Necessities for Life and Body R egions
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Transcript of Necessities for Life and Body R egions
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Necessities for Lifeand
Body Regions
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The 8 necessary life functions for all organisms:
1. Maintaining Boundaries2. Movement3. Responsiveness4. Digestion 5. Metabolism6. Excretion 7. Reproduction8. Growth
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Maintaining Boundaries
• Why do we need to maintain boundaries?
• What organ system allows us to maintain boundaries?
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Movement
• Why is movement important?
• What body systems allow us to have movement?
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Responsiveness
• Explain why responsiveness helps us stay alive.
• What systems are involved in responsiveness?
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Digestion
• What does digesting food provide our bodies?
• Note: Cells are “digestion factories” that further digest absorbed nutrients.
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Metabolism
• Once food is ingested (taken in) what does metabolism do for us?
• What two organ systems are involved in metabolism?
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Excretion
• Why is excretion useful?
• Why do we want to get rid of waste?
• What organ systems are involved?
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Reproduction
• Why do we want to reproduce at the organismal level?
• Why do we want to reproduce at the cellular level?
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Growth
• What is necessary for growth to occur?
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Survival Needs
• Nutrients: Used for energy and cell building– Carbohydrates = energy– Proteins and fats= building cell structures– Fats= cushion organs and are fuel storages– Vitamins and minerals= for chemical reactions
• Oxygen: chemical reactions require oxygen to occur. Human cells cannot survive without oxygen.
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Survival Needs Cont…
• Water (universal solvent): ~60-80% of body weight. Necessary for chemical reactions to occur.
• Body Temperature: Must be maintained around 98F. If body temp. decreases too low metabolic reactions get slower. If body temp. too high proteins denature (unravel).
At both extremes death can occur!!
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Survival Needs Cont….
• Atmospheric Pressure: Allows for even exchange between oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in lungs.
– At high atmospheric pressures (high altitudes) air becomes too thin and adequate gas exchange may not be possible.
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Homeostasis
• 3 Control Factors– Receptor
– Control Center (hypothalamus)
– Effector
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How do they work together?
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2 types of Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback• Most Common type• Response of receptor is to
do the opposite of the original stimulus.
• Used in regulating heart rate, glucose (sugar) blood levels, oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, body temperature, etc.
Positive Feedback• Least Common Type• Response of receptor is to
amplify original stimulus.
• Used mainly during pregnancy (contractions) and blood clotting.
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Anatomical Position
• Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a
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Anterior (ventral)*
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
The breastbone is anterior to the spine
Posterior (dorsal)*
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
The heart is posterior to the breastbone
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Superior vs. Inferior
• Superior: Towards the head– The shoulder is superior to the stomach
• Inferior: Away from head– The ankle is inferior to the knee.
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*Whereas the terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, this is not the case in four-legged animals. Ventral specifically refers to the "belly" of a vertebrate animal and thus is the inferior surface of four-legged animals. Likewise, although the dorsal and posterior surfaces are the same in humans, the term dorsal specifically refers to an animal's back. Thus, the dorsal surface of four-legged animals is their superior surface.
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dorsal
ventral
anterior(cranial) posterior
(caudal)
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Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
The heart is medial to the arm
Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
The arms are lateral to the chest
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Intermediate Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
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Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
The knee is distal to the thigh
Used For Appendages!!
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Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
The lungs are deep to the skin
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Body Cavities
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Labeled Body Cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Terms to Memorize
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