Negritude Movement
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Transcript of Negritude Movement
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Negritude Movement
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Ghana
• Kwame Nkrumah
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Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta
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Mount Kenya - bongo herd
Maasai
Map of dialects in Kenya
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Congo (Zaire)
Mobutu Sese Seko
Today: Civil War…
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Angola
Port
ugue
seMore civil war…
2002 – ceasefire agreement
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South Africa
• South Africa was granted its independence from Great Britain in 1931
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Apartheid
Apartheid: complete separation of races – segregation 1948 – National Party gains power (Afrikaner nationalism)Apartheid policy enforced by laws1959 – “homeland system” – Bantustans
Afrikaners• white South Africans of Dutch descent
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African National Congress (ANC)• formed in 1912• fight for black right against minority rule (apartheid)• use strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations• banned by SA government
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Nelson Mandela
Steve Biko
Nelson Mandela• Lawyer • ANC: leader of violent wing (“the spear”)• Armed struggle – jailed for 27 years (Robben Island)
• Symbol of anti-apartheid struggle• advocates peace and reconciliation
• Freed from prison & elected President in 1994
Steve Biko• Anti-apartheid activist
• murdered in police custody ‘77
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Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Desmond Tutu• South African archbishop• Economic campaign
• foreign trade restrictions• Organized protest (i.e., Nation-wide school boycott)
• 1984 – Nobel Peace Prize
F.W. de Klerk
F.W. de Klerk • Afrikaner – lawyer – President in ‘89• ’90 legalize ANC & frees Mandela
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Sharpeville Massacre
• March 21st,1960: South African police opened fire on a crowd of black protesters, killing 69 people.
• the shootings led the ANC and PAC to move away from nonviolent tactics
• RESULTS: • Apartheid government bans ANC & PAC• popular uproar from blacks - protests• international sympathy
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End of Apartheid• Apartheid laws repealed under F.W. de Klerk
• ’92 referendum (white voters): minority majority rule • 1993 – de Klerk and Mandela
• awarded Nobel Peace Prize for work together• 1994: 1st universal election
• ANC (Mandela) vs. National Party (de Klerk)• ANC victory in elections(63% of votes): Mandela
becomes President & de Klerk becomes VP• forgiveness and reconciliation• 1996 New democratic constitution formed
• Equal rights for all citizens & a bill of rights
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South Africa Today• 1999 – Mandela does not seek reelection
• President Thabo Mbeki (1999-2008)• Problems:
• High unemployment (40% black pop.) • high crime rate• Lack of foreign investment• AIDS
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1.What was apartheid in South Africa?
2.Who was Nelson Mandela and what did he do?
3.What two people worked together to end apartheid rule?