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Transcript of NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering...
![Page 1: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC
“Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry”
NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update
September 15, 2016
FHWA Binder ETG
Fall River, MA
![Page 2: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59 Objective
The primary objective of NCHRP 9-59 is to develop a test or tests that will help to effectively and efficiently control the properties of asphalt binders that contribute to the fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures
![Page 3: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Presentation Objective
• Describe general approach to developing an improved binder fatigue test
• Provide summary of results to date
• Describe future efforts
![Page 4: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Problem
Bill Ahearn, Pamela Marks, Simon Hesp
![Page 5: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Questions
• Can |G*| sin() be improved? Added to? Replaced?
• How does modulus affect fatigue performance?
• Relationship between fracture and fatigue performance of binder and mixture?
![Page 6: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Strain-Based Cracking Model
9038.1
binderf
FSCN FSC = fatigue strain
capacity
9038.1
100
VBE
FSCN
mixf
![Page 7: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Generalized Failure Theory
FSC = fatigue strain capacity
Phase angle is for the binder, not the mix…
D = Ni ebinder( )i
éë
ùû
i=1
n
å1.38 90 d( )
FSC = Nf *ebinder1.38(90/d )( ){ }
d / 90 1́.38( )
9038.1
binderf
FSCN
38.190 DFSC
![Page 8: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Generalized Failure Theory
FSC = fatigue strain capacity
Phase angle is for the binder, not the mix…
9038.1
1 100
n
i
imixi
VBEND
9038.1
100
VBE
FSCN
mixf
38.190 DFSC
9038.1
binderf
FSCN
![Page 9: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Typical Failure Envelope
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10
Failu
re S
trai
n o
r FS
C, %
Secant Modulus/3 or G*, Pa
ARC Fatigue 9-25 Fatigue
AAT Misc. DT/NM ALF2 DT/NM
AAT ARC/9-25 DENT/NM ALF DENT/NM
DT PMod DENT PMod
Failure Envelope Heukelom
FSC = f(Stiffness or G*)
![Page 10: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fatigue/Fracture Performance Ratio, FFPR
*
*
orFSCTypical
orFSCMeasuredFFPR
10.190482.03 ,1035.1,1056.6
1*
tTStTSorFSCTypical
FFPR is defined as the ratio of observed to expected failure strain. Values significantly above 1 are good, below 1 are bad. The equation above is preliminary.
![Page 11: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Preliminary Results: Testing of ALF Binders
![Page 12: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ALF Fatigue Experiments
• Most of the binders for the first and second ALF fatigue experiments were tested
• These included PG 70-22, air blown binder, Terpolymer, SBS-LG, crumb rubber binder, AC 5 and AC 20
• RTFOT aging
![Page 13: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Binder Test Methods
• DSR frequency sweep (R value)
• Modified double edge notched tension (DENT)
• Linear amplitude sweep (LAS)
• Single edge notched bending (SENB)
• Various others from existing data
![Page 14: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ALF Binders: Correlation among FFPR Values
R² = 82%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
LAS
FFP
R
DENT FFPR
R² = 65%0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
Dir
ect
Te
nsi
on
FFP
R
DENT FFPR
R² = 79%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
LAS
FFP
R
Direct Tension FFPR
![Page 15: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
ALF Binders: Correlation Between Cracking and FFPR: ALF 1 & 2, 100 mm Test Sections
R² = 94%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
0.0 1.0 2.0
Cy
cle
s to
25
m C
rack
ing
LAS FFPR
R² = 90%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
Cy
cle
s to
25
m C
rack
ing
DENT FFPR
![Page 16: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ALF Binders: Correlation Between Cracking and FFPR: ALF 1 & 2, 100 mm Test Sections
R² = 90%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Cy
cle
s to
25
m C
rack
ing
Direct Tension FFPR
R² = 57%
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Cyc
les
to 2
5 m
Cra
ckin
g
Binder R-Value
![Page 17: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59 Test Plans
![Page 18: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59 Tests
• Many binder tests correlated to ALF fatigue performance
• Will this approach work for 9-59 materials and test methods?
• Will binder and mixture test data correlate?
• Will test data match expected performance
![Page 19: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59 Binders No. Additive PG Comments
1 SBS 88-22 Grade is approximate; 64-22 base, 6 %+ SBS 2 SBS 76-28 3 SBS/PPA 76-22 4 SBS 64-28 Base binder = 58-28; SBS % = 2.0-2.5% 5 SBR 70-22 Base binder = 64-22; SBR % = 2.5-3.5% (terminal)
6 EVA 76-22 7 --- 58-28 8 --- 64-22 source 1 9 --- 64-22 source 2; significantly different chemistry/rheology
10 GTR 70-22 terminal blend 11 oxidized 70-22 12 oxidized 76-16 13 REOB 58-28 source 1 14 REOB 58-28 source 2; significantly different chemistry/rheology
15 Terpolymer 58-34 16 PPA 70-22
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NCHRP 9-59 Mixture Testing
• Uniaxial fatigue (SVECD)
• Two temperatures
• Three replicates
• Overlay test (OT)
• 20C
• Three replicates
• Bending beam fatigue
![Page 21: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59: Laboratory Aging
• Binders: RTFOT + 40 hour PAV
• Mixture: Standard short term aging followed by loose mix aging at 95C for 5 days.
• Based on data available at the start of the project, which was very limited
![Page 22: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Comparison of Mix and Binder Laboratory Aging
![Page 23: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Preliminary NCHRP 9-59 Results
![Page 24: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Modified DENT Test Results
Binder Temp Stiff/3, Pa Fail. Strain, % Expected FS, % FFPR
PG 76-22 SBS 15 1.07E+06 71 55 1.30
20 2.40E+05 105 68 1.55
PG 64-22 15 1.26E+06 53 52 1.03
20 6.23E+05 62 64 0.97
PG 58-28 REOB 15 6.07E+05 50 65 0.78
10 1.05E+06 47 55 0.86
Binder Temp G*, Pa Avg. FSC, % Exp. FSC, % FFPR
PG 76-22 SBS 20 2.28E+07 8.01 5.84 1.37
PG 64-22 20 1.70E+07 6.76 7.82 0.86
PG 58-28 REOB 20 1.80E+07 7.71 7.39 1.04
LAS Test Results
![Page 25: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Uniaxial Fatigue Results Binder Temp G* Avg. FSC, % Exp. FSC, % Avg. FFPR
PG 76-22 SBS 15 4.49E+07 3.30 2.90 1.14
21 2.28E+07 7.57 5.84 1.31
PG 64-22 12 5.49E+07 1.75 2.35 0.74
18 3.01E+07 4.38 4.40 0.99
PG 58-28 REOB 6 4.19E+07 1.96 3.12 0.63
12 2.38E+07 3.78 5.60 0.67
Texas Overlay Test Results Binder Temp G* Cycles Avg. FSC, % Exp. FSC, % Avg. FFPR
PG 76-22 SBS 20 3.59E+06 102 44 29 1.51
PG 64-22 20 3.95E+06 24 29 27 1.07
PG 58-28 REOB 20 1.86E+06 32 28 43 0.65
![Page 26: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NCHRP 9-59 Data Compared to Typical Failure Envelope
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08
FSC
or
Failu
re S
trai
n, %
G* or Stiffness/3, PaFit DENT PG 76-22FATIGUE PG 76-22 TOT PG 76-22DENT PG 64-22 FATIGUE PG 64-22TOT PG 64-22 DENT PG 58-28 REOBFATIGUE PG 58-28 REOB TOT PG 58-28 REOBLAS PG 76-22 LAS PG 64-22LAS PG 58-28 REOB
![Page 27: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mix Uniaxial Fatigue vs Binder MDENT
R² = 85%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FFP
R, M
ix U
nia
xial
Fat
igu
e
FFPR, Binder MDENT
Data
Equality
![Page 28: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Using Average Mix FFPR and Energy-Based DENT FFPR
R² = 93%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Avg
. FFP
R, M
ix U
nia
xial
Fat
igu
e
FFPR (Energy based), Binder MDENT
Data
Equality PG 76-22
PG 64-22
PG 58-28 REOB
![Page 29: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Energy-Based DENT FFPR
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1.00 10.00 100.00
Tota
l En
erg
y to
Fai
lure
, N-m
Specimen Stiffness at 3 Seconds, KN/m
Typical
ALF Blown
ALF SBS LG
ALF Terpolymer
PG 58-28 REOB
PG 76-22
Fit/Typical
![Page 30: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mix Uniaxial Fatigue vs LAS
R² = 61%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FFP
R, M
ix U
nia
xial
Fat
igu
e
FFPR, LAS
Equality
![Page 31: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mixture Uniaxial Fatigue vs R
R² = 38%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
FFP
R, M
ix U
nia
xial
Fat
igu
e
Binder R Value
![Page 32: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Texas Overlay vs MDENT
R² = 92%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FFP
R, M
ix T
exas
Ove
rlay
Te
st
FFPR, Binder MDENT
Equality
Mix Tx OT
Linear (Mix Tx OT)
![Page 33: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Texas Overlay vs LAS
R² = 46%
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FFP
R, M
ix T
x O
verl
ay T
est
FFPR, LAS
Equality
![Page 34: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Interim Findings
• The proposed general failure theory and failure envelope appear to provide a powerful tool for evaluating the fatigue and fracture resistance of asphalt binders and mixes
![Page 35: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Interim Findings
• The RTFOT + 40 hour PAV binder aging appears to produce a similar degree of aging as the 5 day loose mix aging at 95C, but much more research is needed to verify and fine tune these aging protocols
![Page 36: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Interim Findings
• The modified DENT test correlates very well to both field fatigue performance in the FHWA ALF studies and in laboratory tests conducted in the first stage of NCHRP 9-59 testing.
• The LAS test is also promising…we may need to make adjustments
![Page 37: NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update - Asphalt … Asphalt Technologies, LLC “Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry” NCHRP 9-59-Binder Fatigue Test: Update September](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052202/5ac9c3e87f8b9acb7c8dd296/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Future work
• Additional binder testing: 13 more binders and including SENB test
• Healing study
• Parametric study on relationship between modulus and fatigue performance
• Validation testing
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Acknowledgements
• Those I have borrowed data from…
• Support of NCHRP
• The NCHRP Panel
• Industry suppliers
• Nam Tran and his associates at NCAT
• My associates at AAT, including Ray, Don, and Bob