calcareous sandstone below the profile

pH 4.5-5.0

Others None

Texture: Clay/Silty clay/Silty clay loam

La Castellana (figure on page 26)

Coarse fragments

Soft powdery red concretions; granules, stones, and weathered rock fragments; large boulders on the surface (outcrops)

pH 4.5-6.0

Others Reddish-brown and gray spot mottles

Texture: Clay/Clay loam


San Manuel (figure on page 32)


pH 6.5-7.5

Others

Brick red streaks; brown and gray spot mottles; gray shiny surfaces (clay skins); slightly compact

Texture: Silt loam/ Clay loam/Loam


Umingan (figure on page 34)

Coarse fragments River-washed stones and gravels

pH 5.5-7.0

Others None

Texture: Clay loam/Loam/Sandy loam



Victorias (figure on page 35)

Coarse fragments Dark-brown fragments turning into black powdery mass when crushed

pH 4.5-6.0

Others Gray spot mottles; shiny smooth surfaces; massive

Texture: Silty clay/Sand


Manapla (figure on page 28)

Coarse fragments Reddish-yellow soft rock fragments; brown rounded pebbles

pH 4.0-5.0

Others

Grass-like quartz; red and gray spot mottles; dark red streaks; smooth and shiny surfaces (slickensides)

Texture: Clay loam

Olive Brown/Gray

Pulupandan (figure on page 30)

Coarse fragments Moderately compact broken marine shells “kagaykay”

pH 6.0-7.0

Others Gray and brown spot mottles

Texture: Sand


SOIL Profile and Characteristics

Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Moderate to high

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.5)

Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC)

Moderate

Base saturation High

Salinity hazard None

Bago

Physical Soil Qualities

Relief Flat to rolling

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Poor

Permeability Very slow

Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (>1 m)

Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Fine sandy loam/Loam/Sandy clay loam Area: 15,000.46 ha

Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Vertic Argiudolls

Soils developed from older alluvial deposits. It has fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay. It is a dark-colored soil with high organic matter content and high base status (-oll, Mollisol) and exhibits accumulation of clay in the subsoil (Argi-, Argillic); found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud-, Udic). Surface crack-ing greater than 5-mm wide is observed (vertic). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

28

43

88

Apg1

Apg2

Btg1

Btg2

Bantay

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 57,567.00 ha

Family: Fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutropepts

Soils developed from shale. It has a fine loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand annual soil, including gravels and 18 – 35% clay. It is a typical representative of the great group Eutropepts: a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) and has a base saturation of more than 50% (eutr-).The mean temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Gently sloping to undulating

Water retention High

Drainage Good

Permeability Slow to moderate

Workability/tilth Hard to moderate

Stoniness None

Root depth Shallow (0.3 m)

Erosion Moderate

Flooding None



Soil pH Slightly acid (5.0-6.0)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) High


Salinity hazard Low


00 cm

17

28

54

Ap

AC

Cr

R


Inherent fertility Low to moderate

Soil pH Acidic (4.5-5.0)


Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Moderate


Moderate

Base saturation Moderate


Batuan


Relief Undulating to rolling


Drainage Moderate


Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness Common (>35%)


Erosion Moderate

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay Area: 5,077.17 ha

Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Ustifluvent

Soils derived from underlying calcareous shales and sandstones. It is fine-textured with more than 35% clay. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Ustifluvent: a young soil (-ent, Entisol), with less 25% slope; observed with a decrease in organic carbon in the underlying horizons, and shallow calcareous bedrock (fluv-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) . It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

30

50

80





Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


High



Bolinao


Relief Undulating to mountainous


Drainage Moderate

Permeability Moderate


Stoniness Common (15%)


Erosion Moderate


Family: Very fine, isohyperthermic, Humic Dystrustept

A very fine-textured soil with more than 65% clay developed from hard coralline limestone rock. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil, which diagnostic horizons are not fully developed (-ept, Inceptisol) . It has a low base saturation, less than 60% (Dystr-) and a surface horizon that is high in organic carbon (Umbric). It is found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic). It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

13

35

Ap

Bt

BC



Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.0)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Moderate


Salinity hazard Low

Cadiz


Relief Flat to undulating


Drainage Poor

Permeability Slow

Workability/tilth Hard (due to gravels)

Stoniness Abundant (>35%)

Root depth Very shallow (0.25 m)

Erosion None

Flooding Moderate to severe

Soil Type: Gravelly loam Area: 3,243.32 ha

Family:

Soils developed from older alluvial deposits.


00 cm

10

30

51

Ap

Ag

Bt

BC


Inherent fertility High

Soil pH Neutral to slightly alkaline (6.5-8.0)


Phosphorus (P) Moderate



High



Faraon


Relief Rolling to hilly


Drainage Moderate to good


Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness Common to many

Root depth Shallow (0.3m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy loam Area: 141,009.23 ha

Family: Fine, isohyperthermic, Lithic Haplustolls

A calcareous fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay, developed from the weathering of the soft and porous coralline limestones which are usually grayish but become orange to dark yellowish gray upon weather-ing. It is dark-colored, with high organic matter content (-oll) and high base status. It exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (Hapl-). Limestone fragments are found in the shallow horizon (lithic). It is usu-ally found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic); has mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

9

25

A

Bw

BC


Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Slightly acid

(5.0-6.5)


Phosphorus (P) Low (highly fixed)

Potassium (K) Low (highly fixed)


Moderate

Base saturation Low to moderate


Guimbalaon

Soil Type: Clay/fine sandy loam/Loam/Gravelly loam Area: 123,829 ha

Family: Fine, loamy, skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Andic Haplustept

Soils formed from older alluvium, which are country rocks and washed out materials from the upper slopes that have developed into brown or dark brown soils. It has a fine, loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand, 18 – 35% clay, and 35% or more rock fragments (skeletal). It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diag-nostic horizons (-ept, inceptisol). It exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This soil has significant amounts of amorphous minerals and Al-OH complexes (andic). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic), and has a mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil is traversed by numerous deep gullies and



Water retention Low to moderate


Permeability Moderate to rapid

Workability/tilth Moderate to easy

Stoniness Outcrops and pebbles


Erosion Severe


00 cm

15

39

69

74

Ap

Bw

Bt1

Bt2

Bt3

00 cm

20

30

50



Soil pH Neutral (7.0-7.5)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) High


High


Salinity hazard Low

Isabela


Relief Level

Water retention Very high

Drainage Poor to moderate

Permeability Slow

Workability/tilth Hard to moderate

Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal river flooding

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy loam Area: 28,787.30 ha

Family: Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, Aquic Hapludalf

Soil formed from alluvial deposits and is well-traversed by big rivers. It is fine-textured with less than 60% composed mostly of minerals which have shrink-and-swell capacity (smectitic). It is an old soil with high base status and an alluvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from underlying horizons (-alf, Alfisol), and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aquic). It is found in areas with humid climate that have well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic) with 7 months wet and 3 months dry, thus have an adequate supply of moisture for crop growth. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


110

00 cm

20

57

84

Apg

ABg

Bg

BCg





Phosphorus (P) Low (fixed)



Moderate



La Castellana



Water retention Low

Drainage Good to excessive


Workability/tilth Easy (without outcrops)

Stoniness Boulder outcrops


Erosion Severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 12,780.04 ha

Family: Clayey-skeletal, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Oxic Dystropepts

Soils developed from andesites and basalts, and partly from volcanic tuff, breccia, and other igneous rocks. This soil has 35% or more rock fragments (clayey-skeletal) composed mainly of non expanding 1:1 kaolinite minerals. It is an inceptisol (-ept), a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons. It has a subsurface horizon that is coarse-textured with less than 10% clay and consists of weatherable minerals. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

8

19

78

Ap

AC

C

67





Phosphorus (P) Moderate

Potassium (K) Low


Moderate

Base saturation Low


Luisiana


Relief Rolling to mountainous

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Good



Stoniness None

Root depth Very deep (>2 m)


Flooding None


Family: Very fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Ustic Palehumult

A very deep (pale), fine-textured soil having clay content of high-er than 60% dominated by kaolinite minerals, developed from highly weathered volcanic basaltic rock materials. It is a highly leached old soil with accumulation of clay in the lower horizon and low base status (-ult, Ultisol). It is found in highlands (hum-) with pronounced wet and dry seasons (ustic) and a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

20

35

89

Ap

AB

Bt1

Bt2





Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Moderate

Base saturation Low


Manapla


Relief Rolling


Drainage Good



Stoniness 5% stones and boulders

Root depth Moderate (0.6 m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Loam Area: 27,971.59 ha

Family: Very fine, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs

Soils developed from basalt rocks. It has a very fine texture with more than 65% clay. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Hapludalfs, an old soil which has a high base status and an illuvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from underlying horizons (-alf, Alfisol); exhibits minimum complexity in its hori-zonation (hapl-); and found in areas of humid climate that have well distributed rainfall and have enough rain in summer (-ud, Udic), thus have adequate moisture for crop growth. The mean annual tempera-ture is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


00 cm

28

38

72

Ap1

Ap2

Bg

BC1

93 BC2



Soil pH Slightly acid to slightly alkaline (5.5-8.0)

Organic matter Very low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Low to moderate


Salinity hazard Moderate

Obando

Soil Type: Sand Area: 1,240.67 ha

Family: Coarse loamy over sandy, mixed, isohyperthermic Typic Eutropepts

A calcareous soil developed from accumulated materials of sea wave actions and hence sand particles consist chiefly of quartz and mixed with broken marine shells. It has a coarse loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand including rock fragments and less than 18% clay. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Eutropepts, an Inceptisol (-ept) in incipient development stage toward mature soil but the diag-nostic horizons are not yet fully developed. This soil has high base satu-ration of more than 50% (eutr-) . The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Coastal plain

Water retention Low

Drainage Good



Stoniness None

Root depth Deep (1 m)

Flooding Frequent shallow flooding by rain and run-off water


00 cm

17

Ap

C1

C2

C3



Soil pH Slightly acid

(5.5-6.5)


Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation Low


Pulupandan

Soil Type: Sandy loam Area: 368.29 ha

Family: Mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Tropopsamments

Composed of different minerals (mixed). It is a typical (typic) rep-resentative of the great group Tropopsamments: a young soil (-ents, Entisol) with a coarser texture (psamm-) consisting of less than 35% rock fragments. It is found in humid areas (trop-) with mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Beach ridges

Water retention Low

Drainage Excessive

Permeability Rapid


Stoniness Cagaycay at 20 cm


Erosion None

Flooding None


33

63

00 cm

17

Ap

C1

C2


Inherent fertility Low to medium


Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low to moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low


Salinity hazard Low

Silay

Soil Type: Fine Sandy loam/ Loam/Clay Area: 66,333.08 ha

Family: Fine, loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Aquic Tropudalfs

A fine loamy-textured soil with more than 15% fine sand including gravels and 18 – 35% clay composed of different minerals (mixed). It is an Alfisol (-alf), an old soil which has high base status and an illuvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil horizons from underlying horizons. It is saturated with water for sometime in a year (aquic). It is commonly found in areas with a mean annual temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic) and humid climates that have well- distributed rainfall (-ud, Udic) thus have adequate supply of water for crop growth.


Relief Level

Water retention Moderate




Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding None


00 cm

25

43

82

Ap

Bx

Bw

BC

A



Soil pH Neutral (6.5-7.0)


Phosphorus (P) High



Moderate to high

Base saturation Very high

Salinity hazard Low

San Manuel

Soil Type: Loam/Fine Sandy loam Area: 16,294.70 ha

Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Eutropepts

A non-calcareous soil formed in recent water-deposited sediments, mainly in flood plains. As such, these soils are subject to frequent flooding (Fluv-) and therefore stratified (fluventic). It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-epts, Incepti-sol) with high base saturation greater than 50% (Eutr-). It is a fine loamy-textured soil with more than 15% fine sand and moderate amount of clay (18 – 35%) composed of different clay minerals. It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic) and a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Level to slightly undulating

Water retention Moderate

Drainage Good



Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal by river water


00 cm

6

36

69

Ap1

Ap2

Bw1

90

Bw2

Bw3





Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Low

Base saturation Very low


Tupi

Soil Type: Silt loam/Fine Sandy loam Area: 40,555.22 ha

Family: Medial/ cindery, isohyperthermic Umbric Vintradepts

Soil developed from underlying residual material of partially weathered andesitic rocks. It is coarse-textured having more than 60% volcanic ash, cinders, and pumice fragments (medial) and less than 35% rock fragments (cindery). It is in the incipient development stage toward a mature soil but has not yet fully devel-oped its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It has a dark-colored surface soil composed of coarse-fragments of less than 30 cm in diameter, have high organ-ic carbon (0.6 %) and less than 50% base saturation (Umbric). It is commonly found in humid climates that have well-distributed rainfall, 7 months wet and 2 months dry. The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil is traversed by intermittent rivers and creeks.


Relief Undulating to rolling

Water retention Low




Stoniness Common at 0.3 m

Root depth Shallow (<0.5 m)


Flooding None

00 cm

18

49

69

C2

C3



Inherent fertility Moderate



Phosphorus (P) High


Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate to high

Base saturation Very high

Salinity hazard Low

Umingan

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 262.80 ha

Family: Loamy skeletal, mixed (ca.), isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept

A loamy-textured soil with many gravels and pebbles (skeletal)

occurring along the banks of rivers. Hence, is subject to flooding (fluventic) receiving yearly depositions of alluvial soil materi-

als from rivers. It is in the incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (Hapl-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic Moisture Regime) and annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Level to slightly undulating

Water retention Low

Drainage Good to excessive


Workability/tilth Moderate to easy

Stoniness Abundant at 0.6 m


Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal by river water


00 cm

16

27

70

Ap1

Ap2

Bw1

Bw2

99

C





Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation Low

Salinity hazard Low

Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 415.50 ha

Family: Fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Vertic Hapludults

Soil developed from older alluvial deposits; consists of almost compacted fine sandy loam. It is a fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay composed of shrink-and-swell clays (montmorillonitic). It is an old soil (-ult, Ultisol) of which has undergone extensive leach-ing of bases but which profile exhibits minimum complexity in its hori-zonation (hapl-). Surface cracking greater than 5-mm wide is ob-served (vertic). It is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, Udic), thus have adequate moisture for crop growth. It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).


Relief Flat to gently rolling

Water retention Very low




Stoniness None

Root depth Moderate


Flooding None


Victorias

00 cm 5

27

76

Ap

BCg

AB

Bg

SOIL productivity Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while the potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiply-ing the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is computed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha., and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Bago series are 0.65 and 0.95, respectively. The pre-dicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Bago soils are then 5.20 and 7.60 tons/ha.


Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Bago 0.65 0.95

Bantay 0.65 0.95

Batuan 0.61 0.66

Bolinao 0.65 0.82

Cadiz - -

Faraon 0.62 0.72

Guimbalaon 0.29 0.49

Isabela 0.80 0.95

La Castellana 0.39 0.74

Luisiana 0.23 0.43

Manapla 0.67 0.74

Obando 0.55 0.83

Pulupandan 0.52 0.77

Silay 0.64 0.74

San Manuel 0.75 0.85

Tupi 0.67 0.87

Umingan 0.61 0.71

Victorias 0.47 0.72

Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.


CROP Suitability Analysis


Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chem-ical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2a. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

ccid

en

tal.


So

il S

eri

es

Ric

e Irr

igate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Ban

an

a

Maiz

e

Ma

ng

o

On

ion

P

ap

aya

Bag

o

S3

sf

S3

wsf

N1

sw

f S

3w

sf

S3

wf

S3

wsf

N2w

f N

2w

f

Banta

y

S3

twsf

S3

sw

f S

3w

sf

S3

sf

S3

s

S3

s

S3

fws

S2

sf

Batu

an

N

2sf

S3

s

N1

sw

f S

3sf

S3

sf

S3

sf

S3

sf

N2fs

w

Bolin

ao

N

2ts

f S

3stf

S2

stf

S3

sft

S3

stf

S3

sft

S3

fst

S2

sft

Cadiz

N

2sf

S3

wsf

N2

sw

f N

2w

sf

N2w

sf

S3

wsf

N2w

sf

S3

wsf

Fara

on

N

2stw

f S

3st

S3

sw

tf

S3

stf

S3

stf

S3

st

S3

st

S3

sw

t


Ta

ble

2a. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il S

eri

es

Ric

e I

rrig

ate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice

Ra

infe

d

Lo

wla

nd

B

an

an

a

Maiz

e

Man

go

O

nio

n

Pap

aya

Guim

bala

on

N

2stw

f S

3st

N1sw

tf

S3

sft

S3

sft

S3

sft

S3

sft

S3

sft

w

Isabela

S

2sf

S3

wsf

S2

wsf

S3

sw

f S

3w

s

S3

ws

N1w

f N

1w

f

La C

aste

llan

a

N2ts

wf

S3

twsf

S3

twsf

S3

tsf

S3

tsf

S3

tsf

S3

twsf

S3

tsf

Luis

iana

N

2tw

sf

S3

tfw

S

3ft

w

N1

tf

S3

ft

S3

ft

S3

ftw

N

1ft

Mana

pla

N

2tw

sf

S3

fws

N1sfw

S

3fs

t S

3fs

S

3fs

t S

3fw

t N

1fs

t

Oband

o

N2sfw

S

3w

sf

N1sw

f N

1sw

f S

3w

sf

S3

wsf

N1w

sf

N1w

sf


Ta

ble

2a. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

ccid

en

tal (

co

ntin

ua

tion).

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

So

il S

eri

es

R

ice Irr

igate

d

Lo

wla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

U

pla

nd

R

ice R

ain

fed

L

ow

lan

d

Ban

an

a

Maiz

e

Man

go

O

nio

n

Pap

aya

Pulu

pand

an

N

2w

sf

S2

sfw

S

3w

sf

S3

sf

N1w

sf

S2

sf

S3

fsw

S

2sf

Sila

y

S2

fs

S2

fs

N1

sw

f S

3f

S3

fs

S3

fs

S3

f S

3fw

San M

anue

l S

3tw

s

S3

wsf

N1wf

S3

wsf

S3

ws

S3

ws

N1w

f N

1w

f

Tupi

N1

sft

S3

sfw

t S

3fs

wt

S3

fst

S3

fst

S3

fst

S3

fst

S3

fsw

t

Um

ingan

N

2w

s

S3

wsf

S3

wsf

S3

fws

S3

wsf

S3

wsf

N1w

f N

1w

sf

Vic

tori

as

S3

ft

S3

f S

3fw

s

S3

fs

S3fs

S

3fs

S

3f

N1fsw


Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

ccid

en

tal.

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

So

il S

eri

es

Pean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rme

lon

Bag

o

N2w

S

3w

S

3w

f S

3w

f N

2w

f S

3w

f S

3w

f

Banta

y

S3

ws

S2

ws

S3

wsf

S3

sf

S3

sf

N1sw

f N

2sw

f

Batu

an

S

3sf

S2

s

S3

sf

S3

sf

S3

sf

N1sf

N2sf

Bolin

ao

S

3sft

S2

tsf

S3

stw

f S

3sft

S3

sft

N1

sw

tf

N2

sfw

t

Cadiz

N

2w

s

S3

s

N2w

sf

N2w

sf

N2w

sf

N1sw

f N

2w

sf

Fara

on

S

3sw

t S

3ts

S

3sw

t S

3stf

S3

st

N1st

N2st


Ta

ble

2b. T

he c

rop s

uitab

ility

ra

ting

s f

or

diffe

rent s

oil

se

ries o

f N

egro

s O

ccid

en

tal (c

ontin

ua

tion

).

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

ighly

suitable

t -

Topog

raph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

suitable

w

-

Dra

inag

e; floo

din

g

S3 -

M

arg

inally

suita

ble

s -

T

extu

re; coa

rse f

ragm

ents

; soil

dep

th

N1 -

C

urr

en

tly n

ot suita

ble

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot suita

ble

c -

C

limate

So

il S

eri

es

Pean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rme

lon

Guim

bala

on

S

3sfw

t S

3st

S3

sfw

t S

3sft

S2

sft

S3

sft

S3

sft

Isabela

N

1w

S

2w

S

3w

sf

S3

wf

N1w

f S

3w

f S

3w

f

La C

aste

llan

a

S3

twsf

S3

tsw

S

3ts

fw

S3

twsf

S3

tsf

S3

twsf

S3

twsf

Luis

iana

S

3ft

ws

S3

twf

S3

ftw

S

3ft

w

S3

fts

S3

tfw

N

1tf

w

Mana

pla

S

3fs

w

S2

wf

S3

ftw

s

S3

ftw

s

S3

fs

S3

fsw

t N

1fs

t

Oband

o

N1w

sf

S3

wsf

N1sw

S

3w

sf

N1w

f S

3w

f S

3w

fs


Ta

ble

2b. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il S

eri

es

Pean

ut

So

rgh

um

S

ug

arc

an

e

Sw

eet

Po

tato

T

ob

acco

T

om

ato

W

ate

rme

lon

Pulu

pand

an

S

3sw

f S

2sfw

S

3fs

w

S3

fsw

S

2sf

S3

sw

f S

3sf

Sila

y

S3

fw

S1

S

3f

S3

f S

3fs

w

S3

fs

N1fs

San M

anue

l N

1w

S

2w

s

S3

wsf

S3

wf

N1w

f S

3w

f S

3w

f

Tupi

S3

fsw

t S

3fs

wt

S3

fsw

t S

3fs

t S

3fs

N

1sft

N2

sft

Um

ingan

N

1w

sf

S2

w

S3

fsw

S

3w

fs

N1w

sf

S3

wsf

S3

wsf

Vic

tori

as

S3

fs

S2

f S

3fs

S

3f

S3

fsw

S

3fs

N

1fs

SOIL Management recommendations

Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified were enumerated in the succeeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, and nutri-ent availability and crop production.


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries.

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Bag

o

Cro

ps c

annot gro

w w

/o

dra

inage;

slo

wer

N

m

inera

lizatio

n; Z

n

deficie

ncy in r

ice;

K d

eficie

ncy; lo

w o

rganic

m

att

er;

lack o

f m

ois

ture

Suffic

ient

irrig

atio

n

supply

with

adequate

dra

in-

age;

OM

incorp

o-

ration;

gre

en

manurin

g;

K f

ert

ilizatio

n;

applic

atio

n o

f Z

nS

O42-

in

lo

wla

nd r

ice w

hen

deficie

ncy o

ccurs

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n;

suffic

ient irrig

atio

n

supply

with

adequate

dra

inage;

gre

en m

anuring;

fert

ilizatio

n

Can b

e p

lante

d to

root

cro

ps

assurin

g a

good

dra

inage s

yste

m

and a

dequate

irrig

atio

n s

upply

; adequate

fert

iliza-

tio

n; O

M in

corp

o-

ratio

n

Fru

it tre

es s

uch a

s

mango a

nd b

anana;

coconut

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: lo

wla

nd

/up

lan

d r

ice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rops; fr

uit t

rees

Banta

y

Acid

ic; shallo

w s

oil

limits

pro

ductivity o

f shallo

w-

roote

d c

rops; lo

w K

;

modera

te e

rosio

n

Lim

ing u

pla

nd r

ice;

adequate

fert

iliza-

tio

n; O

M a

dditio

n;

terr

acin

g

Lim

ing; adequate

fe

rtili

zation;

OM

additio

n o

r gre

en

manurin

g

Modera

tely

suited

to r

oot cro

ps;

ade-

quate

fert

ilizatio

n

Coconut; f

ruit t

rees

adapta

ble

to the a

rea

like b

anana

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Batu

an

P d

eficie

ncy; S

hallo

w s

oil

limits p

roductivity o

f shal-

low

roote

d c

rops; m

od-

era

te s

oil

ero

sio

n

hazard

; acid

ic

Adequate

and

bala

nced N

PK

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

terr

acin

g o

r

constr

uctio

n o

f bunds;

limin

g;

use o

f hig

h-

yie

ldin

g v

arie

tie

s

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

bala

nced N

PK

fert

ili-

zatio

n;

limin

g a

nd

additio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er;

use o

f hig

h-

yie

ldin

g v

arieties

Pro

ductio

n c

an

be lim

ited d

ue

to s

hallo

w

ro

otin

g d

epth

of

the s

oil;

conto

ur

farm

ing/

terr

acin

g

Suitable

for

sugarc

ane

pro

ductio

n in a

reas w

ith

lesser

ero

sio

n hazard

; pla

nt

perm

anent cro

ps/

trees lik

e c

oconut

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps;

pla

nta

tio

n c

rops (

e.g

sugarc

ane)

Bolin

ao

Rolli

ng t

opogra

phy in

som

e

are

as w

hic

h c

auses r

isk o

f ero

sio

n; shallo

w r

ootin

g

depth

; lo

w a

vaila

ble

P a

nd

K

Suitable

for

rice

but

needs t

err

ac-

ing a

nd u

se o

f lim

esto

ne o

utc

rops

for

rein

forc

ing

dik

es/b

unds;

appli-

catio

n o

f phos-

phate

fert

ilizers

; upla

nd r

ice

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n;

pro

per

tim

ing o

f

cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

ntin

g;

additio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

and

anim

al m

anure

to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

and a

pplic

atio

n o

f phosphate

fert

ilizers

Conto

ur

terr

ac-

ing;

use o

f cov-

er

cro

ps lik

e Ipil

-ip

il fo

r soil

rehabili

tatio

n

and s

ourc

e o

f fire

wood a

t th

e

sam

e tim

e;

additio

n o

f

org

anic

matt

er

Can b

e p

lante

d to fru

it

trees p

rovid

ed

with

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n a

nd

use o

f lo

cally

adapte

d

tree s

pecie

s lik

e ip

il-ip

il

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Cadiz

Low

fert

ility

; pre

sence o

f gra

vels

that im

pede t

illa

ge

opera

tio

ns; hard

com

pact

mass o

f burn

ed r

ock c

alle

d

igang t

hat im

pedes inte

rnal

dra

inage; m

odera

te to

severe

flo

odin

g

NP

K fert

ilizatio

n;

org

anic

matt

er

applic

atio

n t

o

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

; subsoili

ng

once e

very

5 o

r 6

years

to bre

ak

igang;

flo

od c

ontr

ol

syste

m o

r pla

nt

varie

tie

s that

are

flo

od-t

ole

rant

Fe

rtili

zatio

n;

org

anic

m

att

er

applic

atio

n to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

; subsoili

ng e

very

5 o

r 6 y

ears

to b

reak

igang;

pla

ntin

g o

n

hig

h b

roadbeds o

r rid

ges

Fe

rtili

zatio

n;

org

anic

matt

er

applic

atio

n t

o

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

; subsoili

ng e

very

5 o

r 6 y

ears

to

bre

ak ig

ang;

pla

ntin

g o

n h

igh

bro

adbeds o

r rid

ges

Coconut

and o

ther

fruit

trees a

dapta

ble

to t

he

are

a

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

Fara

on

Pla

nts

ma

y s

uff

er

from

Fe

and Z

n d

eficie

ncy d

ue to

hig

h p

H; K

deficie

ncy;

shallo

w e

ffective s

oil

depth

lim

itin

g p

roductivity o

f

shallo

w r

oote

d c

rops;

rock

outc

rops a

re p

resent; h

illy

topogra

phy;

gro

win

g p

erio

d

is p

ossib

le o

nly

durin

g r

ain

y

season u

nle

ss irr

igate

d

Constr

uctio

n o

f bunds f

or

upla

nd

or

terr

acin

g;

applic

ation o

f Z

nS

O42 in

low

-la

nd r

ice if

deficie

ncy o

ccurs

Conto

ur

farm

ing;

shallo

w c

ultiv

atio

n;

fert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irrigation s

yste

m;

min

imum

till

age to

lessen e

rosio

n r

ate

s

Modera

tely

suitable

to r

oot

cro

ps d

ue t

o

shallo

w r

ooting

depth

and p

res-

ence o

f out-

cro

ps; m

inim

um

tilla

ge to lessen

ero

sio

n r

ate

s

Suited for

fruit tre

es,

fore

st, a

nd o

ther

hard

wood t

rees e

.g.

citru

s, m

ango, ip

il, m

o-

lave,

coconut, e

tc.

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: lo

wla

nd

ric

e-lo

wla

nd r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s;

fruit tre

es


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Guim

bala

on

Poor

nutr

ient re

tentio

n

(le

achin

g o

f bases);

acid

ic;

P a

nd K

deficie

ncy (

due to

fixatio

n);

pre

sence o

f

hard

pan;

low

mois

ture

; severe

ero

sio

n; pre

sence

of

rock o

utc

rops that

impede d

rain

age

OM

in

corp

ora

-tio

n; lim

ing;

suitable

for

rice

but

needs

terr

acin

g a

nd

use o

f outc

rops

for

rein

forc

ing

dik

es

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g/

farm

ing; ero

sio

n

pre

ventio

n a

nd w

ate

r contr

ol pra

ctices;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n;

OM

incorp

ora

tion;

limin

g; subsoili

ng t

o

bre

ak h

ard

pan

Lim

ing; pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n a

nd O

M

incorp

ora

tio

n;

conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

subsoili

ng t

o b

reak

hard

pan

Suited for

coconut,

cacao

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees

Isabela

Cro

ps c

annot gro

w w

/o

dra

inage;

slo

wer

N

m

inera

lizatio

n;

Zn

deficie

ncy in

ric

e; hig

h

P fix

atio

n;

severe

topsoil

shrinkin

g &

sw

elli

ng;

hard

to

till

; seasonal river

flo

odin

g

Applic

atio

n o

f Z

nS

O42-

in

low

land r

ice

when d

eficie

ncy

occurs

; N

and P

fe

rtili

zation;

build

dra

inage c

anals

and f

lood c

ontr

ol

syste

m

N a

nd P

fert

ilizatio

n;

build

dra

inage c

anals

; constr

uct

bro

ad b

eds,

rid

ges o

r fu

rrow

;

cultiv

ate

only

at

optim

um

mois

ture

conte

nt; c

over

cro

p-

pin

g

N a

nd P

fert

iliza-

tio

n;

build

dra

inage

canals

; cultiv

ate

only

at

optim

um

m

ois

ture

conte

nt;

not

suitable

for

nuts

; constr

uct

beds,

rid

ges o

r fu

rrow

Pla

nt

fruit t

rees

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

La C

aste

llan

a

N &

P d

eficie

ncy; acid

ic;

severe

ero

sio

n that lo

ses

the m

ore

fert

ile t

opsoil

than

the s

ubsurf

ace s

oil;

pre

sence o

f bould

er

outc

rops t

hat

impede

tilla

ge; lo

w m

ois

ture

N &

P fert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g in

upla

nd;

adequate

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

easure

s;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

N &

P fert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g; adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s; conto

ur

farm

ing; str

ip

cro

ppin

g a

nd

cover-

cro

ppin

g;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

N &

P fert

iliza-

tio

n; lim

ing in

upla

nd r

ice &

oth

er

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps; adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s;

ade-

quate

irr

igatio

n

Pla

nt perm

anent cro

ps

in h

igher

slo

pes; fr

uit

trees a

nd s

econdary

fo

rest

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/

root cro

ps; perm

anent

cro

ps/

trees

Luis

iana

Low

K,

Ca,

Mg; very

acid

ic;

Fe

or

Al to

xic

ity;

low

nutr

ient

rete

ntio

n; ru

n-o

ff;

hill

y t

opogra

phy

Lim

ing u

pla

nd r

ice;

adequate

P a

nd K

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

pra

ctice

fallo

w p

erio

d a

nd

retu

rn b

ack s

tubble

s

in t

he fie

ld t

o

enhance n

utr

ient

rete

ntion o

r in

sta

ll vegeta

tio

n c

over;

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n; early

pla

ntin

g

Conto

ur

farm

ing

and c

over-

cro

ppin

g;

adequate

fert

iliza-

tio

n; lim

ing;

OM

in

corp

ora

tio

n;

vegeta

tio

n c

over

or

fallo

win

g

Best suited f

or

root

cro

ps; O

M

incorp

ora

tio

n to

impro

ve f

ert

ility

; conto

ur

cro

p-

pin

g/t

err

acin

g

Pla

ntin

g o

f perm

anent

cro

ps a

nd t

rees t

o

resto

re s

oil

fert

ility

; pla

cin

g fert

ilizer

at th

e

zone o

f m

axim

um

root

activity o

f tr

ee c

rops

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-f

allo

w;

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; fr

uit t

rees/fore

st


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Mana

pla

P &

K d

eficie

ncy;

acid

ic;

pre

sence o

f pebble

s t

hat

dam

age r

oot; d

eple

tio

n o

f th

e t

op s

oil

due to s

evere

ero

sio

n

P &

K f

ert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g u

pla

nd r

ice;

adequate

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

easure

s

like terr

acin

g

P &

K f

ert

ilizatio

n;

limin

g; adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s (

e.g

.

conto

ur

cro

ppin

g/

terr

acin

g)

P &

K f

ert

iliza-

tio

n; lim

ing;

adequate

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s (

e.g

. conto

ur

cro

p-

pin

g/t

err

acin

g)

Coconut

and o

ther

adapta

ble

fru

it t

rees

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps

Oband

o

Calc

are

ous; P

& K

defi-

cie

ncy; shallo

w s

oil;

lack o

f m

ois

ture

for

shallo

w-r

oote

d

cro

ps d

ue t

o lo

w w

ate

r hold

ing c

apacity ; fre

quent

shallo

w f

loodin

g fro

m

rain

fall

and r

un-o

ff

Suitable

for

rice

durin

g w

et

season

but

needs a

mple

am

ount

of fe

rtili

z-

ers

to a

ddre

ss t

he

fert

ility

pro

ble

m;

phosphoru

s a

nd

OM

applic

atio

n;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

supply

Applic

atio

n o

f org

anic

m

att

er

to im

pro

ve s

oil

str

uctu

re; pra

ctice

tim

ing o

f pla

ntin

g;

deep p

low

ing;

phosphoru

s a

pplic

a-

tion; flood c

ontr

ol

measure

s (

use b

road-

beds o

r rid

ges)

Suitable

for

root

cro

ps d

ue t

o

sandy t

extu

re;

use o

f bro

ad

beds,

rid

ges o

r fu

rrow

s;

ade-

quate

irr

igation

Coconut

and o

ther

adapta

ble

fru

it t

rees

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

:

rice-r

ice;

rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

ootc

rops


Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Pulu

pand

an

Calc

are

ous; P

& K

deficie

ncy;

easily

dra

ined

soil;

beach r

idges r

elie

f

P &

K f

ert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

supply

P &

K f

ert

ilizatio

n;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

supply

P &

K f

ert

iliza-

tio

n;

adequate

irrig

atio

n

supply

Best suited f

or

coconut

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops

Sila

y

Low

fert

ility

& a

cid

ic;

perc

ola

tio

n is im

peded d

ue

to p

resence o

f bakia

s

beneath

the s

urf

ace

N &

K fert

ilizatio

n;

org

anic

matt

er

incor-

pora

tio

n e

.g. plo

win

g

under

of

cro

p r

esi-

dues &

gre

en m

a-

nurin

g;

cro

p r

ota

tio

n

with le

gum

es; lim

ing

in u

pla

nd;

deep

plo

win

g;

build

ade-

quate

irr

igatio

n a

nd

pro

vis

ion o

f dra

inage

canals

N &

K fert

ilizatio

n;

org

anic

matt

er

in-

corp

ora

tio

n e

.g.

plo

win

g u

nder

of

cro

p r

esid

ues &

gre

en m

anurin

g;

limin

g; deep p

low

-in

g;

build

ade-

quate

irr

igatio

n a

nd

pro

vis

ion o

f dra

in-

age c

anals

Adequate

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

OM

in

corp

ora

-tio

n; lim

ing;

adequate

irrig

atio

n a

nd

pro

vis

ion o

f

dra

inage c

a-

nals

Suited for

sugarc

ane

pro

ductio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops; pla

nta

tio

n c

rops


Ta

ble

3.

Lim

ita

tion

s t

o c

rop p

rod

uctio

n a

nd r

ecom

me

nd

ed

ma

nag

em

ent s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

rent

cro

ps w

hen

gro

wn

in a

g

ive

n s

oil

se

ries (

co

ntin

ua

tion

).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

San M

anue

l

Excessiv

ely

wet

and

annual flo

odin

g for

short

perio

ds a

nd e

xcessiv

e

dro

ught

durin

g d

ry s

eason;

low

OM

Suited for

paddy

rice d

urin

g w

et

season a

nd w

ith

adequate

irr

iga-

tio

n d

urin

g d

ry

season; O

M

additio

n t

hru

anim

al or

gre

en

manurin

g

Adequate

dra

inage,

irrig

atio

n,

and f

lood

contr

ol syste

ms d

ue t

o

seasonal flo

od h

azard

and h

igh s

easonal

wate

r ta

ble

; use b

road

beds a

nd r

idges; suited

for

div

ers

ifie

d c

rops

such a

s c

orn

, vegeta

-ble

s a

nd w

ate

rmelo

n

durin

g d

ry s

eason w

ith

supple

menta

l irrig

atio

n

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adequate

dra

inage a

nd

irrig

atio

n

syste

m; re

gula

r additio

n o

f org

anic

matt

er

and a

nim

al

manure

to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

Adequate

dra

inage a

nd

irrig

atio

n s

yste

m; cover

cro

ppin

g w

ith le

gum

es;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n,

tim

ing o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

nting;

use o

f lo

cally

adapte

d h

igh-y

ield

ing

varie

tie

s to im

pro

ve t

he

gro

wth

and y

ield

of tr

ee

cro

ps

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ri

ce-r

ice; rice-v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot cro

ps

Tupi

Low

fert

ility

; acid

ic;

K d

eficie

ncy;

severe

ero

sio

n r

em

ovin

g

the m

ore

fert

ile t

opsoil

Lim

ing u

pla

nd;

adequate

ero

sio

n

contr

ol m

easure

s;

adequate

fert

ilizatio

n

Lim

ing; im

ple

me

nt

ero

-sio

n c

ontr

ol m

easure

s

e.g

. conto

ur/

terr

acin

g;

OM

additio

n a

nd

adequate

fert

ilizatio

n;

cover

cro

ppin

g/g

reen

manurin

g

Imple

ment

ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s e

.g.

conto

ur/

terr

acin

g;

adequate

fert

ili-

zatio

n

Fru

it tre

es a

nd s

econd

gro

wth

fore

st;

modera

tely

suitable

for

banana,

sugarc

ane,

and m

ango

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: u

pla

nd

ric

e-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps;

f

ruit tre

es/s

econd g

row

th f

ore

st



Ta

ble

3. (c

ontin

uatio

n)

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps

R

oo

t cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Um

ingan

Rela

tively

lo

w f

ert

ility

;

pre

sence o

f gra

vels

and

sto

nes in t

he s

ubsoil

that

dam

age r

oots

; excessiv

e

dow

nw

ard

movem

ent of

wate

r, h

ence t

ends to b

e

dro

ughty

; seasonal

flo

odin

g e

specia

lly a

fter

heavy r

ain

s

Applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

z-

er;

cle

arin

g o

f la

rge

gra

vels

and r

ock;

adequate

irr

igatio

n

supply

Constr

uctio

n o

f adequate

irr

igatio

n

and f

lood c

ontr

ol

syste

m; applic

atio

n

of

fert

ilizer

and

org

anic

matt

er;

suited f

or

div

ers

ifie

d

cro

ps; use o

f bro

ad-

beds a

nd r

idges

Gra

velly

sub-

soil

ma

y c

ause

low

er

yie

ld o

f ro

ot

cro

ps;

adequate

irrigation a

nd

flood c

ontr

ol

syste

m; use o

f bro

adbeds a

nd

rid

ges

Esta

blis

hm

ent of

flo

od c

ontr

ol a

nd

irrig

atio

n s

yste

ms;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice; rice-d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/v

egeta

ble

s

Vic

tori

as

P &

K d

eficie

ncy;

low

fert

ility

; acid

ic;

hard

im

peded d

rain

age; severe

ero

sio

n

Adequate

P &

K

fert

ilizatio

n;

OM

applic

atio

n;

limin

g;

pro

vis

ion o

f dra

inage

canals

and s

uffic

ient

irrig

atio

n s

upply

Lim

ing, pla

nt

acid

-to

lera

nt cro

ps;

adequate

fert

iliza-

tion; conto

ur

farm

ing o

r cover

cro

ppin

g

Lim

ing;

adequate

fe

rtili

zatio

n;

terr

acin

g/

conto

ur

cro

p-

pin

g;

pro

vis

ion

of

dra

inage

canals

Suited for

sugarc

ane

pro

ductio

n; oth

er

adapta

ble

fru

it t

rees

like c

oconut, m

ango,

banana,

etc

.

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: r

ice-r

ice/d

ivers

ifie

d c

rops/r

oot cro

ps; coconut/fr

uit tre

es

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling


Choose a vacant area in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.

Depth of the soil is im-portant. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always culti-

vated.

Get a bulk of soil (0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50 centimeter-depth and place it in a container. This sample will be used in soil series identifica-tion.

2 Soil color determination


Soil color is an indirect measure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indic-ative of good aeration and drainage.

Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Rec-ord the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.

Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.

3 Texture determination


N

N N

Y Y Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.

Add dry soil to absorb water.

Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?

Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand

Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.

Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand

Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?

Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?

Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?

Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.

Does soil feel very gritty?

Does soil feel very smooth?

Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates

Sandy loam

Loam

Silt loam




Clay loam

Sandy clay loam

Silty clay loam




Sandy clay

Clay

Silty clay

Y

Y

Y

N N

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure


Get soil sample from 30 to 50 centimeter -depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

Add seven drops of CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

If pH is six or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM


The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the tech-nologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next sea-son to increase grain yield, input-use efficiency, and profit with environmental concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

1) Used high-quality seeds of a recommended variety.

2) No high and low soil spots after final level-ing.

3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.


4) Sufficient number of healthy seedlings.

5) Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.

6) Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.

7) No significant yield loss

due to pests.

8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.

Glossary


Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than

very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.

Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.

The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as

discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or

the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.

Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.


Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.

Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.


Soil textural classes

Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-

ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and

gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and

floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness

References

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize

Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Negros Occidental Province. Department of Agri-

culture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook

No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th

Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.

Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.


For more information, write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217,

215, 212, 233

or text:

The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398

For published material, contact:

Development Communication Division or

Business Development Division

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 511,

509, 520

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Negros

Occidental”. Soil Series Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-

90-6: 65p., October 2014.

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.

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