NEEP 541 – Material Properties
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Transcript of NEEP 541 – Material Properties
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NEEP 541 – Material Properties
Fall 2003Jake Blanchard
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Outline Materials in Reactors
Fission Fusion
Material Properties Tensile tests Impact tests Creep tests
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Materials in Reactors Fission
Fuel Cladding Moderator Core structure Reflector Control rods Coolant Pressure
vessel shielding
Fusion Fuel Structure Tritium
breeder Coolant insulators shielding
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Fission Primary radiation damage is in fuel
and cladding Cladding:
Adequate strength (T, fluence) Corrosion resistance Thermal conductivity Neutronics (low absorption) Available resources Fabricability Inexpensive
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Cladding Materials Low thermal
absorption cross section Al Mg Zr Be
High thermal absorption cross section Nb Mo Ta V Ti Steel
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Some NumbersMaterial Thermal - Zr Fast - steel
Tmax (C) 380 660Coolant Water SodiumPressure
(atm)130 <1
Clad thickness
(mm)
0.6 0.4
Clad OD (mm)
10.8 6.3
Life (dpa) 20 150
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Fusion Structure Requirements Same as fission plus…
Low swelling Low embrittlement
Typical Materials Austenitic steel (316 SS) Ferritic steel (lately ODS FS) Refractory alloys composites
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Radiation Effects Radiation hardening (increase in
strength) Embrittlement (decrease in
ductility) Swelling (volume increase due to
voids) Irradiation creep
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Tests Tensile tests (modulus, ductility,
strength) Tube burst tests (creep) Impact tests (ductility, fracture
toughness)
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Tensile Tests
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Understanding the Tensile Test A0=cross sectional area before test
(in test section) A=cross sectional area during test
(load=P) L0=section length before test L=section length during test
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Tensile Tests Engineering stress=eng=P/A0 True Stress=true=P/A Before necking, A~ A0 Engineering strain==(L-L0)/L0 True strain=
1lnln
00LL
LdLL
Ltrue
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Stress-Strain Curve
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True Stress – True Strain
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Combined
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When does necking start? Plastic Instability (dP=0)
20
0
0
0
00
0
AdAA
LdL
AA
LL
LAALAdAd
AddAAddP
Volume is conserve
d
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Plastic Instability
true
true
dd
dLdL
AdAd
AdA
AdAA
LL
LdL
LL
LdL
ALAL
200
0
0
00
Necking occurs when slope of true stress-true strain curve=true
stress
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Plastic Instability suppose
n
CCCn
CCndd
C
C
nn
n
n
n
1
1
1
111
11
1
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Hardening
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Impact Testing Test for ductility Measure energy absorbed during
fracture
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Typical Results DBTT=ductile to brittle transition
temperature
T
E (J)Upper shelfLower
shelf
irradiated
DBTT
40
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Creep Tests Apply load and measure
deformation as a function of time
time
Creep strain
primary secondary
tertiary
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Study creep rupture with a tube burst test
p
2R
L
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Burst Test Analysis
tpR
pRLRLdptL
h
h
2)sin(20
p
hh
Slice cylinder vertically
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Burst Test Analysis
tpR
pRRt
axial
axial
2
2 2
axialaxial
Slice cylinder horizontally (picture is shown cut away vertically as well)
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Burst Test Analysis Uniaxial (1-D tensile test) Constant stress
tK
Kdtd
n
n
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Burst Test Analysis
zrijij
ijij
zzrr
zzrr
n
S
Sdtd
dtd
Kdtd
;31
232121
*
*
21222*
21222*
**
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Burst Test Analysis
0231
22
31
2231
31
zz
z
zr
S
tpRS
tpR
tpR
tpRS
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Burst Test Analysis
tpR
zzrr
23
2221
21
*
21
222*
21222*
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Burst Test Analysis
0
23
43
23
43
223
23
23
1
1
11*
dtd
tpRK
dtd
tpRK
dtd
tpR
tpRKSK
dtd
z
nn
nn
r
n
rnr
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Burst Test Analysis Negative radial strain means that
wall gets thinner Zero axial strain means length
doesn’t change Positive hoop strain means radius
increases Analysis assumes small strain,
constant stress For large strain, wall thins and
stress increases, leading to rupture