ABSTRACT

A Succession of severe natural disasters has wreaked havoc in the poverty-ridden

state of Orissa. First the state experienced a severe flood in the august, 1999 affecting six

coastal blocks. Next came the severe cyclonic storm on 17-18th October 1999, which hit

the coastal district causing widespread and unprecedented damages to life and property.

The state was again hit by the most severe super cyclonic storm on 29- 30th Octeber, 1999

that ravaged all the coastal districts in general and Jagatsingpur. Kendrapara, Cuttack, Khurda

and Puri in particular. The super storm was followed by torrential rains raging from 447mm

to 955mm rainfall from 29th October to 1st November causing very high flood in baitarini,

budhabalanga, and salandi river basins, Which severly affected and marooned very vast

districts of Jajpur, Bhadrak, Keonjhar, Balasore and Mayurbhanj. At landfall point near paradip

coast on 29th October, 199 the wind velocity is estimated to be 270 to 300 Kms. After hitting

the paradip coast, the cyclonic storm with tidal wave of 5 to 7 meters height ravaged the

coastal districts of Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara, Khurda and Cuttack. The state capital

Bhubaneswar and the commercial hub of the state, Cuttack was completely devastated. All

surface communications, telecommunications, proper supply and water supply were totally

disrupted for more than 48 hours even in the state capital. The country has not witnessed a

calamity of such rare severity during the current century.

We have done detail study on the status of Early warning system in Orissa and its

socio economic impact of cyclone on some of the vulnerable district of the State.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my propound gratitude and appreciation to my Principal Investigator & adviser

Dr. Michael H. Glantz, Senior Scientist of National Center for Atmospheric Research,

(NCAR), Environmental and Societal Impacts Group, (E.S.I.G), for his enthusiastic guidance,

constant encouragement, invaluable suggestions and constructive criticism for directing

me to right track since the inception of the study to its end. Without that support this work

could hardly have taken the present shape. I am really grateful and indebted to him throughout

my life.

My enormous gratitude and deepest appreciation whole heartedly extended to

Dr.Niranjan Pani, Reader P.G. Dept. of Public Administration, and Dr.Amarendra Mishra

Professor. P.G. Department of Botany and Dr.Krushna Ch. Rath, Reader PG Dept of

Geography (GIS & Remote Sensing) of Utkal University , for their continuous inspiration,

generous interest, kind remarks and creative thinking throughout my study period. As Project

Adviser, their useful comments considerably improved my research & study. I am gratefully

acknowledging their contribution to my study.

My sincere appreciation and gratefulness also is extended to Mr Soraj Kumar Jha,

(IAS) & Dr. Sanjay. Kumar Bandhopadhya, of (UNDP) UN house II for helping me to get

valuable information from different organizations about Super Cyclone-99. I am also thankful

researcher and staff from Geography Department and Public Administration Department of

Utkal University of Orissa, India for providing relevant study material, technical assistance,

kind suggestion and guidance during my field survey in different cyclone hit districts of

Orissa. I got lot of generous inspiration, appreciation and cooperation from him, which

inspired & encouraged me for doing a successful research study. I am also thankful to Mr.

Shidhya Bart Dash,(social worker) for assisting me to get study materials from different

NGO, Government officials and number of organization related to cyclone and mainly

analysis of data and information.

I like to give foremost gratitude and enormous indebtedness to my all teacher, friends,

well wisher, Father and Mother for their unfailing love, generous interest and moral inspiration

and cooperation throughout my study. I am especially Thankful to our Project team Mr. Nihar

Ranjan Das, Ms. Ms. Mithun Karmakar, Mr.Subhasis Mohanty, Mr.Surya Narayan Rath &

Ms. Marina Priyadarshini Mohapatra for hard working during field survey and interview in

the study area .They have made significant contributions and strong determination in bringing

out the final report.

At last, I am also grateful to NCAR, USA in general and E.S.I.G Programme in

particular for extending necessary help, grant and facilitating the completion of this Super

Cyclone -99, ( hence forth), projects successful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTIONSOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF ORISSA 4

ORISSA SUPER CYCLONE 9Severity Of Cyclone 9Dissemination of Cyclonic Warning and Evacuation 10Damage due to Super Cyclonic Storm 11

CYCLONES 14Cyclone in India Coast & Vulnerability Of Orissa Coast 16Cyclone at Orissa Coast: A Timeline Perspective 16Super Cyclone 1999: A Timeline Analysis 24Nature of Super Cyclone 1999 25

WARNING SYSTEM 34

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN ORISSA 39Disaster Risk Management Programme 40

DECISION MAKING STRUCTURE OF THE STATE 54Administrative response mechanism 54

THE SURVEY ITS OBJECTIVE 59PURI DISTRICT 63BALASORE DISTRICT 77KENDRAPARA DISTRICT 93JAGATSINGPUR DISTRICT 106KHURDA DISTRICT 118CUTTACK DISTRICT 129

RecommendationLesson LearntReferenceAnnexture A1 - A15Appendix i - xiii

INTRODUCTION

Orissa is situated in the northeastern part of Indian peninsula, extending from 17o.49’

N to 22o.34’ N latitude and from 81o.29’ E to 87o.29’ E longitude. It is surrounded by West

Bengal on the Northeast, Bihar on the north, Andhra Pradesh on the Southeast, and Madhya

Pradesh on the west and Bay of Bengal on the east. The State may be broadly divided into

four geographical regions as northern plateau, central river basin, eastern hills and coastal

plains. The whole state lies in the tropical zone and is divided into four distinct tracts, viz.

the northern plateau, the Eastern Ghats, the central tract and the coastal plains. The state

is drained by three great rivers, the Mahanadi, the Brahmani and the Baitarani and some

lesser rivers, all of which flow into the Bay of Bengal.

The biggest and the most famous lake in Orissa is the Chilka Lake. Originally, it was

part of the Bay of Bengal, but was subsequently closed up by sand dunes. It is 64 km long

and 16 to 20 km wide. There are two beautiful islands in the lake namely Parikud and Malud.

Two other lakes call for mention, the Ansupa lake (Cuttack district), about 5 km long and 1.6

km broad, and the Sara Lake (Puri district) about 5 km long and 3 km wide.

CLIMATE :

Orissa has an equable climate, neither too hot nor too cold. In some places, however,

extremes of climate are experienced, namely, in the western districts like Bolangir, Sambalpur

and Sundargarh. The average rainfall in the state is 150 cm. There is no desert or semi-

desert area in the state.

State Profile at a Glance

Area 155,707 sq. km

Capital Bhubaneswar

Language Oriya

Districts 30

Population 1991 (total) 31,312,070

Population (males) 15,979,904

Population (females) 15,332,166

Increase in (1981-91) 5,141,799

Growth rate (percent) 1981-91 19.50

Population density (persons per sq. km) 202

Urban population (percent) 13.38

Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) 972

Literacy (percent) 48.65

Males (percent) 62.37

Females (percent) 34.40

Per capita income (1989-90) Rs.3, 066

HISTORY :

Orissa the land of Oriyas, was known as Kalinga in ancient days. In the third century

BC (268 BC) Ashoka the Mauryan emperor, sent a powerful force to conquer Kalinga, which

offered stubborn resistance. Kalinga was subdued but the carnage that followed, struck

Ashoka with remorse. It was here, where Ashoka “the Terrible” was transformed to Ashoka

“the Compassionate”. After the death of Ashoka, Kalinga regained its independence. In the

second century BC, it became a powerful country under Kharavela. With the death of

Kharavela, Orissa passed into obscurity. In the fourth century AD, Samudragupta invaded

Orissa that lay astride his path and overcame resistance offered by five of its kings. In 610

AD, Orissa came under the sway of King Sasanka. After Sasanka’s death, Harsha conquered

Orissa.

Orissa had its own independent dynasty of rulers (Ganga dynasty) in the seventh

century AD. In 795 AD Mahasivagupta Yagati II came to throne and with him began the most

brilliant epoch in the history of Orissa. He united Kalinga, Kangada, Utkal and Koshala in

the imperial tradition of Kharavela. Under kings of Ganga dynasty, Orissa continued to

flourish. Narashingha Dev of this dynasty is reputed to have built the unique Sun Temple of

Konark. From the 14th century, Orissa was ruled successively by five Muslim kings till

1592, when Akbar annexed it to the Mughal Empire. With the decline of the Mughals, Marathas

occupied Orissa. They continued to hold it till the British took over in 1803.

Orissa was made into a separate province in 1936. After independence, princely

states in and around Orissa surrendered their sovereignty to the Government of India. By

the States Merger (Governor’s provinces) Order, 1949, princely states of Orissa were

completely merged with the State of Orissa in August 1949. Although State of Orissa has

many ancient names like Kalinga, Utkal and Udra it is also widely known as the land of Lord

Jagannath. Lord Jagannath is intimately connected with the social, cultural and religious life

of Orissa. Jainism, Islam and Christianity had considerable impact on the people of Orissa

in different periods.

Area, Population and Headquarters of Districts

District Area (sq. km) Population (1991) Headquarters

Angul 6,347 958,003 Angul

Bolangir 6,552 1,227,345 Balangir

Balasore 3,706 1,692,439 Balasore

Baragarh 5,832 1,203,630 Barugarh

Bhadrak 2,788 1,103,889 Bhadrak

Boudh 3445 317,622 Boudh

Cuttack 3,915 2,043,338 Cuttack

Deogarh 2,782 234,238 Deogarh

Dhenkanal 4,597 942,672 Dhenkanal

Gajapati 3,017 458,741 Parlakhamundi

Ganjam 8,071 2,684,379 Chhatrapur

Jagatsinghpur 1,739 933,296 Jagatsinghpur

Jajpur 2,885 1,380,203 Panikoili

Jharsuguda 2,203 446,726 Jharsuguda

Kalahandi 8,197 1,128,659 Bhavanipatna

Kandhamal 5465 858,553 Phulabani

(Phualabani)

Kendrapara 2,566 1,146,470 Kendrapara

Keonjhar 8,303 1,315,627 Keonjhar

Khurda 2,888 1,497,846 Bhubaneshwar

Koraput 8,379 1,055,824 Koraput

Malkanagiri 6,115 420,950 Malkanagiri

Mayurbhanj 10,418 1,871,797 Baripada

Nabarangpur 5,290 808,215 Nabarangpur

Nayurgarh 3,954 776,784 Mayurgarh

Nuapada 3,408 463,325 Nuapada

Puri 3,055 1,295,562 Puri

Rayaguda 7,585 714,599 Rayaguda

Sambalpur 6,704 809,017 Sambalpur

Sonpur 2,284 476,410 Sonpur

Sundargarh 9,712 1,568,442 Sundargarh

TOTAL 152,202 31,834,601

Verma, R.C. 1995. Indian Tribes Through the Ages (2nd edition). Publication Division,

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi.

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SOCIO-ECONOMICPROFILE OF ORISSA

Orissa comprising 4.74 percent of India’s landmass and with 31.66 million people

(1991 census) is predominantly an agrarian economy. Agriculture contributes about 31% to

State Domestic Product (SDP) and provides direct and indirect employment to approximately

64% of the total workforce of the state. About 87 percent of its population (1991 census) live

in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their living.

AGRICULTURE, FISHING AND ANIMAL RESOURCES

Agriculture in Orissa, as compared to that of Punjab, Haryana, Maharastra, Tamil

Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, is in a state of underdevelopment. Yield rate of rice stood at

13.7 quintal per hectare compared to 31.3, 22.2, 16.9, 33.9 and 25.0 quintal per hectare in

Punjab, Haryana, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh respectively (1995-96).

Similarly the yield rate of food-grain in Orissa was estimated at 10.9 quintals per hectare

compared to 34.7, 25.4, 21.5, 17.2 and 19.8 quintals per hectare in Punjab, Haryana, Tamil

Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal respectively. (1995-96).

Infrastructure in Orissa’s agriculture sector is also underdeveloped. It suffers from

inadequate irrigation facilities. 70 percent of total cropped area is rain fed and experiences

erratic and uneven distribution of rainfall. Percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown

stood at 32.8 as compared to 93.3% in Punjab, 75.6% in Haryana, 46.4% in Tamil Nadu and

38.5% in Andhra Pradesh.

Lack of assured irrigation facilities consequent restricts the application of chemical

fertilizers to agriculture. Per hectare consumption of fertilizers in Orissa stood at only 25.2

kg’s vis-à-vis 167.3 kg’s in Punjab, 123.7 kg’s in Haryana, 106.9 kg’s in Tamil Nadu, 137.3

kg’s in Andhra Pradesh and 99.3 kg’s in West Bengal (1995-96).

In large parts of the state, traditional agricultural practices are in vogue.

Commercialization of agriculture is yet to take place on any significant scale. Not only there

is the overwhelming presence of small and marginal farmers in the state, (79.88%in 1990-

91), who do not have the means to make appropriate investments in agriculture, the per

capita availability of cultivated land has also been shrinking. It has in fact declined to 0.18

hectares in 1996-97 from 0.39 hectares in 1950-51. This itself constitutes a major constraint

to agricultural development and modernization in the state.

Cultivation of High Yielding varieties (HYV) of rice in the state has also been lagging

behind. Inadequate irrigation facilities, shortage of inputs like the HYV seeds, non-availability

of credit to the small and marginal farmers and the presence of risks in their cultivation

particularly for the small and marginal farmers are some of the important impediments to

the rapid expansion of HYV rice in the state.

Through commercial crops like sugarcane, jute, cotton, soybean, groundnut and potato

are produced in the state along with pulses, paddy are the major cereals crop cultivated in

about 75.7% of the cropped area, followed by pulses with 10.6% and oilseeds with 6.9%.

The state has vast potential for the development of Horticulture. Hill tracks of KBK

districts, Phulbani and Gajapati districts after suitable climate and land for horticultural

production. The state government has been encouraging horticulture and other agricultural

activities, and has given agriculture the status of industry.

Orissa is to improve its overall economic performance and reduce the incidence of

poverty in rural areas. A comprehensive strategy to develop the rural sector has to put

emphasis on the development of the fishing sector and to create self-employment and higher

income for the rural households. The state has all the natural endowments such as a long

coastline, Perennial River and steams, irrigation resources and ponds, etc, where piece-

culture can be commercially developed. The contribution of the fishery sector to GSDP,

which stood at 2.2 percent in 1995-96, can be substantially raised if the potentiality available

in the sector is properly exploited. A number of schemes like the ‘Group accident Insurance

scheme for fishermen’, ‘Development of Model fishermen villages’ and ‘Saving-cum-relief

for Marine fishermen’ engaged in fishing in inland as well as marine sectors.

Development of animal resources also contributes for the growth of an agrarian

economy. They are the tangible assets of the rural households.

Development of cattle and buffalo, poultry and other livestock enhance the income

and employment opportunities of the poorer households.

A significant improvement in the income and living standards of the rural people can

be achieved through the integrated development of agriculture, fishing and animal resources.

INDUSTRY

Since 1980’s, Orissa has been making sustained efforts to industrialize its economy.

Important industrial policy measures have been enacted by the state to create opportunities

for the growth of industries by attracting interval investments and capital and technology

from abroad. Industrial policy formulated in March 1996, highlighted the utilization of Orissa’s

vast natural resources for industrial growth, development of agriculture, particularly the

agro-food processing industries, development of infrastructure and development of backward

regions, etc.

The contribution of this sector however has not been rising significantly. The

contribution of registered and unregistered manufacturing sectors to NSDP stood at 11.9%

in 1995-96 at 1980-81 prices. It was only a marginal increase from 10.4% in 1980-81.

Given the potential of the state its rate of industrial growth is disappointing. Inadequate

infrastructure including power generation, absence of an industrial and entrepreneurial

culture, non-availability of skilled manpower and lack of marketing opportunities are some

of the important constraints for the development of industrialization in the state.

Development of small-scale village and cottage industries has been emphasized

from time to time through the provision of incentives. Contribution of industries in the public

sector has been lagging. Efforts are now made under economic reform initiatives to have

their restructuring which includes their joint management, sale/liquidation.

Orissa needs to do more to accelerate the pace of industrial growth by facilitating

the flow of private capital, technology.

SOCIAL SECTOR

EDUCATION

It is the obligation of the state, under the Directive Principles of State Policy, to provide

free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years of age. Through the programme

of universalisation of elementary education (UEE), it is implemented in the underdeveloped

districts like Ganjam, Phulbani, Keonjhar, Balangir and Denkhanal (subsequently re-

organized into 9 district) of the state, where special intervention has been made with external

funding to promote universal access and enrolment of children in the schools.

District Primary Education Programme (DPEP), a centrally sponsored plan scheme

has also been launched since 1996-97 in five districts of the state, namely, Gajapati,

Rayagada, Kalahandi, Bolangir and Dhenkanal to provide universal primary education to all

children of the relevant age-group. Primary education of the SC, ST and girl student has

been given a priority. Besides, attempts are made to motivate children in the age group of 3-

6 years who constitute 10.83% of the state’s total population (1991 census) towards primary

education under the programme ‘Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE)”.

Though the literacy rate in the state has increased from 15.8 percent in 1951 to 49.1

percent in 1991, it lags behind the literacy rate in Kerala (89.8%), West Bengal (57.7%).

Female literacy is still much lower at 34.7% compared to the male literacy rate of 64.1%

(1991). High dropout rate among the SC and ST girl’s students at the primary level in rural,

tribal and inaccessible areas contributes to low female literacy in the state. Today the state

is committed to achieve universalisation of primary education by providing access to primary

schools within one km and upper primary schools within three km from habitation. At the

same time a member of projects with UNICEF assistance like Early Childhood Education,

Area Intensive Education Project, Project for the Disabled and Developmental Activities in

community Education are also operated in specific areas of the state.

An important problem that needs to be mentioned is the high dropout rate at the

primary stage for boys and girls. This was estimated at 51.8% and 52.4% respectively in

1995-96. Government has introduced mid day meals programme from 1-7-95 to check the

dropout rate at the primary stage. It is expected that all these steps will help to achieve

universalisation of primary education in the state.

HEALTH

The state has been implementing the National Health Policy, which aims at providing

universal health care and access to medical services to all section of the people, particularly

to the people living in rural, hilly and tribal areas. Health care service is provided to the

people through a network of three-tier health infrastructure, i.e., sub-center, primary health

centers, additional PHC’s and community Health Centers.

Family Welfare Programmes to control the rapid growth of population and universal

immunization programme to reduce infant mortality and maternal mortality rates are being

implemented in the state. Integrated child Development service (ICDS) scheme is also in

operation in the state in 223 blocks to provide health care service which include

supplementary nutrition, immunization, pre-school education, health check-up and health

education to children under the age group of 0-6 years. It is now decided to extend the

scheme to all the 314 blocks of the state.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

As per the 1991 census, Orissa had a population of 31.66 million compared to 26.37

million in 1981. The growth in population during the period was 20.6 %. The density of

population naturally increased to 203 in 1991 from 169 people per sq.km.

The sex ratio in the state that is the number of females per 1000 males, declined

from 981 in 1981 to 971 in 1991, making it further unfavorable.

POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN ORISSA

Orissa’s economy is characterized by underdevelopment, poverty and unemployment.

In fact, the proportion of population below poverty line (BPL) in rural Orissa was the highest

in India in the year 1987-88. The proportion of BPL population, both rural and urban areas

taken together was also the highest in Orissa in that year. In the year 1993-94, Orissa

occupied the last but one position among all the Indian states in respect to BPL population.

Table below gives the percentage of Population below poverty line in Orissa and India.

ORISSA

Year Rural Urban Combined

1973-74 67.28 55.62 66.18

1977-78 72.38 50.92 70.07

1983-84 67.53 49.15 65.29

1987-88 57.64 41.53 55.58

1993-94 49.72 41.64 48.56

INDIA

Year Rural Urban Combined

1973-74 56.44 49.01 54.88

1977-78 53.07 45.24 51.32

1983-84 45.65 40.79 44.48

1987-88 39.09 38.20 38.36

1993-94 37.27 32.36 35.97

Source: Quoted form estimates of Planning Commission Economic Survey 1997-98. P 8/1.

A sizeable section of the total population, below poverty line, belongs to the Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections of the society.

A number of programmes like the IRDP, TRYSEM, JRY, IAY, IJRY, SFPP, DPAP and

EAS, etc are in operation in Orissa to alleviate the poverty of the people.

It may, however be mentioned that despite the implementation of poverty alleviation

programme and deprivation continues to plague the economy of the state.

In terms of Human development, the state is much behind the other states. It lags in

literacy. It experience the second highest mortality rate at birth .The state experiences the

highest infant mortality rate at 95 per 1000.

Along with economic development, people of the state have to be provided with

increased access to housing, drinking water, education, health care and family welfare, for

their overall social development.

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ORISSA SUPER CYCLONE

A Secession of severe natural disasters has wreaked havoc in the poverty-ridden

state of Orissa. First the state experienced a severe flood in the august, 1999 affecting six

coastal blocks. Next came the severe cyclonic storm on 17-18th October 1999, which hit

the coastal district causing widespread and unprecedented damages to life and property.

The state was again hit by the most severe super cyclonic storm on 29- 30th October, 1999

that ravaged all the coastal districts in general and Jagatsingpur. Kendrapara, Cuttack, Khurda

and Puri in particular. The super storm was followed by torrential rains raging from 447mm

to 955mm rainfall from 29th October to 1st November causing very high flood in baitarini,

budhabalanga, and salandi river basins, which severely affected and marooned very vast

districts of Jajpur, Bhadrak, Keonjhar, Balsore and Mayurbhanj. At landfall point near Paradip

coast on 29th October, 199 the wind velocity is estimated to be 270 to 300 Kms. After hitting

the paradip coast, the cyclonic storm with tidal wave of 5 to 7 meters height ravaged the

coastal districts of Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara, Khurda and Cuttack. The state capital

Bhubaneswar and the commercial hub of the state, Cuttack was completely devastated. All

surface communications, telecommunications, proper supply and water supply were totally

disrupted for more than 48 hours even in the state capital. The country has not witnessed a

calamity of such rare severity during the current century.

SEVERITY OF CYCLONE

A well-marked low-pressure area lay over North Andaman Sea and Neighborhood

at 251200UTC. It intensified rapidly into a cyclonic storm over Andaman sea and lay centered

at 260300 UTC within half a degree of Lat. 13.5 North long, 95.0 degree East about 350

Kms North east of port Blair. It moved north eastwards and lay centered at 261200UTC

within half a degree of Lat14.5 degree North Long. 94.0 degree East. It moved North West

wards and intensified into a severe cyclonic storm over East central bay and lay centered

at 270300 UTC within half a degree of 16.0 degree North long 92.0 degree East about 800

Kms South east of paradeep. It further moved north Westerly wards and lay centered at

271200 UTC within half a degree of Lat. 17.0 degree North long. 90.5 degree East about

600 Kms South east of paradeep. It remained practically stationary and intensified into a

very severe cyclonic storm and lay centered at 271500UTC within half a degree lat.17.0 N.

long 90.5 east. It intensified further and moved in a northwest warily direction and lay centered

at 280300 UTC with half a degree Lat 18.0 Long. 89.0 east about 350 Kms. South east of

paradeep over west central and adjoining northwest bay. It moved northwesterly wards and

lay centered at 281200 UTC within half a degree of Lat19.0 North long 87.5 East about 180

Kms south east of paradeep. It intensified into a “Super cyclonic storm” and lay centered at

281200 UTC within half a degree of Lat.19.3 long/87.0 east about 75 Kms South east of

paradeep. It moved northwesterly wards and lay centered at 290300UTC within half a degree

19.6 North Long/87.0 East abort 75 Kms south East of paradeep. It moved northwesterly

wards and lay centered at 290300UTC within half a degree of Lat.19.9 North Long 86.7 east

and 25 Kms southeast of paradeep. It crossed Orissa coast near paradeep and lay centered

at 290430UTC little north of paradeep. It moved Northwesterly wards and weakened into a

very severe cyclonic storm and lay centered at 290900UTC. It weakened into a cyclonic

storm remaining practically stationary close to Cuttack at 0300UTC and 1200UTCof 30.10.99.

It weakened into a depression and lay centered at 0300UTc of 31.10.99 close to Chandballi

and further weakened into well-marked low-pressure area at 12.00UTC of 31.10.99 over

coastal Orissa and adjoining North Coastal Andra pradesh and North westerly Bay of Bengal.

DISSEMINATION OF CYCLONIC

WARNING AND EVACUATION

As soon a s the 1st cyclonic warning was received on 26th afternoon, the collectors

of the districts likely to be affected were alerted by wireless, fax and through personal

contact. Right from the beginning, the instructions were issued to take preparatory measures

to meet any eventuality and to mobilize district level officers and to alert local police, the

telecom authorities and the police communication network. The district collectors were asked

to make preparations for evacuation from the vulnerable coastal area. Right through 27th

and 28 of October 1999, the District collectors were personally kept posted about the

movement of the storm and it’s like ferocity. They were specifically directed to arrange

dissemination of special cyclonic bulletins on hourly basis. Through this bulletin as well as

through local announcements even people of inland and urban areas living in Kuccha (mud)

houses were advised to shift to public/community buildings. Nearly1, 50,000 people were

evacuated in the coastal districts of Puri, Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara and Balasore through

these measures. The state cabinet held an emergency meeting in the evening of 28th October

to review the disaster preparedness measures. Telecommunications links from the

Headquarters to almost all the districts were disrupted around 7.30 am on 29th October

1999 and there after the situation could not be monitored.

AREAS AFFECTED

About 13 million people in 97 Blocks, 28 urban local bodies in 12 districts have

been severely affected by Severe Cyclonic Storm including the state capital and the oldest

city of Cuttack. The agriculturally prosperous districts of Khurda, Puri, Cuttack,

Jagatsingpur, Kendrapara have been devastated due to super cyclonic storm. Where as

the district like Jajpur, Bhadrak, Balsore and Mayurbhanj were severely affected by the

unprecedented flood.

DAMAGE DUE TO SUPER CYCLONIC STORM

The damage caused by super cyclonic storm can be broadly classified under three

categories. The first relates to loss of human life and loss of livestock. The second relates

to devastation caused to public and private properties and the third categories relates to

severe loss caused to agricultural and plantation crops, dislocation of agricultural operations,

impact on the livelihood of farmers, agricultural laborers, village artisans, and fishermen.

LOSS OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL LIFE

According to the reports received from the districts the super cyclonic storms has

taken a toll of 9,885 human lives.

As per the report received from Director, veterinary services the casualty of livestock

is as follows:

✦ Buffalo - 13464

✦ Bullock - 52973

✦ Cow - 156424

✦ Calf - 90232

✦ Sheep - 103127

✦ Goat - 196212

✦ Pig - 8945

✦ Poultry birds - 1151245

DAMAGE TO HOUSES

As per the reports received from collectors, 15,79582 Katcha and pucca houses

have been damaged due to the super cyclonic storm and unprecedented flood.

DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE

Due to super cyclonic storm and incessant rain of 400mm to 867 mm for a continuous

period of 4 days and saline inundation due to high tidal waves in the coastal districts, standing

paddy crops have been severely damaged. The total estimated value of loss to crop would

be about 1733.00 crores.

DAMAGE TO PUBLIC PROPERTIES

Economic, social and Administrative infrastructure has suffered unprecedented

devastation in the affected districts. Surface communication (including railways),

telecommunications, power supply and irrigation systems have sustained severe and

unprecedented damages. As many as 39 towers along 220 KV and 130 KV transmission

lines have either collapsed or have suffered irreparable damages. Large number of canal

embankments, saline embankments and river embankments, rural roads has been breached.

Primary, secondary, high school, college buildings and university buildings in the affected

districts have been badly damaged.

Districts No. of No. of No. of T otal Total No. of Washed Fully Partially T otalBlocks GPs villages population agricultural human away collapsed collapsed

affected land affected casualty

1 Balaswar 8 155 1748 1226000 138000 49 11180 37485 48125 96790

2 Bhadrak 7 166 1356 1347000 179000 98 292 33221 82931 116444

3 Cuttack 14 278 1977 2367000 197000 471 0 140626 147193 287819

4 Dhekanal 8 144 766 70000 138000 55 5 7909 54318 62232

5 Jagatsingpur 8 165 1308 1200000 101000 8119 9948 217174 57215 284337

6 Jajpur 10 242 1160 1550000 176000 188 0 61895 187998 249839

7 Kendrapara 9 205 1567 1400000 136000 469 40 145884 125175 271099

8 Khurda 8 124 1167 1310000 80000 91 0 30000 65540 95540

9 Mayurbhanj 9 63 341 198000 221000 10 500 6000 3000 9500

10 Nayagarh 2 40 350 150000 80000 3 0 198 14059 14255

11 Puri 11 204 1714 1500000 162000 301 0 58884 55368 113922

12 Kendujar 3 60 546 250000 125000 31 1164 7393 39698 48225

Total 97 1,846 14,000 12,568,000 1,733,000 9,885 23,129 746,669 880,620 1,650,002

Source: White paper o super cyclone, revenue department, Government of India Dec1999

Table

(Effects of Super Cyclone in Orissa by districts on 28 th –29th October 1999)

Table

Impact of Super cyclone in Orissa during 1999

Indicators Cyclones on 17.10.99 Super Cyclone on 29.10.99

District affected 4 12

Bock Affected 19 97

Villages affected 3076 16508

Municipal area affected 20 28

People affected 31,67,984 1,30,00,000

Human death 205 9,885

Human injuries 400 2,507

Cattle killed 2869 3,15,886

Small animals killed 7647 3,16,372

Poultry Killed 6,79,447 18,83,468

Assets damaged 3,23,773 16,69,292

Homes washed away Nil 23,493

Homes fully Collapsed 78,821 7,48,499

Homes partially Collapsed 2,44952 8,97,300

High School damaged 851 3,425

Primary School damaged 1,972 14,901

Colleges damaged 50 66

Fishing boat damaged 5,494 9,088

Trees Up rooted N.A 9,0000,000

Crop damaged Kharif

Paddy crops 2,25,224 13,00,00

Vegetable lands 46,346 1,76,000

Other crop lands 6,00,039 257,000

Potential rabi - 64,900

District roads(km) - 444

’

❋❋❋❋❋

CYCLONES

WHAT IS A CYCLONE ?

Cyclones are one of the most disastrous natural hazards of the tropics. They bring

with them extremely violent winds and heavy rains causing floods and storm tides. A Cyclonic

storm or a cyclone is an intense vortex or a whirl in the atmosphere with very strong winds

circulating around it in anti- clock wise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in the

clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The word cyclone is derived from the Greek,

word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. To Henri Peddington, the topical storm in the Bay

of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea appeared like the coiled serpents of the sea and he named

the storm as “cyclones”.

The criteria followed by the Meteorological Department of India to classify the low-

pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian

Types of Disturbances Associated wind speed in Circulation

Low pressure area Less than 17 knots (31Kmph)

Depression 17 to 27 Knots (31 to 49 Kmph)

Deep Depression 28 to 33 Knots (50 to 61 Kmph)

Cyclonic Storm 34 to 47 Knots (62to 88Kmph)

Severe Cyclonic Storm 48 to 63 Knots (89 to 118Kmph)

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 64 to 119 Knots (119 to 221 Kmph)

Super Cyclonic Storm 120 Knots and above (222Kmph and above)

Seas as developed by World Meteorological organization are:

1 Knot- 1.85 Km per hour

A full-grown cyclone is a violent whirl in the atmosphere 150 to 1000

HOW DOES CYCLONE OCCUR ?

Basically Cyclones develop over warm sea near the Equator. Air heated by the sun

rises very slowly, which creates areas of very low pressure. As the warm air rises, it becomes

loaded with moisture, which condenses into massive thunderclouds. Cool air rushes in to fill the

void that is left, but because of the constant turning of the earth on its axis, the air is bent in ward

and then spirals upward with great force. The swirling winds rotate faster and faster, forming a

huge circle, which can be up to 2,000 km across. At the center of the storm is a calm, cloudless

area called the eye, where there is no rain, and the winds are fairly light. As the cyclone builds

up it begins to move. It is sustained by a steady flow of warm, moist air. The strongest winds and

heaviest rains are found in the towering clouds, which merge into a wall about 20-30 km from

the storm’s center. Winds around the eye can reach speed up to 200 km/h.

WHY CYCLONES DO OCCURS ?

When warm air rises from the seas and condensed into clouds, massive amounts of

heat are released. The result of this mixture of heat and moisture is results in thunderstorms,

from which a tropical storm can develop. Vigorous thunderstorms and high winds combine

to create a cluster of thunderstorms, which can become the seedling of a tropical storm.

During the hurricane season, the carioles effect of the Earth’s rotation starts the winds in

the thunderstorm spinning in a circular motion.

Types of tropical Cyclonic Storms:

✸ Typhoons (western Pacific)

✸ Hurricanes (North Atlantic ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Eastern pacific ocean)

✸ Cyclones (Indian ocean)

Structure of tropical winds :

✸ Cyclones are made up of thunderstorms

✸ Bands of cumulonimbus clouds surround the eye.

✸ Energy is derived from the evaporation of warm ocean water.

✸ Energy is released by the process of convection.

CYCLONE DANGER

Cyclone creates several dangers for people living around tropical areas. The most

destructive force of a cyclone comes from the fierce winds. These Winds are strong enough

to easily destroy trees, houses, and fences, while hurling helpless people through the air.

Many people are killed when the cyclone’s winds cause buildings to collapse and houses to

completely blow away. A cyclone storm results in high sea level, causing giant waves and

surges of water known as storm surges. The rains from cyclones are also heavily enough

to cause serious flooding, especially along river areas. These cyclones can totally destroy

road and rail transport, which paralyzes the life of human being.

The environmental conditions necessary for tropical cyclogenesis are :

✸ A pre-existing low-level disturbance

✸ Low level cyclonic relative voracity

✸ A large area of sea surface temperature greater than or equal to 260° C

maintained to a depth of approximately 60 m.

✸ A conditionally unstable atmosphere.

✸ High middle troposphere relative humidity.

CYCLONES IN INDIAN COAST& VULNERABILITY OF ORISSA COAST

In the Indian Ocean, cyclones have two centers of origin- Adaman & Nicober Islands

in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep and Minicoy islands in the Arabian Sea. Both of

these places are located just to the north of equatorial low-pressure belt. So during summer

these two places come under the belt of equatorial low due to the northerly shift of pressure

belts. Hence, here, due to intense heat low pressure is developed in these areas and cyclones

originate. These cyclones frequently hit the Indian coasts.

Annual global frequency of cyclones is about 80, while in the Bay of Bengal and

Arabian sea, they are about 4 to 6 in number. About 2 to 3 of these cyclones may become

severe causing severe cyclonic storm to create disaster. Considering different seasons,

cyclones generally develop during pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons. During

monsoon seasons the tropical cyclones generally reach up to the intensity of depression

(D) or deep depression (DD). The winter season is almost free from tropical cyclones. The

cyclones of the post-monsoon season (October - December) are more intense than those

of pre-monsoon season (April - May).

The maritime states along the east coast of India suffer from these disastrous

cyclones more than those in the west coast, which can very well be visualized from the

information presented in the Map showing landfall of cyclonic disturbances in India (Fig.-).

The map also reveals that the frequency of occurrence of cyclones in the east coast is

more in Orissa followed by Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and West Bengal. Balasore district

in Orissa is the most vulnerable district for landfall of cyclone (Fig.-). The risk of storm

surge is also very high at Balasore coast, which has been described in the biography showing

maximum probable storm surge (Fig.-) (Mohapatra, M., 2002).

CYCLONES AT ORISSA COAST:A TIMELINE PERSPECTIVE

A detailed timeline of cyclonic occurrences at Orissa coast in last two centuries

(from 1804 to 1999) has been described in the following table, which reveals that, the Balasore

& Bhadrakh districts have always remained as the most vulnerable districts towards these

cyclones. However, Puri, Cuttack, Jajpur, Kendrapara and Khurda districts have also been

affected severely after the Balasore and Bhadrakh. The districts of Ganjam, Gajapati and

Mayurbhanj have also been affected by severe cyclonic storms many times. Mostly the

cyclonic disturbances have crossed Orissa coast frequently near Balasore, Chandbali,

Paradip, Puri and Gopalpur respectively. The storm surges had their maximum impact near

Balasore coast and Paradip. The study of the table also reveals that the post monsoon

period (September to December) is more probable period for severe cyclones as in this

period the Orissa coast has experienced about 48 percent of total number of cyclones in

last two centuries where as the pre monsoon or monsoon period (April to August) has

experienced 21 percent of that. The rest 31 percent has no record regarding date and months.

Cyclones at Orissa Coast in Two centuries (1804-2004)

Year Month & Date Cyclone Recording Surge Information Impact1804 Cyclone Flood1806 Cyclone Flood1807 Cyclone Flood1809 Cyclone Flood1812 Cyclone Flood1814 Cyclone Flood1817 Cyclone Flood1820 Cyclone Flood

1823 27th May “Balasore, unbelievely violent Innundation upto Several ships & wholewinds and rain” 10 Km. Inland villages dissappeared

Terribel storm serge

1826 Cyclone Flood

1831 31st October Cyclone at balasore coast 2 to 5 m Surge 82000 humanExtensive innundation 83666 catle

1832 October Cyclone at Balasore coast Surge was veryStrom was more violent than destructive1823 and 1831

1833 May Balasore district was affectedsecond recorded cyclone inNorthern Bay of Bengal inMay was in 1823

1834 may Severe Cyclone No Flooding Only Wind Damage1835 Cyclone Flood1837 Cyclone Flood1838 Cyclone Flood

1840 April 27 to Puri, Cuttack, Balasore Most severe in PuriMay 1st Districts District

Cyclone crossed south to Puri1841 Cyclone Flood

1842 Severe storm over Cuttack Most violent over Puri& Puri districts

1844 Cyclone Flood1845 Cyclone Flood1846 Cyclone Flood

1847 Severe Cyclone No flooding Wind Damage

1848 13-14 Balasore, Cuttack Puri Surge Surge destroyed cropsOctober in Cuttack District.

A part of the tower ofKonark temple wasblown off.

1850 April Worst cycone since 1832 Surge Great damage bysurge at the mouth ofSubernarekha river

1851 20-23 Severe cyclone in Cuttack, Crop damagedOctober Balsore district 5 vessels driven ashore

6 ran into theBaitarani river

1852 Cyclone Flood1854 Cyclone Flood1855 Cyclone Flood1856 Cyclone Flood1857 Cyclone Flood1858 Cyclone Flood1859 Cyclone Flood1862 Cyclone Flood1863 Cyclone Flood

1864 Severe Cyclone Surge Great damage inThis cyclone & another in Balasore & CuttackA.P. in November convincedBritish Govt. to have a Met.Dept. which was formed in1875 (IMD)

1866 Cyclone Flood

1867 31st October Severe cyclone hurricane force small surge no great loss of life orto 1st Nov. winds at false point no river flooding property

1868 Cyclone Flood1870 Cyclone Flood1871 Cyclone Flood

1872 July1st week Cyclone affected 10 miles High floods in 42211 animalsto 1st Nov. north to 10 miles south of Mahanadi surges in 21 people killed

Balasore Puri & Cuttack

1874 October 15th Southern part of Balasore Surged at Chandbali Several ships destroyedHuman - 105Cattles - 10000

1875 Cyclone Flood1877 Cyclone Flood1879 Cyclone Flood1881 Cyclone Flood1882 6th to 15th Crossed south Orissa coast Flood

September1883 Cyclone Flood1884 Cyclone Flood

1885 19th to 23rd Cuttack false point 5000 deaths by drowningSeptember Wind spee - 243 Kmph 300 deathsby falling trees

Cyclone travelled with a speed 50000 house destroyedof 21 Kmph 10000 cattle dead

Money spent by Govt.for relief-139126 Rupees

1886 Cyclone Flood

1887 26th May False point to Sagar Island Major surges Ship capsized,at lease 2ft (0.61 mtr) 776 drownedat false point, Jumbo worst marine disaster in

Modern India1888 13th to 20th Unique

September a Pacific typhoon reenrgized Minor damageDid not originate nearAndaman like all others.

1889 19th to 20th A rather remarkable example at Puri-20ft (6.4 mtr) Great damage to cropsNovember of very rapid disintegration of a surges, also similar in Cuttack and Puri

very powerful storm due to low surges in Chilika districts.range hills in Orissa.Crossed Ganjam coastnear Gopalpur.

1890 18th June North of Gopalpur to Cuttack Surge Extensive damage bythe surge.

1890 1st July Near Puri Limited damageHeavy Rain

1890 22nd to 28th Cyclonic storm crossed theSeptember coast between Visakhapatnam

and Gopalpur

1891 19th Sept. to Crossed the coast south of3rd October False point

1891 1st to 7th Between Puri and false point 548 human killedNovember and upto 50 miles inland 3592 cattled killed

its worse effects were felt

1892 10th June Lowest pressure 28.67 inches Very heavy rainFierce cyclone between Puri affected a veryand false point large area

1892 7th to 12th Cyclonic storm corssed theSeptember coast near Puri

1893 23rd to 26th One of the most severe Excessive rain overMay cyclones in May in the Bay of Balasore, Puri, Cuttack,

Bengal in 25 years Keonjhar districts5000 houses and riverembankments destroyed

1893 9th to 19th Crossed the coast betweenSeptember Balasore and Sagar island

1893 21st to 26th Cyclonic storm crossed theSetpember coast between false point

and Puri1894 11th to 17th Cyclone Flood

July

1895 September False point Upto 7 mtr surge at More than 5000 deathnorthern coast of

1898 11th to 16th Cyclonic storm crossedSeptember Orissa coast

1900 14th to 16th Crossed the coast nearSeptember Chandabali

1900 6th October Heavy rainfall Floods in Puri for thesecond time in the year

1901 November 2 cyclones, heavy rainfall lots of damage at northof Balasore

1905 22nd to 26th Cyclonic storm crossed theSeptember coasts between

Visakhapatnam and Gopalpur

1909 26th to 27th Ganjam district severely 22 humans and manyOctober affected, Puri and Balasore cattle killed

less affected, violent winds Rs. 15 lakhs damage inless rain Gopalpur alone

1910 13th to 17th Crossed coast nearMay Gopalpur

1911 20th to 24th Severe cyclone crossed theSeptember coast between Visakhpatnam

and Gopalpur

1912 28th October Severe cyclone crossed theto 2nd Nov. Orissa- WestBengal coast

1923 13th to 18th Ganjam district including High floods in rivers Immense destruction ofNovember Srikakulam area of A.P. in Ganjam district communication services

severe cyclone Puri was also inlcuding railways,affected considerable damage to

crops, 20 humans andfew hundred cattle killed

1924 19th Cyclone crossed Ganjam Much damage inNovember district near Gopalpur Mandasa and Uddanam

in Tekkali Taluk (Now inA.P.) Roads within radiusof 40 miles fromBerhampur weredamagedCrop damage in Puri

1926 14th to 24th Crossed north Orissa coast The storm caused Heavy loss of humanSeptember floods in M.P. lives and cattle

1928 1st to 6th Cyclonic storm cossed Damages in PuriOctober the coast north of Puri

1933 2nd to 4th Crossed the coast bewteen Floods in Cuttack Loss of life in CuttackAugust Chandabali and Balasore

1936 October Cuttack, Puri, Balasore and Foods in Mahanadi, considerable damage toDhenkanal districts were hit Kathjori & Brahmani crops, house and treesby this cyclone

1938 9th to 10th Severe cyclone hits Ganjam Maximum damage inOctober and Puri districts Chhatrapur Taluk of

Ganjam, 2000 Acres ofpaddy land damagedin Puri paddy lands wereflooded by saline water

1942 16th October Very severe cyclone hitsBalasore district, Mayurbhanj,Puri, Ganjam and Cuttackwere also affected

1942 15th to 16th Less severe than that on 16th Coastal strip alongNovember October Ganjam and Puri districts

were severely damagedGreat loss of life

1943 22nd to 28th Crossed coast near BalasoreSeptember

1943 30th to 31st Moderate cyclone hits PuriOctober and Ganjam districts

1948 12th to 14th Severe cyclonic storm crossedAugust the coast near Balasore

1950 12th to 14th Cyclonic storm crossed the Wide spread rainfallSeptember coast south of Balasore

1951 22nd to 28th Crossed the coast near PuriJuly

1953 21st to 29th Crossed the coast betweenSeptember Chandabali and Balasore

1955 29th Sept. Crossed the coast betweento 5th Oct. Puri and Chandabali

1957 19th to 24th Crossed between Gopalpur Wide spread RainAugust and Puri

1959 27th June to Cyclonic storm crossed the It caused very heavy2nd July coast at Chandabali rain in the Southern

sector of the storm

1959 29th Sept. to Cyclone hits Balasore, Cuttack At Chandabli, Basta 151083 acres of paddy1st October and Myurbhanj. It crossed Bhograi, baliapal, and destroyed in

coast near Balasore Basudevpur and Balasore 32287 acresBalasore in Cuttack.

54 acres of land wascovered by sand inCuttack. In Balasorehuman killed-75, Cattlekilled above 1000.

1967 9th to 11th Crossed the coast between Waterlevels upto 1000 people killed,October Puri and Paradip 9 mtr. at Paradip. 50000 cattled killed.

Surge penetrated damage in crores of Rs.inland.

1968 10th to 12th Crossed the coast nearSeptember Gopalpur

1968 26th to 28th Crossed the coast near Flooding 78 people diedSeptember Gopalpur 22285 animals died

Damage in Ganjam andPuri districts is about9 million US Dollar.

1968 29th Sept. to Crossed the coast near2nd October Gopalpur

1968 21st to 28th Severe cyclonic storm Floods in Chilika Vast areas of paddyOctober crossed the coast near Puri destroyed, 15 miles

coastal strip severelyaffected.

1968 10th to 13th Cyclone Surge in ChilikaNovember

1969 13th to 18th Monsoon cyclone crossed theAugust Orissa coast

1970 7th to 9th Cyclonic storm crossedJune the north Orissa coast

1971 7th to 14th Severe cyclonic storm crossed 90 people killed,September the south Orissa coast 8000 cattle killed,

damages in Ganjam,Puri and Cuttack.

1971 30th October Paradip, 175 Kmph winds Water levels upto 6m. 7623 deaths, more thanThe surge penetrated one million peopleupto 5 Km inland and homeless, 8214 sq. miles25 Km through rivers were totally destroyed,

4 to 5 m. surge north 107665 cattle killed.of Chandabali 3.3 million acres of crops

valued about 100 millionUS $ was destroyed.Over 10000 educationalinstitutes damaged

1972 13th to 15th Cyclonic storm crossed the Considerable damagesJuly coast near Balasore

1972 10th Sept. Barua, Severe Cyclone 3.4m. surge and 100 people killed,0.8m. tide Barua to 8000 catted killedChandabali house damaged 2 lakh

crop damaged 14th lakhac. Heavy damage inGanjam, Puri & Cuttack

1972 22nd Sept. Gopalpur, Severe Cyclone Innudation in PuriMax wind speed 136 Kmph Damages to houses and

crops in Ganjam & Puri1973 11th October Chandbali Mild surge in rivers 100 people killed,

& esturaies caused people affected 1 millionsaline water intrusion Houses damaged 60000in coastal northOrissa and W.B.

1973 3rd to 9th Severe cyclone corssed north 3 to 4.5 m. surges Damages betweenNovember of Paradip. near Paradip Paradip and Chandbali

1974 26th to 30th Cyclonic storm crossed theSeptember coast near Paradip

Wind maximum 93 Kmph.

1978 26th August Cyclonic storm crossed the One person killedto 2nd Sept. coast between Chandbali & Damages in Balasore

Balasore, Max wind 83 Kmph.

1979 6th to 10th Severe cyclone crossed Extensive damages toAugust near Balasore infrastructures & Houses

1981 7th to 10th Cyclonic storm crossed the Due to flood inAugust coast north of Puri Vamsadhara, Rushikulya

& Kalahandi covering anarea of 36536 Ha. wereaffect, people killed 15houses collapsed morethan 500.

1981 24th to 28th Severe cyclone crossed the Many houses destroyedSeptember coast near Puri Max. wind in Cuttack, number of

102 Kmph. villages in lowlying areasof Balasore & Cuttacksubmerged

1981 4th to 11th Severe cyclone southeast to Affected districts wereDecember Paradip Balasore, Cuttack & Puri

Worst affected waCuttack, about 280 vill.and 13 lakh of populationwere affected.57571 Ha cropped area200 hosues and 296575thatched were affected.

1982 1st to 4th Severe cyclone between 2m. surges along 245 deaths in PuriJune Paradip and Chandbali Orissa and W.B. Cuttack and Balasore

coast. Peak surge4.8 m. at 35 Km.north ofDhamraharbor

1984 10th October Severe cyclone made landfall Cuttack & Balasoreat north of Chandabali Windmax 50 knot

1985 20th Sept. Close to Puri 2.8 m. surges Substantial damageInundation lasted forthree days.

1985 16th October Near Balasore 2 m. along the coast Damage due to salineof Balasore Inundation, 84 deaths,

8000 house collapse.

1989 23rd to 27th Severe cyclone crossed the 3 to 6 m. surges in People killed - 24May Coast 40 Km. NE of the Coastal areas of affected - 3.7 million

Balasore Balasore. 5 to 6 feet cattle killed-1625 hosues(1.5 to 1.8 m.) surge damaged - 9200penetrated theSubernarekha riverin baliapal block.

1989 21st to 25th Cyclonic storm crossed theJuly north Andhra-south Orissa

coast near Kalingapatna Windmax 102 Kmph

1992 3rd to 7th Cyclonic storm crossed theNovember north Andhra-south Orissa

coast near visakhapatna

1995 7th to 10th Gopalpur-Severe cyclone 1.5 mtr. 96 people killedNovember Wind max 111 Kmph. 284253 Ha. crops were

damaged

1999 17th to 21st Gopalpur - 180 Kmph wind 2 m. surge in 147 deathsOctober Second most severe after Rushikulya and 359000 hosues in Ganjam

that of 1971 innundation due to and 18277 hosue inBerhampur due to other districts damagedheavy rain flooding 649175 livestockoccurred in MahanadiBrahmani, Salandi,Baitarani,Subernarekha.

1999 29th to 30th Paradip-300 Kmph wind 7.5 m. surge 9885 human deathsOctober in the top three most severe Damages more than 2.8

cyclones in Bay of Bengal billion US $since weather records are kept 1772622 livestockTermed Super Cyclone 1579582 houses

Total number of peopleaffected 15 million

Cyclone Bulletin Tropnet IMD

SUPER CYCLONE 1999: A TIMELINE ANALYSIS

ORIGIN

On 17th and 18th October 1999 a devastating cyclone with a wind speed of 180 to

200 Km per hour hit Ganjam and Gajapati districts. Along with other damages, it also claimed

205 lives and injured 400. A week later, the meteorological department of India (IMD) sounded

warning for another cyclone on 26th October 1999. All the Revenue Divisional

Commissioners of coastal districts of Orissa were warned about this depression formed

over north Andaman, which was likely to intensify further and move in a west-north westerly

direction.

In fact the cyclone originated like any other tropical cyclone over north Andaman

Islands at about 12° N to 13°30' N latitudes and 95° E longitude. It centered at different

locations and intensified, while moving in a northwest direction. Finally it centered at about

25 Kms. to the south east of Paradip at 19°54' to 20°5' N latitude and 86 ° 35’ E longitudes.

The landfall at Paradip was on 29th and 30th October 1999. It remained ‘Stationary’ over

Paradip for more than 24 hours during which the wind velocity reached maximum of ‘270 to

300 Km per hour’. For these two typical features of the cyclone, which were never

experienced earlier in the eastern coast of India, the IMD termed this cyclone as a ‘Super

Cyclone’.

SEQUENCE OF CLIMATIC PHENOMENA

The Super Cyclone had originated in the Gulf of Siam and reached Orissa coast

passing through Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The warm sea temperature (about 26.5° C) in

the Bay of Bengal acted as a catalyst helping the cyclone to become even more intense as

it approached the Orissa coast. Since the cyclone spent more time out at sea and the

temperature of water is more than 27° C, it turned out to be Super cyclone due to this

favorable environment. The sequence of climatic phenomena during Super Cyclone can be

described as follows-

✸ 25th October 1999: A well marked low-pressure area formed over North

Andaman Sea in the evening at 251200UTC.

✸ 26th October 1999: The low pressure intensified into a cyclonic storm lay

centered at 0830 hrs. about 350 Km. Northeast of Port Blair and then moved

in West-North westerly direction.

✸ 27th October 1999: It emerged into the East central Bay of Bengal where it

intensified further into a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) and lay centered at

0830 hrs about 750 Kms south east of Paradip.

✸ 28th October 1999: Then the SCS moved in a North West direction and further

intensified into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm and slowly moved north-

westwards. It lay centered at 0230 hrs about 550 Km south east of Paradip

near 17° N latitude and 90° E longitude. It remained practically stationary and

further moved northwest wards and lay centered at 281200 UTC near 19° N

latitude and 87.5° E longitude about 180 Km southwest of Paradip. The Very

Severe Cyclonic Storm over west central Bay of Bengal further intensified

into a Super Cyclone and lay centered at 281800 UTC near 19.3° N latitude

and 87.2° E longitude about 130 Km south-east of Paradip.

✸ 29th October 1999: The Super Cyclone moved north-west wards and lay

centered at 0230 hrs about 90 Km south east of Paradip (near 19.3° N latitude

and 87.2° E longitude). Then it moved to 25 Km southeast of Paradip. It crossed

Orissa coast near Paradip. Finally it made landfall between 1030 hrs and 1230

hrs of October 29th near a point between Ersama and Balikuda (south-west of

Paradip port) of Jagatsinghpur District. Then it moved northwestwards and

weakened into a Very severe cyclonic storm and lay centered close to Cuttack

where it remained stationary.

✸ 30th October 1999: The VSCS had weakened to a cyclonic storm and remained

practically stationary centered at 20.2° N latitude and 86.0° E longitude at

0830 hrs.

31st October 1999: The cyclonic storm had weakened further to a depression

centering at 1130 hrs over north Orissa near Chandbali. Then it moved further north–east

and dissipated.

D-Depression, DD-Deep Depression, CS-Cyclonic Storm, SCS-Severe Cyclonic Storm,

VSCS-Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, SUCS-Super Cyclonic Storm

NATURE OF SUPER CYCLONE 1999

The dangers associated with a cyclonic storm are Heavy rainfall causing flood and

water logging, strong wind and storm surges. The super cyclone was extremely rich in all

these three aspects. All the cyclonic storms are not equally dangerous. More the pressure

drop at the center more will be the severity of the storm. The pressure drop at the center of

the Super Cyclone-99 has been presented in map showing track of Super Cyclone and

pressure drop at the center (Fig. -1), which reveals that, from 26th October, the pressure

drop at the center increased rapidly causing to form a very severe cyclonic storm. The

maps showing wind speed and pressure at the center, along with the track of the Super

Cyclone (Fig.2 & Fig.3), also describe that the Super cyclone initiated from 26th morning in

terms of its furious wind speed and low pressure at the center. As the line graph generated

from the collected daily IMD data of September, October and November 1999 reveals (Fig.),

there is sharp gradient of pressure decrease (below 970 mb) around 25th October, which

indicates the formation of a severe cyclonic storm having a very steep pressure gradient at

its center.

Fig: 1

Average Daily S tation Level Pressure at Orissa Coast

During September, October & November 1999

940

950

960

970

980

990

1000

1010

1020

1 7 13 19 25 1 7 13 19 25 31 6 12 18 24 30

Date

Pre

ssure

in

M

Puri Baleswar Bhubaneswar Cuttack Paradip

Fig: 2

Fig: 3

Fig: 4

Pressure decreases towards the center of the cyclone and the pressure drop

increases. The higher the pressure drop the higher is the severity of the cyclonic storm. By

general principle, the wind blows from high pressure to low-pressure region. So in case of

cyclonic storm, there is no definite direction of wind like any perennial wind. Rather in such

case wind blows tangential to isobars (equal pressure lines) and the general direction of

wind is towards the center of the cyclonic storm. As the cyclonic storm moves forward, the

direction of wind also varies in conjunction with the movement of the cyclonic storm. In this

regard, an attempt was made in the present project to study the wind behavior of the super

Cyclone-99 by comparing it with surrounding dates. For this daily wind direction and speed

(in Knots) data were collected from Indian Meteorological Department for the month of

September, October and November 1999 for coastal stations including Balasore,

Bhubaneswar, Paradip and Puri. These have been plotted and presented in wind rose diagram

method (Fig.-, Fig.-, Fig.- & Fig.-) separately for daytime and night time for each month. A

close observation of the wind rose diagrams reveals that in the month of October the highest

wind speed has been recorded at each station, but the direction of the highest speed wind

varies from day time to night time as well as from station to station. The peak velocity of the

wind, however, has been recorded at nighttime during Super Cyclone at all the four stations.

The wind rose of Paradip doesn’t represent the peak wind speed during the Super Cyclone,

because due to damage at weather station of Paradip, no data had been recorded during

Super cyclone at Paradip.

An analysis of the daily rainfall at Puri, Bhubaneswar, Balasore and Cuttack during

the months of September, October and November 1999 (Fig.-) reveals three major peaks-

first one during 14th to 16th September, second one during 17th to 21st October (the first

cyclone at Gopalpur) and the third one during 29th October to 1st November (Super Cyclone).

However the difference between the two earlier peaks and Super cyclone induced rainfall

peak is very high. The highest rainfall during Super Cyclone has been experienced at

Bhubaneswar and Balasore coast.

BALESWAR

SEPTEMBER

DAY

SEPTEMBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

DAY

NOVEMBER

NIGHT

NOVEMBER

DAY

BALASORE

BHUBANESWAR

SEPTEMBER

DAY

SEPTEMBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

DAY

NOVEMBER

NIGHT

NOVEMBER

DAY

PARADEEP

SEPTEMBER

DAY

SEPTEMBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

DAY

NOVEMBER

NIGHT

NOVEMBER

DAY

PURI

SEPTEMBER

DAY

SEPTEMBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

NIGHT

OCTOBER

DAY

NOVEMBER

NIGHT

NOVEMBER

DAY

Daily Rainfall During Septemb er, October and November

1999

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1 6

11

16

21

26 1 6

11

16

21

26

31 5

10

15

20

25

30

Dates

Rain

fall in

mm

Bhubaneswar Cuttack Puri Baleswar

❋❋❋❋❋

WARNING SYSTEMS

The cyclonic Warning service of the Indian meteorological department IMD is more

than a century old. Cyclones warnings are provided by the IMD from the Area Cyclone

Warning centers (ACWCs) at Calcutta, Chennai and Mumbai, and cyclone warning centers

(CWCs) at Bhubaneswar, vishakapatnam and Ahmedabad. The complete cyclone warning

work is supervised and co- ordinate on a real- time basis by the forecasting division at

Pune. A cyclone warning division (CWD) has been set up in N. Delhi to coordinate and

supervise the whole cyclone-warning programme in the country. Information on cyclone

warnings is provided on a real- time basis to the control room set up in the Ministry of

Agriculture of the Indian government.

Tropical cyclone intensity analysis is performed using the Dvorak scheme. The IMD at

the various levels for the benefit of mariners and public produces a variety of Bulletins and

warnings. The IMD has also operationalised a satellite-based communication system called

the “Cyclone Warning Dissemination Center”. This scheme was a success in the rural area.

Cyclone Warning is done in two stages. The first stage warning is known as a “cycloneAlert”. It is issued 48 hours in advance of the expected commencement of adverse weather

over coastal areas. The second stage warning is known as “Cyclonic Warning” and is

issued 24 hours in advance.

There has been a tremendous increase in coverage and quality of satellites derived

winds over the Indian Ocean region has improved considerably with the operation of METEOSAT-

5 from 63 deg E longitude starting July 98. Due to availability of water vapour channel on this

satellite, good quality water vapour winds at middle to upper troposphere levels are now available

in large numbers. METEOSAT-5 derived winds have been used to diagnose the motion of the

two tropical cyclones that formed over the oceanic areas during the year 1999, including the

one, which struck Orissa coast 29 October 1999 causing a very widespread devastation. Impact

studies on the track prediction by assimilating METEOSAT-5 winds in the limited Area Model

forecast run operationally at IMD and in the global spectra Model run at NCMRWF show positive

results. Use of METEOSAT-5 winds in the model improves the track prediction.

Meteorologists have been using satellite images for monitoring storms for about thirty

years. One of the most important applications in this endeavor is to determine the strength

and intensity of a storm. In the late 1960’s, meteorologists began observing tropical cyclones

at more frequent interval. The infrared sensors aboard polar orbiting satellites began providing

day-and-night observations while geo-stationary satellites afforded continuous coverage

during daytime. There exists a very efficient cyclone warning system in India, which is

comparable to the best known in the world. The approach essentially involves the prediction

of the track and intensity of the cyclone using conventional as well as satellite and radar-

based techniques (Kelkar, 1997).

The Tropical cyclones are tracked with the help of :

✸ Regular observations from weather network of surface and upper air observing

stations.

✸ Ship reports

✸ Cyclone detection radars

✸ Reports from commercial air crafts

A network of 10 cyclone detection radars covering entire east and west coasts is

being used for cyclone warning each with a range of 400 Km. When the cyclone is beyond the

range of coastal radar, its intensity and movement is monitored with the help of INSAT and

NOAA series of satellites. The INSAT provides every three hourly picture of cloud coverage

over Indian subcontinent. For precise location, every half an-hour pictures are used.

The cyclone forecasts are prepared considering the future path, intensity and the

associated destructive weather systems. Depending upon the type of severity of the storm,

forecasts are available on the basis of long range (> 10 days), intermediate range (>3-10

days), short range (1-3 days) and a very short range. An innovative use of INSAT has been

its use in dissemination of cyclone warning through implementation of an unique, unattended,

locale specific Disaster Warning System (DWS) consisting of over 150 disaster warning

receivers installed in selected cyclone prone areas of the country which are designed to

provide the warning to village administration, district collectors, state government officials

etc. about an impending cyclone. Warnings are issued by the Area Cyclone Warning Centers

(ACWS) located at Calcutta, Madras and Mumbai and Cyclone Warning centers (CWC)

located at Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam and Ahmedabad. Around 100 disaster-warning

systems have been installed in cyclone-prone villages of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu. It

has been planned to expand such facilities with another 100 DWS in Orissa and West Bengal

on the east coast.

India has elaborate, modernized cyclone detection and tracking systems. A network

of observatories throughout the country are engaged in collecting, generating disseminating

the necessary information and data.

Type of Observatory Nos

Surface observatories 559

Aviation current weather observatories 71

High wind speed recording stations 4

INSAT- based data collection platforms 100

Hydro meteorological observatories 701

The warnings are disseminated through :

✸ Landline telegrams on special high priority

✸ Repeated broadcast through All India Radio in local languages

✸ Bulletins to the press

✸ Posts & Telegraph Depts. Coastal radio stations for the benefit of ships in

deep sea.

✸ Telephones, Telex and tele-printers

✸ Wireless network of Police.

INSAT- BASED DATA COLLECTION PLATFORMS

India’s INSAT series of geostationary spacecraft perform the dual mission of

communications and meteorology. INSAT 1- class satellites carry a Very High Resolution

Radiometers (VHRR) working in the visible (0.55- 0.75) and IR (10.5-12.5) bands with

resolutions of 2.75 Km and 11 Km, respectively. Like many GEO meteorological satellites,

INSAT1 spacecraft require 30 minutes to complete a full earth scan. Each vehicle is also

capable of receiving (on 402.75MHz) meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data

from remote data collection platforms for the relay to central Indian processing centers.

The INSAT 2 program was inaugurated in 1992 with the launch of INSAT 2A, followed

by INSAT 2 b in 1993.For Earth observations; the VHRR was improved within 2- Km

resolutions in the visible band and 8- Km resolution in the IR band. In addition to full earth

images, the VHRR can be commanded to scan very limited regions for more rapid return of

time critical data, e.g., during the approach of cyclones to the sub- continent. INSAT 2 satellites

also carry the Data Relay Transponder System for collection and retransmission of data.

The meteorological data gathering with VHRR instrument on board INSAT and its

dissemination, along with its collection of remote area meteorological data from unattended

platforms, have vastly improved weather forecasting in the century. The twin capability of

communication and meteorological imaging of INSAT is effectively used not only to track

cyclone formations but also to issue warnings to the affected population. About 250 disaster-

warning receivers have been installed for this purpose along the cyclone prone east and

west coast of India.

The “super cyclone” that hit the Orissa coast on Saturday, October 29, 1999 was

tracked by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) through INSAT- 1 d Very High

Resolution radiometer (VHRR) imagery and INSAT- 2e charged coupled device (CCD)

cameras continuously every half an hour from October 26, 1999. Periodic warnings were

issued to the civil Administration (Collectors) of the areas that were likely to be affected by

the cyclone through the INSAT Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS) receivers.

34 such CWDS receivers are deployed in the Orissa state. These warnings were available

to the civil administration till the cyclone hit the coast. These CWDS receivers operate

through S- band transponders of INSAT -2 B satellite and are capable of being selectively

addressed. These receivers are kept with the civil administration (in collector’s office) in the

districts that are prone to cyclones. Cyclone warnings through the CWDS receivers consist

of a siren, which can be heard by, the District collector/BDO/Tahasildar/State functionary.

These siren and warning signals are not intended to be heard directly by the common man.

The civil administration is expected to act on these hourly warning for initiating necessary

machinery for disaster mitigation. It may be noted that 250 such receivers have been

deployed along the east and West coast of India in 9 states.

With two days after the cyclone hit the Orissa coast, three INSAT portable mobile

telephony terminals were handed over to the civil administration in Bhubaneswar for relief

work. These terminals work with the INSAT- 2c Mobile satellite Service (MSS) transponders.

Within 3 to 4 days, five Very Small Aperture terminals (VSATs) were airlifted from Delhi and

a network of 5 VSATs was established. At present, VSATs are located at Krishi Bhavan,

New Delhi; Secretariats, Bhubaneswar-1; Bhubaneswar-2 District Head Quarters Collector,

Offices in Jagatsingpur and Kendrapada; and in Paradip; Erasama; Balikuda. It helped in

establishing contact between the relief Commissioner at Delhi and the Orissa secretariat

via VSAT extended C band transponders

SUPER CYCLONIC STORM OVER THE BAY OF BENGAL(25-31 OCTOBER, 1999)

It was the most intense cyclone in last 114 years for the state of Orissa. It was

bettered for more than 2 days by its fierce winds and intense rains. It produced huge storm

surge and catastrophic floods causing severe damage in 12 districts of Orissa affecting a

population of about 120 lakhs. It started as an initial disturbance on 24 October near Gulf of

Thailand and emerged in North Andaman Sea as a well-marked low-pressure area on the

morning of 25 October. It concentrated into a depression in the evening of the same day and

moved further in a west northwesterly direction. Meteosat-5 derived winds at 200-hpa levels

on 25 October (1200 UTC) clearly bring out the steering flow responsible for this movement.

The system had been moving northwestwards under the influence of a steering flow caused

by a subtropical ridge to its northeast at 200hpa level. Meteosat-5 derived winds bring out

this flow very clearly and were found to be useful in track prediction. By 03 hrs UTC of 27

October, the system intensified to the stage of a severe cyclonic storm and came under the

influence of 200-hpa ridge axis providing upper level outflow favorable for its further

developments. METEOSAT-5 further brought out very clearly this flow, which is known to

be conducive for further developments. After 0900 hrs UTC of 27 Oct, 200-hpa anticyclones

got positioned over the system as a result of which its movement was slowed down. It was

then upgraded to the stage of VSCS at 1500 hrs UTC on 27 OCT and moved in a

northwesterly direction. By 1800 hrs UTC of 28 October it becomes a super cyclone between

00 and 03 hrs UTC. It crossed Orissa coast close to and south of paradip between 0430

and 0630 hrs UTC of 29 October.

Cyclone Tracking Statement of IMD (During SC-99) :

✸ (28th – 15.00): Position near 18.8 N and 87.5 E, Tropical Cyclone has been

tracked northwestward at 8 Knots and rapidly intensified during last 12 hours.

✸ Tropical Cyclone is now located approximately 230 Nautical Miles South of

Calcutta, India. The warning position is based on (29th - 11.30) Infrared and

Microwave satellite imagery. The warning intensity is based on satellite current

intensity estimates of 127 and 140 Knots.

✸ Tropical cyclone remains under the steering influence of subtropical ridge and

is forecast to track more northward through a weakness in the ridge and

recurve to the northeast.

✸ At approximately (29th – 04.00), the Tropical Cyclone is forecast to make

landfall 40 Nautical Miles East of Cuttack, India.

✸ Tropical Cyclone is in a favorable environment for continued development, but

as Tropical Cyclone tracks more northward its interaction with land and

increasing vertical wind shear will weaken the system.

✸ Also as it moves inland it will pickup jet support, which will serve to move the

system rapidly to the east as it begins extra tropical transition.

✸ Maximum significant wave height at (28th – 12.00) is 22 feet.

✸ Next warnings at 29th – 03.00 and 29th – 15.00

❋❋❋❋❋

DISASTER PREPAREDNESSIN ORISSA

The super-cyclone of October 1999 caused death and destruction at an

unprecedented scale. However, it also taught a very important lesson to the people,

government and civil society organizations. That one cannot prevent disasters to happen,

but with proper planning it is possible to reduce the effect of disasters. Thus in all the disaster-

prone districts the district administration has prepared detail contingency plans at District,

Block and Gram Panchayat level. All the measures required to be taken before flood

(anticipatory stage), during the floods (concurrent stage) and after floods (post disaster

stage) are incorporated into the integrated contingency plan which clearly specify details

of the mechanism of coordination, monitoring and supervision of both prevention, rescue

and relief operation. Analysis of vulnerability and classification of areas with reference to

degrees of risks faced by the flood prone areas are tasks which should precede the

preparation of the Contingency Plan which has to be tailored to meet the nature and

magnitude of flood risk.

In the case of floods, the management during the various phases falls within the

purview of many Departments. These Departments are required to prepare a contingency

plan spelling out clearly the arrangements for drafting additional personnel, their deployment,

the chain of command, stock-pilling of supplies and monitoring. The flood prone area has to

be divided into convenient administrative units and the staff deployment and stocking of

supplies and equipments has to be done with reference to those units.

Issue of flood warning, protection of embankments guarding of weak and vulnerable

points on various embankments and prompt closure of breaches etc. are among the major

strategies of the Irrigation Department. Restoration of roads and salvaging of structures

affected by floods have to be attended to by the public works Department, Public Health

Department has to organize clearance of debris, disposal of corpses and carcasses. Its

plan should also provide for prompt provision and repair of drinking water tube wells and

supply of protected water to the people in the flood affected areas and also in the areas

where temporary shelters are set up to accommodate people evacuated, rescued from

flood affected areas as well as in marooned areas.

People in the flood-affected areas have to be immunized from water borne and other

diseases. The water sources have to be disinfected. The person responsible for undertaking

these works should be earmarked in advance and plans for constitution of mobile teams

and establishment of field hospitals finalized.

The health of cattle in the flood-affected areas is equally important. Provision of

fodder, treatment of cattle and prophylactic measures are the important items that should

figure in the Contingent Plan of the Animal Husbandry Department.

The immediate responsibility of Agriculture Department is to maintain necessary

stocks of seeds and other imputes.

The tasks generally assigned to Revenue agencies include advance stocking of

food grains and other essential consumer’s articles and building materials etc. in areas,

which are likely to be cut off by flood. Positioning of power and Country boats at strategic

locations before the occurrence of flood, selection of elevated sites and temporary shelters

for accommodation of affected people who are to be evacuated or rescued and provisions

of temporary shelters for these persons, supply of food, clothes, utensils etc. to flood victims,

assessment of house damages and distribution of grants for repair and reconstruction of

houses and general assessment of the ever all damage.

The services of Police, Home Guards, National Cadet Corps and members of National

Service scheme etc., are mobilized for rescue and relief operation. In the case of major

flood or cyclone help of Army, Navy and Air Force is available for rescue and relief operation

and air dropping of essential up plies. They have to be trained properly to stay ever ready

for immediate response to such events

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT (DRM) PROGRAMME

In the mean time constitution of District Disaster Management Committees (DDMC),

BDMCs, GPDMCs has been constituted for Disaster Risk Management sponsored by

OSDMA in collaboration with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) . Various

trainings on disaster risk management have been undertaken. Different NGOs working in

the vulnerable and most hazard prone area of the district have been imparted training. One

Officer designated as District Project Officer (DPO) appointed from UNDP is engaged to

take up training programme along with District Emergency Officer (DEO) and another District

Level Officer to generate awareness among the community for Disaster Management and

its Preparedness. The overall goal of the programme is “Sustainable reduction in naturaldisaster risk in some of the most hazard prone area ”.

Following factors must be put together to minimize loss of life in any disaster:

1. Event prediction

2. Warning

3. Risk Avoidance Action

4. Hardware

5. Emergency plan (District Contingency Plan)

6. Activation of the plan

INSTALLATION OF DISASTER WARNING SYSTEM

District Control Room to have a track on daily weather forecast has been provided with the

facility of Internet. Through direct access through US Navy, IMD and some other websites

can obtain the forecast report. The lists of Website through which the DCR can access the

weather report are as follows:

www.npmoc.navy.mil for US NAVY WEBSITE

www.imd.ernet.in for Indian Meteorological Department WEBSITE

www.cnn.com/weather for CNN WEBSITE

www.bbc.co.uk/weather for BBC WEBSITE

www.weather.co.uk for sify website to get the local weather report

Apart from the District Control Room, Disaster Warning System (D.W.S) have been

installed in different district for receiving weather warning from IMD Calcutta and N.I

dissemination down the line.

RESCUE

Rescue of people who are marooned in isolated patches poses a serious challenge

during high floods. Where large numbers of boats have to be deployed for rescue people

and for ensuring supplies to the areas surrounded by deep water.

The local Officers, Police force and local villagers and volunteers undertake rescue

work. At the time of major flood, the help of armed forces is also availed of.

SHELTER

Accommodation for rescued/evacuated people has to be planned in advance. People

living in low-lying areas have to be shifted to places at a higher elevation. Advance

identification of such sites is an important element of disaster preparedness. Schools and

other public building located at highest elevations should be inspected before the rainy

season and strengthened. The flood plains are very densely populated and availability of

suitable lands for raised sites of villages in the vicinity of vulnerable low-lying areas is a

major problem. People are not prepared to move to distant locations away from their sources

of livelihood. Institutions located at higher elevations have come in handy to provide shelter

to people who have to be evacuated from low-lying areas. For this purpose there are altogether

7 cyclone shelters available in the district at present.

FLOOD WARNING

Loss of life and property is significantly reduced because of preparedness measures

and appropriate warning systems. Indiscriminate warning may result in non-responsiveness

of the people. From the DCR the warning will be disseminated by Police, Irrigation, DCR etc.

to the Block then Panchayat and finally to Village warning group. The village warning group

after receiving the communication may intimate the villager through beating of drums, ringing

of bells or hosting of flags. The block administration is the prime agency responsible for

issuing the disaster warning. The Panchayat Secretary is the point person for the Panchayat

Control Room.

FORMATION OF FLOOD/CYCLONE ZONE/SUBZONES

Each BDO will function as zone Officer and each Tahasildar and ABDO of concerned

blocks will function as additional zone officers. Each Revenue Supervisor/Revenue Inspector,

extension officer will function as Sub-zone Officer. Besides Senior Officers have been kept

in charge of different zones for prompt action as and when any calamity happens and for

better monitoring of relief/rescue operation.

DUTIES OF ZONE /ADDITIONAL ZONE OFFICERS

The contingency plan has clearly spelt out the roles and responsibilities of all the

persons responsible for disaster mitigation. The Zone/Additional. Zone Officers receive

weather/flood warning from District Control Room/Sub-Divisional Control Rooms, T.V. Radio/

C.D.W.S. etc. Immediately on receipt of warning they will act as follows:

a. They will depute the Sub-Zone Officers to their appointed places.

b. Warn the people specifically of low-lying areas through Sarpanchas, Ward

members/Home Guards/Yubak Sangha and by bit of drums in the village and

local markets.

c. Evacuate people from low-lying areas if situation so warrants. For this they

may enlist

Co-operation of local Youths, volunteers and Yubak Sanghas (local students).

d. Keep the Government power and country boats ready in vulnerable points

and appoint boatman for the country boats

e. They should see that sufficient quantity of rice/wheat/Kerosene oil/Match Boxes/

fuel etc., are made available through retail sale center and local markets.

f. To take steps to guard the weak and vulnerable points in embankments through

village volunteers, Home Guards and Police constables etc.

g. If situation so warrants, start distribution of emergent relief in marooned areas

after obtaining approval of Sub-Collector concerned.

h. There may be necessity of more vehicles for undertaking rescue and relief

operation. In such circumstances they will immediately contact the Sub-

Collectors.

i. Apart from Govt. Country boats there may be necessary of private country

boats. In such cases the Zone and Addl. Zone Officer may hire private country

boats under intimation to District Control Room.

j. To keep District Control Room informed about the situation and relief measures.

k. To assess damages through field staff and submit preliminary report within 3

days of the occurrence of the calamity.

l. To assess detailed damage and submit final damage report to District and

Sub-Collector’s office within a week.

m. The Tahasildars will assess damage to the private houses through Revenue

field staff and staff deputed from other offices. After assessment of damages

they will conduct at least 10% test check to ensure correctness of the

enumeration. Addl. Tahasildars and other officers deputed from different offices

may also be engaged for check. After final assessment, proposal is to be

sanctioned by Tahasildars concerned and submitted to Sub-Collector/District

Office for approval of House Building Grant u/r 81(1) and 82(3) of Orissa

Relief Code and simultaneously requirement of funds should be indicated.

n. All such works should be completed within 7 days from the date of occurrence.

In case of human casualty, the Tahasildars concerned will bring proforma-report from

Revenue Inspectors within 24 hours and submit report to District Collector at once for

consideration of sanction of ex-gratia u/s 254 of Orissa Relief Code.

FUNCTIONING OF THE CONTROL ROOMS

The District Control Room is to function to collect and transmit information regarding

matters related to natural calamities and relief/rescue operation for communicating all details

to concerned quarters. Similarly, control rooms are also functioning in sub-divisional; offices,

tahasils and block offices.

NORMAL TIME ACTIVITY

The normal time activities of the DCR under the district Collector is to :

u Ensure that all warning and communication systems, instruments are in

working condition

u Receive information on a routine and regular basis from the departments on

the vulnerability of the various Gram Panchayats and Villages to disaster

u Receive reports on preparedness from the relevant district level departments

and other departments, as per as the formats. Based on these reports, the

DCR will forward the Preparedness Measures details on behalf of the Collector

to the Revenue Control Room, Special Relief Commissioner and OSDMA

u Upgrade and update DCP according to changing scenarios in the district

update data bank and maintain an inventory of resources.

u Update all information in the GIS.

u Inform Revenue Control Room, Special Relief Commissioner and OSDMA of

any changes including updating of data bank and annexure

u Monitor preparedness measures including simulation exercises undertaken

by various departments.

u Ensure proper dissemination of DCP at the district level, local level and disaster

prone areas.

u Identify appropriate NGOs/Private Sector Organizations, which can be

assigned the task of community level preparedness.

u Organize post-disaster evaluation and update DCP accordingly

u Prepare reports and documents on district level disaster events and submit

the same to Revenue Control Room, Special Relief Commissioner and OSDMA.

At the Time of Disaster Activity :

● Weather tracking and early warning dissemination

● To collect and transmit information regarding matter relating to natural calamity.

● Mapping of vulnerable areas

● Database on civil society organizations and their activities

● Database on volunteers

● Facilitate regular meetings of civil society organizations and issue updates

● Flow of information to central control room in Relief Commissioner’s office and

OSDMA

● District level training of officials and NGOs in emergency response

● Men and material management in emergencies with proper inventorization.

The procedures being laid down for these control rooms are as follows :

I. Control Rooms are to be managed by a clerk/Revenue Supervisor/Extension

officer and a peon.

II. Immediately after getting warning about flood/cyclone, one Gazette Officer

along with the above staff should be deployed in the control room.

III. The Head of office will ensure proper working of the control room telephones.

IV. A register will be maintained in the control room to record the messages and

warning received over telephones and action taken thereon.

V. The Sub-ordinate Control Rooms will keep constant touch with the District

Control Room during and after occurrence of any calamity

In case any message of devastating nature is received, this should immediately be

passed on to Collector/Additional. Dist. Magistrate/concerned Sub-Collector and necessary

action to be taken according to their instructions.

ARRANGEMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGE

Wireless and V.H.F. stations are the quickest means of communication of weather

warning and other important messages on flood and cyclone. Regular wireless, V.H.F. sets

are available in all police stations. Besides it has been decided to install V.H.F. station in the

inaccessible places temporarily.

The Central Flood Forecast Sub-Division, Balasore have got their own wireless station

at Balasore, Gobindapur and Rajghat. Different field officers for transmission of messages

relating to flood/cyclone can also use all these wireless sets. All Tahasildars and blocks are

connected with telephones. Concerned Officers will ensure proper working of telephone

during flood/Cyclone. District Engineer, Telegraphs, Balasore, S.D.O Telegraph, Balasore

have been requested to take steps to ensure proper working during cyclone, flood and

emergency situation

IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABLE AND WEAK POINTS IN EMBANKMENTS

All the vulnerable and weak points in embankments are identified. The Executive

engineer, irrigation. division. of all the districts has been requested to ensure that all the

vulnerable and weak points are strengthened before ensuing floods. Further, the Executive

Engineer has been instructed to keep strong vigil on the respective weak and vulnerable

points to safeguard against any breach during flood period.

GUARDING THE WEAK POINTS

There are some weak points in embankments, which require constant watch at the

time of flood. The Engineers of Irrigation Department have been advised to take arrangement

for deployment of their staff with required materials such sand bags, bamboo mats, balas

etc. to protect the weak points. The Superintendent. of Police, has been requested to issue

suitable instructions to the Officers for deployment of constables, Home Guards, Grama

Rakhies etc. at the weak points by obstruct cutting of embankments and roads by the

miscreants. The Sub-Collectors should inspect important weak point, Tahasildars well in

advance who will offer their views about the adequacy of precautionary measures taken.

KEEPING THE DRAINAGE CLEAN

The Executive Engineer, Irrigation/Drainage Division, has been instructed for

clearance of drainage channels for free flow of floodwater before onset of monsoon. The

Sub Collectors, Tahasildars to ensure free discharge of floodwater, should inspect some of

the drainage channels.

ARRANGEMENTS OF BOATS

Adequate numbers of powerboats have to be kept ready to be used in any eventuality.

STORAGE OF FOOD STUFF IN INACCESSIBLE POCKETS

The district contingency plan envisages keeping adequate stock of rice in the

following places for distribution of emergency relief. Civil supplies Officer, districts have

been instructed to take immediate steps for storing rice as may be required before on set of

monsoon. The following quantities of rice were stored in following GPs for flood relief operation.

It has been decided that all the Sarpanches (head of a village) should be authorized to

supply 3 days relief and the Block Development officers for 7 days during emergency if the

situation so warranted.

HEALTH MEASURES

For taking health measures in the event of flood/cyclone/drought and any crisis (even

related to industrial disaster) the district has been divided in to 5 zones with 42 centers.

District Senior Medical Officer as well as other District Level Officers is kept in charge of

each zone for effective supervision. A control room has been opened in the Office room of

Asst. District Medical Officer (P.R.), Balasore for the purpose.

Medicines, A-C Vaccine, Disinfectants etc. will be kept in different zones and centers.

Advance disinfections of drinking water sources in the flood, drought and epidemic prone

areas and identification of drinking water sources in each village will be completed before

onset of monsoon. There will be one standing mobile team at P.H.C. level headed by one

Medical Officer and other Para-Medical staff. Besides, there will be one Medical Team at

Balasore. They will rush at once to the site of occurrence of cyclone, floods and epidemic

with requisite drugs and disinfectant to manage the situation. For in accessible pockets, the

Medical Officer concerned are advised to co-operate with local Tahasildar/Block

Development Officers to get power or country boats for health measures as and when

necessary.

VETERINARY MEASURES

Agriculture Measures

The Deputy Director, Agriculture has been communicated the guidelines in regard to

Agriculture measure to be taken in advance for probable flood.

Cyclone Advance Plan and Introduction

Human lives and properties are constantly endangered by environmental hazards,

which turn into natural calamities. Tropical cyclone constitutes a very major hazard, which

is responsible for more deaths and destructions, than other natural calamity. Extremely

violent winds, heavy and concentrated rainfall and storm-surge resulting in large-scale

inundation and high floods are caused by the cyclonic disturbances and contribute to colossal

loss of life’s and property. The district Balasore is one of the four coastal districts in Orissa

that is prone to serious devastations due to cyclones of varying intensity experienced during

the last one hundred years or more.

Identification of Cyclone Prone Villages and Population

Cyclones are some times accompanied by high tidal wave resulting in inundation of

villages and damage to public and private properties. The people living in villages within 5

Kms from coastline are usually the worst victim during cyclone accompanied by tidal bore

or not.

Cyclone Preparedness

Some of the Information, Education and Communication programmes suggested for

cyclone preparedness are –

u Keeping Radio Sets: Listen to the latest weather report from AIR, Cuttack and

Baripada and pass the information on to others.

u Avoid being misled by rumors. Pass on only the official information received

from AIR, Cuttack and Bapripada, local officers and authorized non-officials.

u Alert people to get away from areas or locations, which may be swept away

by high tides or storm waves.

u Well built houses may be best place for shelters

u Be alert for high water in areas where streams, rivers may flood due to heavy

rains.

u Broad up glass windows or put storm shutters in place. Use good wooden

planks and fasten security

u If you don’t have wooden boards, handy paste paper strips on glasses to

prevent splinter plying into the house.

u Get extra food especially things which can be eaten with cooking or with very

little preparation. Store extra drinking water in suitable covered pots.

u Have hurricane lanterns and flash lights in working condition and keep them

handy.

u Check on every thing that might be torn loose kerosene tins, cans, agricultural

implements, garden tools, etc. become weapons of destruction in strong winds.

Remove them and store them in closed rooms.

u People should be advised to avoid old constructions for taking shelter.

u Be sure that a window or door can be carried on the lees of the house, i.e. the

side opposite to the one facing the wind.

u Make special provision for children and adults.

u Remove cattle to safe places as far as possible

u In the center of the eye of the storm passes directly over your place, there will

be a full in the wind and rain lasting over half an hour or more. During the

period of stay in a safe place make emergency repairs during the full period if

necessary but remember that strong wind will return suddenly from the opposite

direction, frequently with even greater violence.

u Be calm. Your ability to meet emergency will inspire and help others.

The best of the warning system and communication system will prove to be little

avail unless the recipients of the warnings accept the validity of the message and act on it.

People compare official warnings with experience and thus, credibility of warning suffer

where they prove to be exaggeration of false alarms. The people in the vulnerable areas

should be educated about the above by our field officers of block/tahasils.

CO-ORDINATION AND LINKA GE WITH GP & VILLAGES

District DisasterManagement Committee

Block DisasterManagement Committee

Gram Panchayat DisasterManagement Committee

Village DisasterManagement Committee

Village Task Force

CO-ORDINATION AND LINKAGE WITH GP & VILLAGES:

Co-ordination / Linkage BDMC/ GPDMC/VDMC & Task Force

Preparedness u BDMC will meet every month.

u In contact with the GPDMC

u Monitoring of the communication equipment in

BCR

u Ensure all the communicating equipment are in

running mode/ operational

Pre (after warning) u Immediate meet of BDMC will be called and they

will chalk out the emergency plan and vulnerable

areas as well as resource list will be listed out.

u Monitoring the Information Dissemination

System

u Pass the necessary information to the GPDMCto do the needful

u GPDMC will pass the information collected from

the BDMC to the VDMC for better co-ordination

between the Govt. Officials, NGOs, CBOs,

Village Task Force

u Co-ordination meet of Local NGOs/ CBOs

u Distribution of duty amongst the officials

u Positioning of the staff in cut off areas

u Arrangement of food and other basic needs for

emergency response

u Co-ordination between BCR & the DistrictEmergency Office, District Control Room.

During u Co-ordination meeting continue 6hours interval

u Regular collection of information regarding the

situation of risk prone areas

u Provision of emergency relief material to the

needy areas

u Communication with the district office for the

supply of basic needy material

u Deputing the NGOs/ CBOs to different risk prone

areas

Post u Helping the community for returning their home

u Distribution of temporary shelters in needy areas

u Immediate start of free kitchen in the cut off areas

and distribution of cooked food in submerged

areas

u Relief Distribution and monitoring the process

of relief distribution

u Provision of safe drinking water

u Provision of health & medicine facilities

u Reparation of major roads for transportation of

relief and human resources

Explanation:BDMP: Block Disaster Management PlanGPDMC: Gram Panchayat Disaster Management CommitteeVDMC: Village Disaster Management Committee

DI & PRO

PoliceControlRoom

DistrictControl Room

BlockControl Room

GP Control Room

Village Taskforce(Warning Group)

IrrigationControlRoom

DistrictNGOs

EVACUATION, SEARCH AND RESCUE RESPONSE

Police/Fire Tahasildars PWD/RD NGO IrrigationDept.

Dist. NodalOfficers

BDO/ExtensionOfficers

GPDMC

DISTRICT DISASTERMANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

Village Taskforce

CHECKLISTS: DO’S AND DON’TS

Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Flood.

Do’s Don’ts

Tune to your local radio for warnings Don’t allow children to play in or near

and advice flood water

Move vehicles, equipments, garbage, Never wander around any flooded area.

chemicals etc to higher locations. Don’t drive into waste of unknown

Disconnect all electrical appliances depth and current

Turn off electricity and gas before Do not eat food affected by floodwater.

leaving house

Operational Guidelines of what to do in the event of a Cyclone

Do’s Don’ts

Stay indoor and take shelter in the Beware of fallen power lines,

strongest part of your house. damaged bridges and structures

Listen to radio and follow instructions Pay attention to all warnings and

Find shelter if you are caught out don’t go for sight seeing.

in the open Wear strong shoes and clothing

Disconnect all electrical appliances for protection.

Turn off electricity and gas

If you have to evacuate, do not return

until advised

A detail contingency plan has been prepared by the district administration to fight

any possible disaster. However, the proper working of the contingency plan depends upon

the people, officials all other persons who are assigned to make it work during disasters. A

contingency drill should be enacted during the flood/cyclone season so as to let everyone

be aware of what they are supposed to do. Necessary changes and improvements have to

be made constantly depending upon the circumstances and exigencies from time to time.

SOCIAL MOBILIZATION IN RELATION TO EARLY WARNING SYSTEM (EWS)

Whereas the Central/State Meteorological System will provide the Early Warning

Signals with regard to the onset of any new cyclone, it is of utmost importance that the

residents of rural/urban settlements are adequately organized for quick evacuation and

transportation to reaching the safe precincts of cyclone shelters. In this regard, the UN

Agencies and its partners can assist the proposed Coastal Development Authority in the

following manner:

u Organization of Community-based Voluntary Committees (CVCs) for facilitating

quick response to cyclone warnings;

u· Dissemination of information relating to cyclone signals to all families by

volunteers working under the directions of the CVCs;

u Developing a community-based system for providing safe shelter to the cattle

immediately after the cyclone warning;

u Organisation of appropriate local transport for transportation of “at risk” families

to the cyclone shelters;

u Working out appropriate facilities for provision of food, water, sanitation and

health-cover for those staying in cyclone shelters during the tendency of the

cyclone;

u Preparation of Comprehensive Disaster Management Plans with the

participation of the communities involved; and

u Organisation of periodic drills as mock exercise in relation to implementation

of the Disaster Management Plans.

❋❋❋❋❋

DECISION MAKING STRUCTUREOF THE STATE

THE ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSE MECHANISM

CENTRAL

In the federal set up of India, the responsibility to formulate the government’s response

to a natural calamity is essentially that of the concerned state government.

However, the central government, with its resources, physical and financial does

provide the needed help and assistance to buttress relief efforts in the wake of major natural

disasters. The dimension of the response at the level of central government is determined

according with the existing policy of financing the relief expenditure and keeping in view the

factors like:

● The gravity of a natural calamity

● The scale of relief operation necessary and

● The requirements of central assistance for augmenting the financial resources

at the disposal of the state government.

The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) in the agriculture ministry is

the nodal department for all matters concerning natural disasters relief at the center. In the

DAC, the relief commissioner functions as the nodal officer to coordinate relief operations

of all natural disasters.

The central Relief Commissioner receives information relating to forecast/warning

of the natural calamity from the Director General, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)

or from the Central Water commission on a continuing basis. Besides he also monitors the

development-taking place and provides the necessary feedback, through the agriculture

secretary to the Agriculture minister, prime minister and the cabinet.

The entire network of natural disaster management at the central level and the

interaction pattern among various functionaries during the emergency period shown in the

Fig No.1

Cabinet Committee

The cabinet may set up a committee for effective implementation of relief measures

in the wake of natural disaster. The secretary in the ministry of Agriculture acts as the

Secretary of the committee. In the absence of such a committee, all the matters related to

relief matters related to the relief shall be reported to the cabinet secretary.

National crisis Management committee (NCMC)

Under the chairmanship of the cabinet secretary the NCMC has been constituted in

the cabinet secretariat. The other members of the committee include the secretary to the

prime minister, secretaries of the ministry of Home affairs, defense, Research and analysis

wing and agriculture and cooperation along with Director Intelligence bureau and an officer

of Cabinet Secretariat. The NCMC gives direction to the crisis management group as deemed

necessary.

Crisis management Group (CMG)

A group under the chairmanship of the central Relief Commissioner comprising the

senior officer from the various ministers and other concerned departments to review every

year contingency plans formulated by the Central Ministers/ Departments; to review the

measures required for dealing with a natural disaster, coordinate the activities of the central

ministers and the State Governments in relation to disaster preparedness and relief to the

above. The joint secretary (NMD) and additional Central relief commissioner is the convener

of CMG. The CMG meets every Six months.

At the State level, the relief commissioner (or Secretary, Depart of Revenue)

supervises and controls relief operations through collectors or deputy commissioners, who

are the main functionaries to coordinate the relief operation at district level.

STATE

As pointed out earlier, the central Government only supplements the efforts of the

State Governments. The state Governments are autonomous in organizing relief operations

in the event of natural disaster and in the long-term preparedness/ rehabilitation measure.

The states have relief commissioners who are in chare of the relief measures in the

wake of natural disasters in the respective states. In the absence of the relief commissioner,

the chief secretary or an officer nominated by him is in overall charge of the relief operations

in the concerned state.

The chief secretary is the head of the State administration. The state headquarters

has in addition a number of secretaries, head of the various departments handling specific

subjects under the overall supervision and coordination of the chief secretary. At the level

of the state government natural disasters are usually the responsibility of the revenue

department or the relief department. While important policy decisions are taken at the state

headquarters by the cabinet of the state headed by the Chief Minister Day to day decisions

involving policy matter are taken or exercised by the4 secretary in the department.

State Crisis Management Group

There is a state management group (SCMG) under the chairmanship of chief

secretary/relief commissioner. This group comprises senior officers from the

Departments of revenue/ relief, home, civil supplies, power irrigation, water supply,

panchayat (local self government), agriculture, forests, rural development, health planning,

public works and finance.

The state management group is required to take into consideration the infrastructure

and guidance received, from time to time, from government of India and for mutate action

plans for dealing with different natural disasters.

It is also the duty of the relief Commission of the state to establish an emergency

operation center as soon as a disaster situation develops. Besides having all updated

information on forecasting and warning of disaster the center would also be the contact

point for the various concerned agencies.

DISTRICT

States are further divided into districts, each headed by the District collector (also

known as District magistrate or deputy commissioner). It is the district collector who is the

focal point at the district level for directing, supervising and monitoring relief measures for

disaster for preparation of District level plans.

The collector exercises coordinating and supervisory powers over functionaries of

all the departments at the district levels. During actual operations for disaster mitigation or

relief, the powers of the collector are considerably enhanced, generally by standing

instructions or orders on the subject or by specific government’s orders, if so required.

Sometimes, the administrative culture of the state concerned permits, although informally,

the collector to exercise higher powers in emergency situations and the decisions are later

ratified by the competent authority.

A district is subdivided into subdivisions and Tehsils or Talukas. The head of a subdivision

officer SDO while the head of a tehsil is generally known as the tehsildar (talukdar or Mamlatdar

in some states). Contact with the individual villages is through the village office or patwari who

has one or more villages in his charge. When a disaster is apprehended, the entire machinery of

the district, including officers of technical and other departments, swings into action and maintains

almost continuous contact with each village in the disaster threatened area. In the case of

extensive disasters like drought contact is maintained over a short cycle of few days.

The various measures undertaken by the District Administration are as follows:

Contingency Plan

At the district level, the disaster relief plans are prepared which provide for the specific

tasks and agencies for their implementation in respect of areas in relation to different types

of disasters.

A contingency plan for the district for different disaster is drawn up by the collector/

Deputy Commissioner and approved by the state government. The collector/ deputy

commissioner also commissioner also coordinates and secures the input from the local

defense forces unit in preparation of the contingency plans. These contingency plans lay

down specific action points, key personal and contact points in relation to all respect.

✷ District Relief committee:

The district level relief committee consisting of official and nonofficial members

including the local legislators and the members of the parliament reviews the relief

measures.

✷ District Control Room:

In the wake of natural disasters, a control room is set up in the district for the day-to-

day monitoring of the rescue and relief operation on a continuing basis.

✷ Coordination:

The collector maintains close liaison with the Central Government authorities in the

district namely, the Army, Air Force, navy, Ministry of Water resources etc. who

supplements the efforts of the district administration in the rescue and relief operation.

The collector/ deputy commissioner all coordinates voluntary efforts by mobilizing

the nongovernmental organizations capable of working in such situations.

The entire hierarchy right from the central government (the department of Agriculture

and cooperation in the Ministry of agriculture) to the district level, and even the sub divisional/

tehsil level, is connected with telecommunication system. The normal mode of

telecommunication is overland telephone and telegraphy, but in times of stress and if there

is breakdown of the overland system, radio communication is restored to. The wireless

network is generally run and maintained by the police organisation in the country.

Besides the district official, a host of other bodies too supplement their efforts in

disaster situations particularly the armed forces and the non-government voluntary

organizations.

Legend

Ø InformationØ Instruction/DirectionØ Feed backØ IMD : Indian Meteorological DepartmentØ CWC : Central water commissionØ AM : Agriculture MinisterØ NCMC : National Crisis Management CommitteeØ PM : Prime ministerØ A&C : Agriculture & CooperationØ NMD : Natural Disaster Management

Cabinet Committee Prime Minister

NCMC AM

Secretary to PM Cabinet Secretary

Sectary A&C

CWC IMD

Central

Min/Dept./Org.

Relief Commissioner

NMD

States UTs

❋❋❋❋❋

THE SURVEY :ITS OBJECTIVES

A SOCIAL-ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The super cyclone of the century struck the state on the 29th and 30th October

1999. Prior to it many parts of the state were affected by cyclone on the 17th and 18th

October 1999. They destroyed the economy of Orissa. 22 blocks and 18 Urban local bodies

in Ganjam, 7 blocks in Gajapati, 11 blocks and 4 Urban local bodies (ULB’s) in Puri, 14

blocks and 4 ULB’s in Cuttack, 9 blocks and 2 ULB’s Kendrapara, 2 blocks in Nayagarh, 8

blocks and 3 ULB’s in Khurda, 7 Blocks and 1 ULB in Bhadrak, 3 blocks and 1 ULB in

Keonjhar, 6 blocks and 2 ULB’s in Dhenkanal, 8 blocks and 2 ULB’s in Jagatsinghpur, 10

blocks and 2 ULB’s in Jajpur, 8 blocks and 3 ULB’s in Balasore and 9 blocks in Mayurbhanj

districts were affected by the cyclone and super-cyclone.

A preliminary assessment made by the Government of Orissa identified 14,000

villages, which were affected by the super cyclone alone. Loss of human life was estimated

at 9,885 numbers of missing persons at 40 and the number of injured persons at 2,507.

Casualty of livestock as reported stood at 444,531. Total number of hours damaged by the

super cyclone increased to 1,650,086. Total population affected by the super cyclone stood

at 125.69 lakhs.

Besides the loss of human life and animal husbandry, agriculture was severely

damaged by the super cyclone. 1,810,091 hectares of land, which was used for non-paddy

cultivation, was destroyed. The super cyclone caused untold misery and deprivation to the

people in terms of loss of income employment homelessness and loss of life and property.

Social and physical infrastructures like the school buildings; collages, hospitals,

dispensaries, roads, bridges and telecommunication lines were badly damaged.

The district economy, which is primarily agriculture, was ruined. Every household

in rural areas lost its agriculture, betel vines, and fruit bearing trees like coconut, mango

groves, fruit orchards and other additional sources of income. The loss to the fishermen

community was still great. Not only they lost their agriculture, but also their homes, boats,

nets and other equipment used in fishing. In terms of loss of life, they suffered more than

others did.

The people faced the socio-economic consequences of the super cyclone. Most of

the districts were affected by the cyclone. Our team, however, chose the six i.e. Puri, Cuttack,

Khurda, Kendrapara, Jagatsingpur, balasore for the survey. Accordingly, questionnaire was

prepared, investigators were selected and they were imparted necessary orientation training

for the survey work. The important points in the questionnaire and their implication for the

rehabilitation work are as follows:

PHASE : 1

Along with the names of the respondents, we know the age. Age factor is important

as respondents above a certain age (say 25 years) can be expected to be more

consistencies in their answers, when we talk informally about family background and about

the village; the age of the respondent has a direct bearing on the correctness of information

relating to family/village economy and socio-economic situation.

In the questionnaire, there is space for head of the family before the super- cyclone

and after the super-cyclone. This reflects on the change of head in the family. There are

instances where the head of the family and the name of the respondent are same, these

indicates that information has been collected rightly from the source; there are no intervening

factors. In the other situations information relating to the questionnaire has been collected

from a member of the household due to the absence of the head of the family.

In place of household number in the questionnaire, we have given each of the

respondents a code number. While devising the code number we have taken into

consideration the name of the district, block, Gram Panchayat and village. From a

respondent’s code number, we can know the place of his residence, his Gram Panchayat

and his village. Identification of the beneficiary becomes easier through the use of this

code number.

Information regarding size and age distribution in the identified families has been

collected and reflected in tables. Male and female members, age groups such as: below 5

years, between 6-14, between 15-30 years, between 30-50 years and 50 and above are

given in tables.

This helps us in finding out the work force available in each family. Person below 5

years is young children and helpless dependants. In the age group of 6-14 years, we

have school going children. In the age group of 15 to 50 years (15-30 years, 30-50 years)

people work for their family. In the age group of 50 years and above, we may have people,

particularly in rural areas, which are semi-active as they all along live a life of poverty,

under consumption and deprivation. Though we have assumed that people in the age

group of 15 years to 50 years constitute the active workforce, people above 50 years

continue to work. Given the fact that food and nutrient intake are inadequate and that old

people are discriminated against in rural area households, people above 50 years become

susceptible to different physical ailment and suffer a decline in their working capacity,

their dependence on younger people increases. The Questionnaire tries to find out the

presence of females in different age groups.

The Questionnaire also collects information to know the distribution of the family

according to the size of the households. We can give weightage to households with no male

members in the age group of 15-50 years. Similarly, female-headed households will be given

preference for selection as beneficiaries in case of large families, given their income level.

We may also find out the sex ratio that is, number of females per thousand males across

age groups as well as across village or castes. In India (also in Orissa), sex ratio continuously

disfavors females. There is a social bias against them. This can also be reflected when we

prepare the tables.

This gives information regarding the size of landholdings of the families surveyed.

Households have been divided into; landless labour households, marginal farmers (up to

2.5 acres), small farmers (2.5-5 acres), medium farmers (5-10 acres) and large farmers (10

acres and above). We have taken this classification because possession of land reflects

the status of family.

By linking the size of landholdings with the information collected from 1(a). 1 and

1(a) 2, we may get a picture of caste wise land distribution as well as distribution of land

with respect to the size of the household. Proportion of SC households with no land and

up to 2.5 acres can be compared with that of the other castes to know their relative

asset base.

An attempt is made here to collect information relating to the source of earning and

income from agricultural and non- agricultural occupations. For agricultural income, we have

identified two important crop seasons- Kharif and Rabi. Earning made from cereals, oilseeds

pulses, fiber/jute, vegetables, sugarcane, betel vine can be known. This would also show

the distribution of income from different crops.

Besides agriculture, other sources of income and earnings are identified. They have

income from wage labour, service, and business, fishing dairy, poultry and piggery. Proportion

of wage income to total income may reflect the extent of derived demand for labour in the

area. The lower the proportion of wage out of total income, the more difficult it is for the

locality to generate employment for labourers without any asset base. Households with no

land or marginal landholdings depend on others (as employee) to sustain their living.

Households in rural areas either have dairy, poultry or piggery. Size of their

possession of these assets varies across income groups. With low maintenance costs,

income from these sources is important for the rural households.

It is also anticipated that income from service form non-agricultural occupations may

not have been very severely affected by the cyclone. Income from the service sector may

have grown in size in some villages due to relief and rehabilitation related works undertaken

by the government and private agencies.

Business may have been affected due to the poor purchasing power of the

households after the cyclone.

This gives information about the main occupation of the family. It is expected that

households would report their major source of earning as their main occupation.

Information collected here will help us in making consistency checks and in cross

checking of our data.

Total income from fishing has also been identified as the other main source of income.

Number of households with fishing as their main occupation can be ascertained from phase

1 (a). 3IIB and phase1 (a). 3III(I). This helps us in locating households, which depend entirely

on fishing.

We have also made an attempt to know the incidence of Sea fishing/Inland fishing in

the region. This will give us an idea about the number of households who depend on fishing

as one of their occupation or sources of earning and how many of them depend on marine

fishing, inland fishing or both.

This will give us information about the members of the households who are associated

with fishing in different ways. The members are the spouse, children, friends and hired

labourers and other. The nature of accompanying members has a bearing on the position of

the fishermen as this has direct co-relation with the incidence of hired and shared boats

and nets in the village. We have applied logic here that a fisherman with more then 3

accompanying members having own boat and net is a relatively better off fisherman. Type

and size of the fishing instruments along with storage capacity reflects his comfortable

asset base in relation to others. Total income of the households from the sale of varieties of

fish will also support this line of agreement. This will help the organisation to rank the

households according to their income and status.

It is also known that fishermen have suffered huge loss due to the damage caused

to their godowns (storage room) by the cyclone. This has also affected the income of the

fishermen in the region.

PHASE 2

In phase 2, post cyclone details relating to the respondents are given. Damage to

agriculture, cattle, shelter, fishing equipment, health, education and housing has been

probed.

PHASE 2.4.11

We have collected information regarding damages to agriculture in terms of damage

to land, damage to irrigation, damage to standing crops and damage to agricultural equipment.

Loss of land may be assessed in terms of flooded area, rising salinity; salted water or

coverage of land due to the cyclone will result in the loss of standing crops. Such loss ofcrops should be taken into consideration.

❋❋❋❋❋

PURI DISTRICTAREA AND POPULATION

Puri district, located in the coastal belt, is among the 30 districts of Orissa. It has a

geographical area of 3051.0 Sq.km and a population of 1,305,365. The district has 4.12% of

the state’s population. Compared to other districts, it has a larger population. Its density of

population stands at 427 per sq.km compared to the state average of 203. Percentage of

SC and ST population to the district total population stands at 18.56 and 0.27 respectively.

Proportion of ST population living in the district is the lowest in the state compared to

Malkangiri, which has the highest percentage of ST population at 58.36%. ST population

however constitutes 22.21 percent of the state population (1991 Census). The density has

an unfavorable sex ratio of 970 females per 1000 males.

AGRICULTURE

Puri has a pre-dominantly agricultural economy. The vast majority of its population

live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their living and family maintenance. Paddy

is the principal crop cultivated in the district in all the three seasons; namely autumn, winter

and summer. The following table gives the estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy

in the district.

It may be observed from the table that during the period 1993-94, 1994-95 and 1995-

96 the district experienced wide fluctuations in relation to the area under rice cultivation in

all the seasons yield rates also varied from year to year and from season to season. All the

yield rates taken together varied from 24.24 quintals per hectare in 1993-94 to 13.43 in

1994-95, to 22.21 in 1995-96. Such wide fluctuations in performance expose the farm

households to great risks and uncertainties.

Table –1

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy in Puri district. (Area in hectares)

Yield rate Qtls/Hectare (dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls (cleaned rice)

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1993-94 5,146 22.18 75,328

1993-94 2,906 12.46 23,892

1995-96 3,641 15.73 37,793

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1993-94 148,433 23.47 2,399,184

1993-94 108,724 10.51 753,823

1995-96 135,794 19.46 1,744,344

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1993-94 36,231 27.68 661,939

1993-94 46,860 20.29 627,413

1995-96 48,902 30.32 978,729

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1993-94 189,810 24.24 3,036,451

1993-94 158,490 13.43 1,405,128

1995-96 188,337 22.21 2,760,866

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 1995, Puri.

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

It may however be noted that both in terms of area and yield rate, cultivation of

summer rice has been gaining ground in the district.

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

According to the livestock census 1995, Puri district (both rural and urban) had

251,052 numbers of cows (cross breed and indigenous). Total cattle however stood at 461,382

(cross breed and indigenous). This was followed by foul- both indigenous and improved

varieties numbering 321,700. Number of sheep, goat and pigs stood at 87,378; 98,012 and

1,484 respectively. Similarly buffalo population stood at 26,232.

Livestock and animal resources constituted an important source of income and

employment for rural households. Households sell milk, meat, eggs and birds to supplement

their family income. In 1995-96 production of milk, egg and meat stood at 66.8 metric tons,

8.6 million and 1054 metric tones respectively (1995-96).

FISHERIES

In addition to livestock and animal resources, fisheries provide an important source

of income for the rural households.

Puri district is a rich source of fisheries. Fresh water, brackish water and marine fish

are available in the district. In Brahmagiri and Krushnaprasad blocks, there is large-scale

cultivation of Prawn. Astaranga, Gop and Puri blocks provide opportunities for the production

of marine fish. Fresh water fish is cultivated and available in the entire district. In rural areas,

almost all the households have their own ponds, which get flooded in the rainy season and

provide a space for the sweet fish. That is where sweet fish is cultivated. In 1995-96,

production of fresh water fish, brackish water fish and marine fish stood at 5004 mt., 1394

mt. and 22,573 metric tonnes. Apart from domestic consumption, which provides a good

source of protein for the people, households raise their income by selling fish in the markets.

It may also be interesting to have a look at the size and pattern of landholdings in

Puri district.

The density has an overwhelmingly large number of small and marginal farms. There

are 92,002 marginal holdings (up to 2.5 acres) 32,709 small holdings (up to 5 acres), 14,782

semi-medium holdings, 3637 medium holdings and 226 large holdings. To be more specific,

out of 143,356 holdings; 124,711, that is approximately 87% of the holdings are small and

marginal. 21,502 of these small and marginal farms that are about 17.2% of them belong to

SC families. Farm households in these size-groups who are generally poor suffer from

certain in-built constraints in their efforts to develop and modernize agriculture.

EDUCATION, LITERACY AND HEALTH

It is well known that education makes a significant contribution not only to the health

and environment of the society, but also to the general well being of the people. Development

of human resources through the spread of education, beginning with the primary and

elementary education has a favorable impact on socio-economic development.

In this context it may be relevant to note that educational infrastructure in the district

is relatively more developed. By 1994-95, the district had 1267 primary schools with student

strength of 172,846 out of which 93,415 were boys and 79,431 were girls. The strength of

SC and ST students was limited to 34,136 and 250 students. In the same year, the district

had 427 middle schools with 56,448 students of whom 31,195 were boys and 25,253 were

girls. The number of SC students in the middle schools stood at 286 secondary schools

with 56,681 students. There were 32,957 boys and 23,724 girls. The number of SC and ST

students in the secondary schools stood at 7040 and 106 respectively (1994-95).

Compared to other districts, Puri enjoys a higher literacy rate at 63.30% against the

state literacy of 49.1% (1991 Census). Male literacy rate is significantly higher at 82.52%

as compared to the female literacy rate of 54.96 percent. There also exists a sharp difference

between the urban literacy rates. As against the urban literacy rate of 74.62 percent, the

rural literacy stands at 61.65%. Male and females literacy were also high at 81.96 and 66.33

compared to the male and female literacy rates of 76.04 and 47.08 in the rural areas. Literacy

rate among the SC population is substantially lower.

In terms of health and family welfare facilities, the district had 10 hospitals, 5 dispensaries,

9 PHC’s, 4 CHC’s, 19 additional PHC’s, 5 subsidiary health centers, 13 Homeopathic and 1

Ayurvedic hospital and 19 Ayurvedic dispensaries. 455 beds in allopathic hospitals and 80 beds

in Ayurvedic hospitals were available for the district needs more of hospital and bed facilities.

Family welfare, maternity and childcare facilities are available in the district. Family

planning clinics with sterilization, I.U.D and other facilities offer different types of family

planning service to people. Tetanus Toxide for pregnant women, polio treatment, Bacillus

Calmete Georinecs (BCG), Dipdherea Pertunis Tetanus (DDT) facilities are also available

for the treatment of women and children.

Health facilities, however available in the rural areas are relatively scarce and

underdeveloped compared to urban areas in Puri district.

POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

There is widespread poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of the district. It is

however the SC and ST households, compared to others, who are more vulnerable to poverty

and deprivation.

Integrated Rural Development Programmes, Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, Indira Awas

Yojana, TRYSEM, MWS and many other anti-poverty programmes are in operation in the

district to assist the poorer families so that they may cross the poverty line and live a

normal decent life. Schemes are also in operation for the benefit of the women and children.

Sustained developmental efforts in the fields of agriculture, industry, education and

health and rural development would enable the people to live a better life.

Socio-Economic Situation in Kakatpur and Astaranga Blocks

AREA AND POPULATION

Puri district has 11 Community Development Blocks. Kakatpur and Astarang, as

compared to other blocks are smaller in size. Their geographical area is estimated at 167.03

and 162.23 sq.km respectively. Kakatpur with 114 villages -103 inhabited and 11 uninhabited

and Astarang with 104-village -95 inhabited and 9 uninhabited have 13,814 and 10,953

number of households respectively. Kakatpur has a population of 85,620 as compared to

Astarang’s population of 71,196. In terms of sex distribution of population, Kakatpur has

43,007 males and 42,613 female populations. Astarang, on the other hand has a male

population of 36,475 as compared to the female population of 34,721. Female population

constitutes approximately 50% of total population in Kakatpur as compared to 48.7% in

Astarang. Astarang, as figure points out, has higher male population.

Both the Blocks have sizeable SC population with stand at 20.64% in Kakatpur and

25.53% in Astarang. Astarang however has no ST population. Kakatpur has marginal

presence of ST’s constituting 0.10% of the total population (1991-census).

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the principle source of occupation and livelihood for the people. Paddy

is cultivated in autumn, winter and summer.

Table -1 gives estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy in Kakatpur and

Astarang blocks (1995-96).

Table –2

Estimated area, yield rate and production of paddy in Kakatpur and Astarang blocks

(1995-96). Yield rate in Qtls. / Hect. (Dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls. (cleaned

rice) and area in Hect.

Autumn

Block Area Yield rate Production

Kakatpur 882 15.17 8,833

Astaranga 845 13.86 7,728

Winter

Block Area Yield rate Production

Kakatpur 7,511 21.6 1,07,082

Astaranga 5,695 22.98 86,381

Summer

Block Area Yield rate Production

Kakatpur 2,435 26.11 41,961

Astaranga 292 28.27 5,448

Total

Block Area Yield rate Production

Kakatpur 10,828 22.09 157,876

Astaranga 6,832 22.08 99,557

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2001

Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa

Bhubaneswar. (Page 19 & 20)

It may be seen from the table that it is the cultivation of summer rice (in areas with

irrigation facilities), which gives the highest yield rate per hectare. Per hectare yield rate of

the summer rice stands was estimated at 26.11 quintals and 22.98 quintals in Kakatpur and

Astarang blocks respectively. These yield rates are significantly lower as compared to the

yield rates of summer rice in Pipli (36.00), Nimapara (34.64), Puri (32.21) and Gop (30.26).

Irrigation potential created for the Kharif and Rabi by the development of major and

medium projects, stood at 6,387 and 4,051 hectares respectively in Kakatpur. Lift irrigation

could be extended to 695 and 425 hectares during the Kharif and Rabi seasons respectively.

Astarang is relatively underdeveloped. It had irrigation potential for 3,045 hectares for the

Kharif crop and 1,932 hectares for the Rabi crops from three major and medium irrigation

sources. Lift irrigation could be created for 126 hectares and 79 hectares for the Kharif and

Rabi crops respectively.

To assess the development of agriculture, we may look at the quantum of chemical

fertilizers used by the farmers in these areas. Total consumption of chemical fertilizers

(N+P+K) stood at 1,185 metric tonne (m.t) in Kakatpur and 574 m.t in Astarang (1995).

Closely allied to agriculture, we may examine the development of fisheries in these

two blocks. Astarang, which is located nearer to the sea produced 3,887 m.t. of fish (fresh

water -245 m.t, brackish water-81m.t, marine fish -3561 m.t) compared to 841 m.t (fresh

water 273 m.t, marine fish 568 m.t) in Kakatpur (1995). Production of fresh water fish is

relatively more in Kakatpur than in Astarang. In Astarang, there is however the increased

production of brackish water fish and marine fish. It may be indicated from this that there is

a large presence of fishermen in the Astarang block as compared to Brahmagiri, Gop,

Kakatpur, and Krushnaprasad. Astarang stands next to Puri block only in the production of

fish in the district.

EDUCATION

Education and health are two indicators of individual as well as social well-being. We

look at the basic primary education facilities available in these two blocks.

Kakatpur and Astarang had 90 and 80 primary schools with 11,446 and 10,362

students (1994-95). In both the blocks, school going boys outnumber the school-going girls.

6,072 boys and 5,374 girls in Kakatpur and 5,456 boys and 4,906 girls in Astarang block

were found enrolled. Enrolment of SC students stood at 2,568 and 2,270 in Kakatpur and

Astarang blocks respectively.

Middle school and secondary school facilities are also available in the blocks Kakatpur

had 29 middle schools and 19 secondary schools with 3,849 and 3,588 students respectively.

Astarang, on the other hand, had 25 middle schools with 3,884 students and 18 secondary

school with 2,984 students. Number of SC students enrolled in the middle school stood at

132 and 155 in Kakatpur and Astarang respectively. At the secondary level, 464 Students

in Kakatpur and 578 SC students were enrolled in Astarang. This reflects the poor schooling

of the SC students.

LITERACY

In terms of literacy, both the blocks have almost the same level of literacy. As

compared to 60.23% literacy in Kakatpur, Astarang has a slightly higher rate of literacy at

61.66%. Literacy among SC population in Kakatpur stands at 39.44% as compared to 48.46%

in Astarang.

Female literacy rate is generally less as compared to male literacy. It stood at 46.14%

(Kakatpur) and 45.56% (Astarang) vis-à-vis the male literacy rate is 74.34% (Kakatpur)

and 77.18% (Astarang). Female literacy among the SC population is still much lower. It was

31.18% against the male literacy rate of 65.08 %( 1991 census).

Female, belonging to the general or to the SC categories suffer from lower education

and literacy.

HEALTH

Rural areas generally suffer from inadequate health facilities. Kakatpur, considering

the size of its population has one hospital with some bed facilities. Primary health center

(1), Additional PHC (1), Homeopathic dispensaries (1) Ayurvedic institution (1) also functions

in the Kakatpur block. Compared to this, Astarang had no hospital with bed facilities only

one PHC, one Additional PHC, two homeopath and two ayurvedic dispensaries functioned

in Astarang. No specialized and advanced treatments are available in any of these blocks.

Patients have to be shifted to Puri, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack when they are in serious

conditions.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

An objective framework built on collection of data through field visits is necessary

for an efficient implementation of rehabilitation works. Damages have to be assessed and

quantified.

People lost their homes, their near and dear ones, and their agriculture and animal

resources. Fishermen lost their nets, boats and other accessories. People lost their jobs

and income and became paupers overnight.

Government and other agencies played an important role in alleviating the suffering

of the people by providing them with food, cloths, blankets, drinking water, tarpaulin and

other relief materials.

(a) Distribution of Landholdings

Household’s access to agricultural land indicates their asset position. Households

with no access to land or with access to marginal land holdings are poor. Table below gives

detailed information concerning the distribution of land ownership in different Gram

Panchayats.

Table-1

Percentage Distribution of Land Ownership in different Gram Panchayats.

Name of Gram Landless Marginal Small Farm Large FarmPanchayat Households Farmers Households Households

Bangurigaon 41.87 55.98 1.42 0.73

Abadan 25.79 65.62 5.41 3.18

Churianna 27.11 68.51 3.95 0.43

Sisua 30 64.56 5.02 0.42

Patalada 36.53 55.62 5.94 1.91

Saripur 21.52 76.23 1.77 0.48

Nuagarh 43.5 51.37 3.62 1.51

Korana 36.79 60.54 0.92 1.75

Average size of

Land distribution. 32.9 62.3 3.5 1.3

Source: Collected from (Questionnaire survey-2004).

Table-1 gives the average pattern of land ownership in different Gram Panchayts.

It may be observed from the table that marginal farm households constitute the most

dominant group of cultivators. Small farmers have a marginal presence. Presence of large

farmers is negligible.

Size of landless households is quite large. They constitute more then 40 percent of

the rural households in Bangurigaon and Nuagarh. In some villages, they are as high as

73.08 percent. (Village- Taya, Bangurigaon Gram Panchayat). In Patalada they form 36.53

percent of households, 36.79 percent in Korana, 30 percent in Sisua, 27.11 percent in

Churianna, 25.79 percent in Abadan and 21.52 percent in Saripur.

At the regional level (all Gram Panchayats 3 taken together) landless households

forms 32.90 percent marginal farms households 62.30 percent, small farms 3.50 percent

and large farms 1.30 percent. It is the landless households who have limited options and

depend on wage income for their living.

(b) Population Distrib ution b y Ag e and Sex

Size of population, its composition and its distribution in different age groups have an

impact on family economy at the household level as well as ion the region’s economy. Children

in the age group of 0-5 years are always dependent on parents and children in the age

group 6-14 years are school going children. People in the age group of 15 to 30 years to 50

years constitute the most active segment in the labour market. It is these people who make

a bigger contribution to the growth of an economy. People in the age group of 50 years and

above may not remain that active in the rural labour market.

Table-2

Population Distribution by Age and Sex.

Gram Panchayat Total Population Male % Female %

Bangurigaon 6,484 37.94 62.06

Abadan 9,949 49.52 50.48

Churianna 11,788 57.58 42.42

Sisua 7,597 40.8 59.2

Patalada 6,037 51.51 48.49

Saripur 5,401 51.17 48.83

Nuagarh 8,530 50.17 49.83

Korana 6,644 52.58 47.42

Total 62,430 49.53 50.47

Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Total

Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Bangurigaon 695 2,279 2,974 382 424 806 3,780

Abadan 722 629 1,315 847 840 1,687 3,038

Churianna 1,645 3,580 5,225 746 719 1,465 6,690

Sisua 927 2,744 3,716 477 457 934 4,650

Patalada 424 372 796 372 497 869 1,665

Saripur 420 409 829 517 469 986 1,815

Nuagarh 570 510 1,080 983 990 1,973 3,053

Korana 527 546 1,073 669 546 1,215 2,426

Total 5,975 11,069 17,044 4,993 4,942 9,935 26,979

Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Total

Panchayat % % % % Children

Males Females Males Females

Bangurigaon 23.37 76.63 45.80 52.60 47.40 12.43 58.29

Abadan 53.44 46.56 13.57 50.20 49.80 16.95 30.53

Churianna 21.50 68.50 44.32 50.92 49.08 12.42 56.75

Sisua 26.16 73.84 48.91 51.08 48.92 12.29 61.20

Patalada 53.26 46.74 13.18 42.80 57.20 14.39 27.57

Saripur 50.66 49.34 15.34 52.43 47.57 18.25 33.60

Nuagarh 52.77 47.23 12.66 49.83 50.17 23.13 36.65

Korana 49.12 50.88 16.14 49.45 50.88 18.28 36.15

Total 35.06 64.94 27.30 50.26 49.74 15.91 43.21

Source: Computed from primary data. (Questionnaire survey-2004) Figures in brackets indicate

percentage to the total.

It may be observed from the table that male/female ratio in total population varies

from Gram Panchayat to Gram Panchayat.

In Churianna, it is highly unfavorable for women at 42.42 percent of the total population.

Sex ratio becomes unfavorable for men in Bangurigaon. Females constitute 62.06 percent

of the total population. At the regional level- all the Gram Panchayats taken together- sex

ratio is almost balanced. It is 49.53 for males and 50.47 percent for females.

Distribution of population by the age group 0-5 years constitutes 45.8 percent of the

total population in Bangurigaon, 48.1 percent in Sisua, comes down to 13.57 percent in

Abadan, 13.18 percent in Patalada and 12.66 percent in Nuagarh. A similar trend may be

observed for the age group 6 years to 14 years. It forms 12.29 percent of the total population

in Sisua, 12.43 percent in Bangurigaon, 12.42 percent in Churianna, 14.39 percent in Patalada,

18.25 percent in Saripur, 16.95 percent in Abadan ad 23.13 percent in Nuagarh.

Table also indicates the size of male and female children in different Panchayats.Child

population in the age group of 0-14 years varies from 27.57 percent in Patalada to 61.20

percent in Sisua. Size of child population is important as it indicates the proportion of able

bodied people in the age group of 15 years and above up to 50 years who are available as

active labour force in a specific area/region.

At the regional level, child population constitutes 43.21 percent of total population.

Gram Panchayat/households with a larger size of child population given the other factors

may have a great claim on government/agency assistance in terms of children education,

reading materials, child development and health care facilities.

(c) Source of Earning for the Households

Area under study has a pre-dominantly agrarian economy. Households though depend

on agriculture for income, employment and their living they also, simultaneously, have other

avenues for generating additional income. Their dependence on any source is not exclusive.

Households in the area have multiple source of income.

Table-3 below reflects on different source of income as available to the respondents.

Table-3

Source of earning available to the households

Gram Panchayat Agriculture Service Business Fishing Others

Bangurigaon 78.8 0.69 0.7 2.38 41.96

Abadan 79.02 11.91 7.38 4.4 47.06

Churianna 81.44 3.56 0 15 25.93

Sisua 62.28 0.64 2.56 15.78 45.47

Patalada 81.74 10.42 4.22 7.98 26.84

Saripur 89.48 3.46 3.56 0 24.71

Nuagarh 68.56 4.03 10.31 18.3 30.78

Korana 82.12 1.41 4.36 9.05 46.28

Region’s Average 77.93 4.51 4.13 9.17 36.12

Source: Computed from primary data (Questionnaire survey-2004) collected from the households in

the identified Gram Panchayats.

Table-3 gives interesting information regarding the choice pattern of the households

in securing their income from different sources. Though an overwhelming majority of the

respondents, 77.93 percent at the regional level, look to agriculture and use agriculture as

their principal source of earning, households, including the households depending on

agriculture exploit service, business, fishing and other opportunities available in their

respective areas for earning additional income or for supplementing their family incomes.

Next to agriculture, households depend on other activities-such as sale of milk, birds,

eggs, goats, wage labour, etc for adding to their income from agriculture. Along with agriculture

activities, households catch and sale fish. As high as 36.12 percent 9.17 percent of the

respondents look to other sources and fishing for additional income. Households who have

land also carry on different types of service-i.e. carpentry, etc and earn income. Some of

the households with agriculture as their main source of earning do carry on different kinds

of business like betel shops, tea stalls plus grocery, etc and such business activities yield

an income. Only 4.51 percent and 4.3 percent of the households try to have an earning from

service and business.

(d) Fishing as an Occupation: Types of Fishing Activities

Proximity of the area under study to sea encourages the households to go for sea

fishing. Households also go for inland fishing. There are villages like Sahana, Kendupatna

and Kalara in the Astaranga block where more than 70 percent of respondents go for fishing.

Families have access to sea fishing, inland fishing and both sea and inland fishing.

In table-4 an attempt is made to find out the percentage of households practicing

different types of fishing.

Table-4

Percentage of Households practicing different types of fishing.

Gram Panchayat Marine Fishing Inland Fishing Both

Bangurigaon 38.07 52.03 9

Abadan 7.94 60.12 31.94

Churianna 68.74 27.26 4

Sisua 16.29 83.71 0

Patalada 36.89 63.14 0

Saripur 0 100 0

Nuagarh 18.81 79.19 2

Korana 31.51 58.31 10.18

Region’s Average 27.28 65.47 7.25

Source: Questionnaire survey-2004.

It may be observed from the table-4 that in every gram panchayat, there are

households who have fishing as an occupation. They also practice different types of fishing;

namely sea fishing and inland fishing. Some of the households go for both sea fishing and

inland fishing.

Marine fishing is practiced widely by the households in Churianna (68.74 %),

followed by households in Patalada (31.51 %), Bangurigaon (38.07 %) and Korana (31.51

%). Inland fishing is more popular, percentage of households who go for inland fishing

stands at 100.00 percent in Saripur, 83.71 percent in Sisua, 79.19 percent in Nuagrh,

63.14 percent in Patalada, 60.12 percent in Abadan, 58.31 percent in Korana, 52.03 percent

in Bangurigaon and 27.26 percent in Churianna. One reason for such high preference for

inland fishing vis-à-vis sea fishing is that it involves practically no risk and limited

investment. It may also be noted that there are households who practice both sea and

inland fishing. Their percentage however is limited to 31.94 percent in Abadan, 10.18 percent

in Korana, 9.00 percent in Bangurigaon, 4.00 percent in Churianna and 2 percent in

Nuagarh.

On an average at the aggregate level 27.28 percent, 65.47 percent and 7.25 percent

the households go for sea fishing, inland fishing and both marine and inland fishing.

In the following pages we make an attempt to assess in broad terms suffered by

the people/villages/panchayats/blocks. This will give an objective framework for the

formulation rehabilitation policies. Table below gives us in value terms, that is, in terms of

rupees the loss sustained by the area in terms of agriculture, cattle, shelter and fishing.

Table-5

Damage due to cyclone(Loss estimated in terms of Rupees)

Gram Agriculture Cattle Shelter Fishing T otal loss

Panchayat Equipment

Bangurigaon 11,543,450 1,854,730 9,301,821 718,100 23,418,101

Abadan 13,024,878 8,005,410 35,098,800 3,886,050 60,015,138

Churianna 20,658,817 8,240,480 31,145,452 15,655,400 75,700,149

Sisua 13,986,752 3,770,200 13,104,402 3,289,520 34,150,874

Patalada 10,936,350 2,956,580 9,174,500 3,289,520 34,150,874

Saripur 13,953,100 2,243,000 11,547,800 205,000 27,948,900

Nuagarh 8,090,800 7,319,610 12,435,000 5,177,301 33,022,711

Korana 10,916,431 3,197,418 18,013,201 815,700 32,942,750

Total loss 103,110,578 37,587,428 1,398,209,760 30,233,571 310,752,553

Damage due to cyclone(Loss estimated in terms of percentage).

Gram Agriculture Cattle Shelter Fishing

Panchayat Equipment

Bangurigaon 49.30 6.4 39.72 4.58

Abadan 21.7 13.35 58.48 6.47

Churianna 27.3 10.89 41.14 20.67

Sisua 40.95 11.03 38.37 9.65

Patalada 46.43 12.55 38.95 2.07

Saripur 49.92 8.02 41.31 0.75

Nuagarh 24.5 22.16 37.65 15.69

Korana 33.13 9.7 54.68 2.49

Total loss 36.65 11.8 43.78 7.77

Source: Computed from Questionnaire survey-2004

Figures in brackets indicate approximate percentage of loss to the total loss. As

indicated by the household in terms of their homes/shelters both Katcha and Pucca (mud

houses and Buildings) is the highest. It accounts for 43.78 percent of the total loss followed

by loss of agriculture (36.65%), loss of cattle (11.80%) and loss of fishing equipment (7.77%).

Table-6

Average Damage to the Villa ges.(Damage calculated in terms of Rupees)

Gram Agriculture Cattle Shelter Fishing T otal loss

Panchayat Equipment

Bangurigaon 887,957.69 142,671.53 715,524.69 55,238.46 1,801,392.37

Abadan 651,243.9 400,270.5 1,754,940 194,302.5 3,000,756.9

Churianna 1,087,306.15 433,709.47 1,639,234.31 823,968.42 3,984,218.35

Sisua 999,053.71 269,300 936,028.71 234,965.71 2,349,348.14

Patalada 781,167.85 211,184.28 655,321.42 34,750 1,682,423.55

Saripur 930,206.66 149,533.33 769,853.33 13,666.66 1,863,259.98

Nuagarh 1,011,350 914,951.25 1,554,375 647,162.62 4,127,838.87

Korana 606,468.38 177,634.33 1,000,733.38 45,316.66 1,830,152.75

Source: Computed from Questionnaire survey-2004.

Table 5 and 6 gives us estimates of the size and magnitude of loss/damage sustained

by the gram panchayats (table 5) and the extent of average loss in agriculture, cattle, shelter

and fishing equipment suffered by the gram panchayat under study. It may be seen from the

table (5) that Churianna has suffered the maximum loss (Rs.75, 700,149) followed by Abadan

(Rs.60, 015,138), Sisua (Rs.34, 150,874), Nuagarh (Rs.33, 022,711), Korana (Rs.32,

942,750), Saripur (Rs.27, 948,900), Patalada (Rs.23, 553,930) and Bangurigaon (Rs.23,

418,101).

Agriculture suffered the worst in Churiana followed by Sisua, Saripur, Abadan,

Bangurigaon and Patalada. Loss of cattle was also the highest in Churianna followed by

Abadan and Nuagarh. Abadan suffered the worst in terms of loss of shelter followed by

Churianna and Sisua. Loss of boats, nets and fishing equipment was the highest in Nuagarh

(Rs.5, 177,301) followed by Abadan (Rs.3, 886,050) and Sisua (Rs.3, 289,520). Table-5

gives a picture of relative loss as experienced by the Gram Panchayats.

Table-6 gives an estimate of the average loss sustained by the villages in different

Gram Panchayats. On an average, villages in Nuagarh gram panchayat area have sustained

large losses compared to other panchayats. As the table indicates each of the villages has

experienced loss and damage to life and property, though the size and magnitude of loss

differs from panchayat/village to panchayat/village.

In India’s history, Orissa suffered the worst of the cyclones. The government, the

local bodies, the voluntary organizations and the youth organizations have done their best

to manage the situation and assist the families to rebuild their economy and develop the

rural areas.

❋❋❋❋❋

BALASORE DISTRICTTHE DISTRICT: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Balasore district was part of the ancient Kalinga, which later became a territory of

Toshala or Utkal, till the death of Mukunda Dev. It was annexed by Moghuls in 1568 and

remained as a part of their suzerainty up to the middle of eighteenth century. Then the

Marahattas occupied this part of Orissa and it became a part of the dominion of the Marahatta

Rajas of Nagpur. The East India Company ceded this part through a treaty called treaty of

Deogaon in 1803 and it became a part of Bengal Presidency up to 1912. But the first English

Settlement came into existence in Balasore region in 1634 while Sahajahan was the emperor

at Delhi. The first of English factories were established in this region in 1640. During this

period Dutch and Danish settlements were also founded in this region. Balasore as a separate

district was created in October 1828 while it was in the Bengal Presidency. With the creation

of Bihar province, Orissa was diverted along with Balasore district from Bengal to Bihar.

But with the creation of Orissa as a separate State on 1st April 1936 Balasore became an

integral part of Orissa State. The national movement of independence surged ahead with

the visit of Mahatma Gandhi in 1921. Similarly Praja Andolan was initiated against the ruler

of Nilagiri State. The state of Nilagiri merged with state of Orissa in January 1948 and became

a part of Balasore district. On 3rd April 1993 Bhadrak Sub-division became a separate

district. The name of the district is being derived from the name of the town, which is old

and important. The name Balasore is recognized from the Persian word BALA-E-SHORE

which means “TOWN IN THE SEA”. The historical legend ascribes that the district has

been named as per the LORD BANESHWAR (LORD SHIVA) of the town, which

subsequently changed to Balasore during MUGHUL Rules.

THE DISTRICT: TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Balasore is one of the coastal district of Orissa, lies on the northern most part of the

state having 21 degree 03’ to 21 degree 59’ North Latitude & 86 degree 20’ to 87 degree 29’

East Longitude. Balasore Geographical area of the district is 3, 634 sqr. k.m. The district is

surrounded by Midnapore district of West Bengal is in its North, the Bay of Bengal is on the

east and Bhadrak district on the South. The districts of Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar are situated

on its western side. It has a massive coastline of 81 kms. The district Headquarter, Balasore

is 204 kms from the State Capital, Bhubaneswar.

Broadly the district can be divided into three geographical regions, namely, the Coastal

belt, the inner alluvial plain and the Northwestern hills. The coastal belt is about 26 Kms

wide and shapes like a strip. In this region, sand dunes are noticed along the coast with

some ridges. This region is mostly flooded with brackish water of estuarine rivers, which is

unsuitable for cultivation. But, presently this area is utilized for coconut and betel cultivation.

Shrimp culture and salt manufacturing units are also developing in this area recently. The

second contiguous geographical region is deltaic alluvial plain. It is a wide stretch of highly

fertile and irrigated land. This area is highly populous and devoid of any jungle/forest cover.

The third region, northwestern hilly region covers most of Nilgiri Sub-division. It is mostly

hilly terrain and vegetated with tropical semi-ever green forest. The hills of Nilgiri have the

highest peak of 1783 ft. above the sea level. The Scheduled Tribe persons of the district are

mostly seen in this region, which is enriched with forest resources, and stone quarries.

The soil of Balasore district is mostly alluvial laterite. The soil of Central region is

mostly clay, clay loam and sandy loam which is very fertile for paddy and other farm

produces. Nilgiri Sub-division is mostly gravelly and lateritic soil, which is less fertile. A

small strip of saline soil is also seen along the extreme coastal part of the district.

The climate of Balasore district is mostly hot and humid. The hot season starts from

March till May and followed by rainy season from June to September. During this period,

southwest monsoon causes maximum rain. But the district experiences highest rain fall

during July and August. Because of its strategic location, this district faces most of the

cyclonic storm and depression, which is raised from the Bay of Bengal. The cold season

from December to February is very pleasant. The average temperature of the district varies

between 22*C to 32*C and the average rainfall is 1583 mm.

RIVER SYSTEM OF THE DISTRICT

Balasore, the coastal district of Orissa is crisscrossed with perennial and estuarine

rivers because of its proximity to sea. Two important rivers of Orissa, namely: -

Budhabalanga and Subarnarekha have passed through this district from west to east before

surging into the Bay of Bengal. The river Subarnarekha originates from Chhotnagpur hill of

Bihar State and enters Balasore district near Olmara of Jaleswar block. Expect some small

strips of embankments; the river is mostly without protection. Similarly the other major river

The Budhabalanga originates from Similipal hills of Mayurbhanj district and enters Balasore

district near Kalyanpur of Remuna block. There is no flood protection embankment in either

side of the river. It falls in to Bay of Bengal near Balaramgadi. During flood, it affects large

parts of Remuna and Balasore Sadar block. Other rivulets like Sono and Gangahara feed

the river. Parts of Nilgiri block and large areas of Remuna block are being affected due to

flood in rivers Sono and Gangahar.

Table 1

General Information About the organization

SL. NO. PARTICULARS FIGURES IN DETAIL

1 Geographical area 3634.0 Sq Kms

2 Cultivable area 2,69,630 Hects

3 Irrigated area 78,164 Hects.

4 Coast line 81 Kms.

5 Population 16,97,000 (As per 1991 census)

Male 8,68,000

Female 8,29,000

6 No. of subdivisions 02 (Balasore and Nilgiri)

7 No. of Tahasils 07 (Balasore, Baliapal, Basta, Jaleswar,

Nilgiri, Simulia and Soro)

8 No. of blocks 12 (Bahanaga, Balasore, Baliapal, Basta,

Bhograi, Jaleswar, Khaira, Nilgiri, Oupada,

Remuna, Simulia and Soro)

9 No. of Gram panchayats 257

10 No. of villages 2971

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Balasore is one of the populous districts in the state. By the latest count the district

has a total population of 20.23 lakh (2001 census) with a population density of 532 (per sq.

km.). The district has lower sex ratio i.e. 949 females per 1,000 males. Schedule Castes

comprise 18.6% of the total population whereas Scheduled Tribes constitute 10.6% of the

population. Literacy rate of the entire district stands a little over 70%. However, female

literacy level is a little disappointing, which is close to 60%. Literacy rates among the SCs/

STs are quite low as compared to the general population. The following table gives an idea

the educational backwardness among these categories of the people.

Literacy Rate 70.9

Male 81.7 2001 Census

Female 59.5

Literacy Rate among SCs 40.47

Male 56.45

Female 23.84

1991Census

Literacy Rate among STs 18.91

Male 30.08

Female 7.37

Source: Census 2001.

Table 2Demographic Profile of the District

THE DISTRICT: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

The district has two Sub-divisions namely Balasore and Nilagiri having 7 Tahasils

namely Balasore, Soro, Simulia, Nilagiri, Jaleswar, Basta & Baliapal and 12 Blocks namely

Bhograi, Jaleswar, Baliapal, Basta, Balasore, Remuna, Nilagiri, Oupada, Khaira, Soro &

Bahanaga. Law and order situation is handled by 19 police stations spread across the district.

ECONOMY OF THE DISTRICT

The economy of the state is better than most of the other districts of the state. The

district is blessed with fertile soil, a huge coastline, decent irrigation system, good

communication network, a good health and education infrastructure. However, there is a

wide gap between the urban and rural people. Perhaps that explains the fact that a whopping

82% of the rural population lives below the proverbial poverty line. The economy of the

district is heavily dependent upon agriculture. Apart from agriculture other economic activities

like fishing, livestock, industrial activity and service account substantially to the economy

of the district. A brief profile of main economic activities is given below.

AGRICULTURE

Balasore is often called the ‘Rice Bowl’ of Orissa. This is evident from the fact that

agriculture and related activities are the main source of livelihood for a majority of the people.

According to estimate more than 87% of the entire population depend upon agriculture for

their living. The land utilization pattern will give a clear idea regarding pattern of agricultural

practice in the district.

Table 2DEMOGRAPHY (CENSUS 2001)

Population 2001 20.23 lakhs

Population density (persons per Sq km) 546

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 male) 949

Literacy Rate 70.9%

Male Literacy 81.7%

Female Literacy 59.5%

Children (0-6 years) 2.85 lakhs

Rural 18.03 lakhs

Urban 2.20 lakhs

Scheduled Caste (SC) 18.6%

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 10.6%

Number of rural families 3.49 lakhs

Rural Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) (1999 survey) 2.88 lakhs (82.52%)

Land Utilization Pattern of the DistrictIn ‘000 Hects.

Year Forest Misc. Trees, Cultivable Fallows Other Net areaarea Pasture, barren and waste fallows sown

uncultivable land

2000-01 33 85 09 04 10 240

Besides the district has a forest cover of 8.67% of the total area which translates

into 0.57% of the total forest cover of the state.1

Source: Districts at a Glance, 2003, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government

of Orissa, Bhubaneswar.

The following table will give a clear idea regarding the production of paddy in the

district.

Table 3

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy in Balasore district.(Area in hectares)

Yield rate Qtls/Hectare (dry paddy with husk),production in Qtls (cleaned rice)

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1996-97 2,960 17.50 51,803

1997-98 4,099 13.04 53,450

1998-99 1,569 14.57 22,858

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1996-97 2,31,112 11.44 2,64,334

1997-98 2,18,263 22.79 49,74,564

1998-99 2,09,874 9.48 19,89,838

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1996-97 26,734 36.04 9,63,576

1997-98 26,489 26.07 6,90,961

1998-99 27,578 31.16 8,59,372

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1996-97 2,60,806 14.03 36,58,720

1997-98 2,48,851 22.98 57,18,705

1998-99 2,39,021 12.02 28,72,068

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 1999, Balasore.

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Contribution of paddy to the total agricultural output is quite huge.

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Livestock, especially cows, buffaloes and goats are integral life of the agricultural

community in the district. According to the livestock census 2000, the district has the following

animals.

Table 4

Livestoc k Position as of 2000

Crossbreed cattle 27,886

Indigenous cattle 9,21,167

Crossbreed cows 20,368

Indigenous cows 4,30,510

Buffaloes 4,740

Sheep 9,121

Goats 3,69,540

Pigs 18,736

Fowl 10,09,840

Source: Districts at a Glance, 2003, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa,

Bhubaneswar.

Apart from agricultural production animal products like milk and eggs supplement to

the family income pool. Apart from the commercial value that the farm products derive, it

has nutritional value as a significant portion of the milk and eggs produced are consumed at

home. As per the latest data available the district produced 53.92 thousand M.T. of milk

2052.64 thousand M.T. of meat and 43.17 million eggs during 2001-02.2

FISHERIES

Fish and marine products play a very important part in the economy and lives of the

people in the district. Balasore is a coastal district with a huge coastline of over 80 kilometers

there is enough scope for marine fishing apart from freshwater fishing from numerous rivers

criss-crossing the district. During the 2001-02 period for which data is available the district

produced a total of 39,953 M.T. fish and fry out of which fresh water fish products constitute

7,706 M.T., brackish water products constitute 1,916 M.T. and marine water fish products

constitute 30,341 M.T.3 The district is a net exporter of fish and fish products and contributes

substantially to the economy of the district. Apart from the commercial value the people get

the crucial nutrition support from comparatively higher consumption of fish products.

INDUSTRIES

Orissa is not known for its industries. However, the district of Balasore boasts of

quite a few industries. As per the data available there are 192 small-scale industries

established at a cost of around six lakhs. Similarly there are 2,992 number of cottage

industries established with a capital investment of 4.76 crore rupees. There are 99 medium

and big industrial units operating in the district of Balasore providing employment to 8,487

people.

EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

The district of Balasore has got an impressive educational and health infrastructure.

As the following table shows there are 1,507 primary schools, 856 middle schools and 439

high schools operating in the district. Similarly two districts and sub-divisional hospital, three

CHCs and 75 PHCs, look after the health of the people. There are 1,578 Anganwadi centers

and 264 ANM sub-centers that are providing valuable service to the health of mother and

children.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF BAHANAGA ANDSORO BLOCK IN BALASORE DISTRICT

LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY

The district of Balasore has twelve C.D. Blocks. For the purpose of this study two

blocks namely Bahanaga and Soro were taken as sampled blocks. From both these blocks

five Gram Panchayats each were sampled for the study.

Bahanaga is situated between 21° 18’ Latitude and 86° 50’ Longitude. It is bounded

by Bay of Bengal in the South East, Soro block on the South West, Remuna Block on the

North East and Nilgiri Block on the North West. The NH-6 runs through the block. River

Kansabansa flowing through Soro block from west to east passes through three GPs of the

block before merging into the sea. The total geographical area of the block is 223.87 sq. km.

For administrative convenience the block is divided into 21 Gram Panchayats and in all

there are 164 revenue villages out of which 15 are inhabited and 31 hamlet villages. The

Block comes under Soro Tahasil situated in the Soro. The block is under the jurisdiction of

two Police station i.e. Khantapada and Soro.

Soro is situated between 210 18’ Latitude 860 50’ Longitude. It is bound by Basudevpur

Block in the East, Bahanaga Block in North East, Simulia Block in South, Khaira block in

West and Oupada in North West. The N.H.-5 runs through the block. River Kansabansa

passes through 11 G.P.s of Soro Block on the West. The total geographic area of the block

is 220.65 sq. km. There are a total of 167 villages out of which 10 villages are un-inhabited.

DEMOGRAPHY AND LITERACY (AS PER 1991 CENSUS)

The population of Bahanaga is 1,02,493 out of which males are 52,064 and females

are 50,429. SCs constitute 29.01% of the entire population of the Block whereas STs

constitute 1.95% of the total population. Similarly the total population of Soro block is 1,01,201

out of which males are 50,858 and females are 50,345. The SCs constitute 19.84 and STs

4.68% of the entire population.

Literacy rate, which is one of the major socio-economic development indicators, is

quite good as compared with the state averages. The literacy rate of Bahanaga block stands

at 62.78% whereas for Soro it is 59.85%. However in both the blocks the female literacy

rate is quite low. For Bahanaga it is a little over 47% and for Soro the female literacy rate is

45.15%. Literacy rate among the SCs/STs, especially among the women is quite low.

EDUCATION AND HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

As per the latest count Bahanaga Block has got 116 primary schools, 58 M.E./

U.G.M.E. schools and 27 high schools. In Soro block there are 105 primary schools, 69

middle schools and 30 high schools. 630 teachers (trained and untrained) in Bahanaga

block and 1275 teachers in Soro block are engaged in taking care of the students.

As far as medical infrastructure is concerned Bahanaga has got one hospital at block

headquarters and five PHCs. Similarly in Soro there is one CHC and five PHCs to service

the one-lakh population of the block. Apart from this allopathic facility Bahanaga block has

one homeopathy institute and Soro has got two homeopathy institutes. In Bahanaga there is

one ayurvedic institute operating for the people.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE BLOCKS

Both Bahanaga and Soro are backward blocks in the district in terms of development.

The population of the blocks depends heavily upon agriculture and associated activities.

The community in Bahanaga is agrarian in nature with seaside villages also having fishing

community. Thus according to the 1991 census out of the total workers 27,567, Cultivators

are 12,627 and Agricultural labourers are 6,551 while the rest are involved in livestock

rearing, forestry, fishery, household industry, mining, construction etc. In the block of Soro

there are 24,714 workers out of which 14,851 are cultivators, 6,331 work as agricultural

labourers, 393 work in manufacturing units and the rest work in livestock, forestry, fishing,

mining & quarrying and plantation units.

AGRICULTURE

In both these blocks agriculture remains as the most important activity. More than

85% of the entire population depends upon agriculture and associated activities for their

livelihood. Almost the entire cultural operation depends upon monsoon and in case of erratic

or scanty rainfall the area is open to the hazards of draught. As far as irrigation facilities is

concerned only 3,103 hect. of land in Bahanaga block and 5,521 hect. of land in Soro block

has got some sort of irrigation facility. The rest have to depend upon the mercy of the rain

gods. As far as the land utilization pattern is concerned the following table will give a clear

idea about both the blocks.

Table 5

Land Utilization Pattern in the Blocks

Block Forest Misc. tree, Pasture Barren Fallows Net areaArea groves and waste sown

Bahanaga 15 561 772 3,507 750 18,144

Soro 42 364 1,202 2,379 1,880 16,103

Rice is the predominant crop produced by the farmers. The following table gives an

idea regarding yield, area sown and net production during 1998-99 for which data is available.

The total paddy produced in the above period is 1,60,894 in Bahanaga block and

93,809 in Soro block with a net yield rate of 8.35 for Bahanaga and 8.52 for Soro. The yield

rate is quite low as these two blocks are devoid of any irrigation facilities.

LIVESTOCK

Livestock plays an important part in the socio-economic life of the rural India. The

story is the same in these two sampled blocks. Milk, milk products, eggs, meat are the main

animal products that are produced in the area. Many people, especially the landless people

depend upon animal husbandry as their main source of livelihood.

PRODUCTION OF FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS

As stated in the district profile Balasore has a large coastline. So it is quite natural

that fishing is a major source livelihood for many people. Bahanaga is a coastal block and

produces highest quantity of fish and fry after Balasore block. In Soro mainly sweet water

fishing is done. The following table will give a idea of production of fish and fry in the year

1998-99 for which data are available.

Table 6

Fish Production in the Blocks

Production of fish and fry (in M.T.)

Block Freshwater Brackish water Marine Total

Bahanaga 601 68 4013 4682

Soro 593 — — 593

Source: Directorate, Fisheries, Orissa, and Cuttack.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

THE SUPER-CYCLONE OF 1999: EXTENT OF DAMAGE

The super-cyclone that hit Orissa on 29th and 30th of October 1999 left a trail of death

and destruction in the entire coastal Orissa. More than 125 lakh of people were affected by

the fury of cyclone; close to 10,000 people perished; more than 4,44,000 domestic animals

died; lakhs of hectares of standing crop damaged, millions of houses damaged and

psychologically damaged thousands of people for ever. The cyclone of October 1999 dragged

the economy of the state several years behind the development wheel. It needs a Herculean

task for any government to recoup the loss and take the development agenda further. The

extent of loss and destruction in the state in general has been well documented extensively.

Thus it will not be wise to repeat those all over yet again. Instead a detail socio-economic

analysis of the study area is given below.

DAMAGE IN BALASORE DISTRICT

Eight blocks of Balasore district were affected by the cyclonic storm of October

1999. However, unlike many areas in Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Khurda and Puri district there

was no cyclonic storm with high wind velocity. Instead heavy rains lashed the entire district.

Due to incessant rain for two days all the major rivers of the district viz. Kansabasa,

Budhabalanga, Sona, Gangahara and their tributaries were in spate. River Budhabalanga

started rising from early hours of 30th October and after attaining the peak level of 9 meters

against the danger level of 8.13 meters started to overflow the embankments. There was an

unprecedented rise in the water level in the river Kansabansa. Besides, heavy to very heavy

rainfall in Balasore, Remuna Bahanaga, Soro, Simulia, Khaira, Nilgiri and Oupada blocks

added to the miseries of people.

At the end of the day eight blocks of Balasore district were affected. 1817 villages

spread across 155 Gram Panchayats and the flood affected three urban bodies. A total of

12,55,088 people faced the fury of this devastation. As far as loss to life and property is

concerned the cataclysm left 44 people and 38,778 domestic animals dead; 1,37,524 hectares

of standing crop worth 67 crores of rupees destroyed; 41,727 houses damaged and

properties worth over 93 crore were damaged. The damage to life and property in the district

was complete and it took a while for the people as well as the administration to understand

actually what happened and where to start the relief and rehabilitation work. Obviously the

district administration was not prepared to face a calamity of such magnitude. However,

with the help of civil society organizations the government was able to streamline the relief

and rehabilitation work.

EFFECT OF THE FLOOD IN THE BLOCKS

The two sampled blocks of Bahanaga and Soro were also affected heavily. The floods

affected all the villages of these two blocks. According to data available from the district

emergency office 1,33,200 people in Bahanaga block and 1,31,000 people in Soro block

were affected by this devastating block. As part of the survey five Gram Panchayats each

was taken from both the blocks and the detailed findings are given below.

DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Population and its distribution is by far the most important factor in assessing damage

in any calamity, natural or man-made. Thus an attempt was made to estimate the size of the

population from the survey in each of the ten Gram Panchayats in both these blocks. Table

11 gives an idea regarding the total population in the sampled Gram Panchayats.

Table 7

Demographic Profile

Name of Block Name of G.P. P opulation Male Female

Bahanaga Bahanaga 5,369 2,752 (51.26) 2,617 (48.78)

Bishnupur 10,059 5,296 (52.65) 4,763 (47.35)

Gopalpur 10,844 5,569 (51.36) 5,275 (48.64)

Kharasahapur 8,571 4,591 (53.57) 3,980 (46.43)

Panapana 9,344 4,748 (50.82) 4,596 (49.18)

Soro Anantapur 5,339 2,667 (49.96) 2,672 (50.04)

Gopinathpur 3,771 1,946 (51.63) 1,825 (48.37)

Mahumuhan 4,891 2,602 (53.21) 2,289 (46.79)

Manitri 5,308 2,791 (52.59) 2,517 (47.41)

Pakhar 6,158 3,197 (51.93) 2,961 (48.07)

Total 69,654 36,159 (51.91) 33,495 (48.09)

Note: Figures in parenthesis are in percentage

Source: Computed from the survey

The above figures show that the sex ratio in almost all the Gram Panchayats is

biased against the women. Only in Anantapur Gram Panchayat of Soro Block the sex ratio

is slightly favorable toward women which is 50.04 as against 49.96 for the males. In all the

sampled Gram Panchayats males constitute 51.91% of the entire population whereas

females constitute 48.09%.

Table 8

Child Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Bahanaga Bahanaga 469 449 918 548 510 1,058 1,976

Bishnupur 938 905 1,843 1,029 987 2,016 3,859

Gopalpur 1,068 995 2,063 1,012 956 1,968 1,968

Kharasahapur 702 689 1,391 693 671 1,364 2,755

Panapana 896 846 1,742 934 911 1,845 3,587

Soro Anantapur 467 440 907 536 476 1,012 1,919

Gopinathpur 351 338 689 385 378 763 1,452

Mahumuhan 398 384 782 439 385 824 1,606

Manitri 481 472 953 537 489 1,026 1,979

Pakhar 596 574 1,170 641 625 1,266 2,436

6,366 6092 12,458 6,754 6388 13,142 23,537

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

Table 9

Child P opulation in %a ge to the total P opulation

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Bahanaga Bahanaga 8.73 8.36 17.09 10.20 9.49 19.69 36.78

Bishnupur 9.32 8.99 18.31 10.22 9.81 20.03 38.34

Gopalpur 9.84 9.17 19.01 9.33 8.81 18.14 37.15

Kharasahapur 8.19 8.03 16.22 8.08 7.82 15.90 32.12

Panapana 9.58 9.05 18.63 9.99 9.74 19.73 38.36

Soro Anantapur 8.74 8.24 16.98 10.01 8.91 19.92 36.90

Gopinathpur 9.30 8.96 18.26 10.20 10.02 20.22 38.48

Mahumuhan 8.13 7.85 15.98 8.97 7.87 16.84 32.82

Manitri 9.06 8.94 18.00 10.11 9.21 19.32 37.32

Pakhar 9.67 9.32 18.99 10.40 10.14 20.54 39.53

As the above tables shows children form quite a significant portion of the population.

In all the Gram Panchayats sex ratio is biased against the female children. This is in line

with the overall sex ratio of the district. More than one third of the entire population of the

study districts is children below 14 years of age. This is quite significant keeping in mind the

growing number of schemes launched by the government for the children.

PATTERN OF LANDHOLDING

Agriculture and related activities are the major source of income for the majority of

the population. However, their landowning pattern is not uniform throughout the villages.

There is a wide difference between big farmers and the small farmers. As the following table

shows most of the farmers are either marginal farmers or small farmers. As far as the big

farmers are concerned most of them practice sharecropping, i.e. they employ the small and

big farmers on a share of produce (crops) basis on which they lend the farmers in lieu of a

portion (usually half) of the crop. The landless people usually work as agricultural labour

during the agricultural season and as wage labourers during the lean season for their

livelihood.

Table 10

Livelihood Patterns

Name of Name Landless Big Small Marginal Agriculturalthe Block of the GP Households farmers farmers farmers labourers

Bahanaga Bahanaga 48 60 334 301 70

Bishnupur 13 37 115 502 40

Gopalpur 209 110 686 671 175

Kharasahapur 67 96 201 179 87

Panapana 62 228 497 403 103

Soro Anantapur 69 124 489 562 198

Gopinathpur 49 90 368 413 156

Mahumuhan 63 58 269 265 65

Manitri 106 72 386 632 128

Pakhar 128 138 415 635 186

MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of people. An overwhelming

portion of the people depend agriculture and related activities for their living. More than 75%

of the entire households depend upon agriculture as their main economic activity. However,

Kharasahapur Gram Panchayat is close to the seacoast. Thus a significant portion of people

(28.6%) said that their main source of livelihood comes from fishing. Similarly as Anantapur

is close to Soro, many people in this Gram Panchayat said they depend upon business and/

or services to earn their livelihood. The following table gives an idea regarding the distribution

pattern of the main source of livelihood of the people in the study Gram Panchayats.

Table 11

Livelihood Pattern in %age

Name of Name Cultivation Agricultural Service Business Fishing Othersthe Block of the GP in % la bour in % in % in % in % in %

Bahanaga Bahanaga 62.3 10.4 9.3 3.6 12.3 2.1

Bishnupur 72.5 11.2 6.8 2.8 2.3 4.4

Gopalpur 69.6 13.6 3.4 6.4 2.6 2.3

Kharasahapur 49.5 10.6 2.1 5.4 28.6 3.8

Panapana 66.3 14.8 5.4 3.7 6.9 2.9

Soro Anantapur 55.6 11.4 12.3 16.3 2.1 2.3

Gopinathpur 64.3 16.3 9.6 2.6 5.9 1.3

Mahumuhan 66.9 14.8 7.5 2.7 3.6 4.5

Manitri 69.7 12.8 6.3 4.6 3.7 2.9

Pakhar 69.2 10.6 5.9 6.2 3.9 4.2

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Animal husbandry is a major source of income for the people in the area. Apart from

agriculture, people keep goats, sheep, and poultry for consumption as well as for earning.

Fishing is also a very popular activity, especially in the Bahanaga Block. As Bahanaga is

close to the coast many people take to marine fishing. Apart from marine fishing many

people also take to inland fishing. Most of the people undertake fishing activity – for

consumption purpose, if not for earning a livelihood.

LOSS DUE TO THE CYCLONE

Both the blocks suffered heavy damage during the super-cyclone of October 1999.

A few people died, thousands of standing crops submerged, houses collapsed, cattle died

and fishing equipment were washed away. Most of the damage was due to incessant rain,

flooding and inundation. Apart from the loss in lives and property the people lost their

livelihood. Now an attempt is done to make an assessment of the loss suffered by the

people during the cyclone. In order to make a better understanding loss has been calculated

both in terms of physical damage and their value in terms of money.

Table 12

Damage in Physical Terms

Damage (Physical)

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agriculturalthe Block of the GP (in hect.) Equipment Equipment

Bahanaga Bahanaga 1230 68 236 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Bishnupur 1114 124 453 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Gopalpur 2247 36 364 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Kharasahapur 1203 365 245 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Panapana 1954 124 563 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Soro Anantapur 892 45 127 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Gopinathpur 548 53 113 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Mahumuhan 873 63 158 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Manitri 1035 231 243 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Pakhar 1576 324 463 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Total 12,672 1,433 2965

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

DAMAGE IN TERMS OF MONEY

Due to the unprecedented cyclone all the above Gram Panchayats were affected

badly. The people, mostly who belong to the BPL category lost their standing crop, means of

agriculture, houses. It took them a while to rebuild and start life all over again. An attempt

was done to calculate the loss in terms of money, which will give an idea regarding the

magnitude of loss.

Table 13Damage in Monetary Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural T otal

the Block of the GP (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) Equipment Equipment (in Rs.)

(in Rs.) (in Rs.)

Bahanaga Bahanaga 6,033,150 544,000 5,900,000 875,000 3,653,000 17,005,150

Bishnupur 5,464,190 992,000 11,325,000 1,526,000 4,216,000 23,523,190

Gopalpur 11,021,535 288,000 9,100,000 2,153,000 3,231,000 25,793,535

Kharasahapur 5,900,715 2,920,000 6,125,000 5,245,000 5,223,000 25,413,715

Panapana 9,584,370 992,000 14,005,000 1,253,000 1,385,452 27,219,822

Soro Anantapur 4,375,260 360,000 3,175,000 2,531,000 5,710,000 16,151,260

Gopinathpur 2,687,940 424,000 2,825,000 1,362,000 4,380,000 26,678,940

Mahumuhan 4,282,065 504,000 3,950,000 1,232,000 2,715,000 12,683,065

Manitri 5,091,390 1,848,000 6,075,000 2,123,000 4,890,000 20,027,390

Pakhar 7,730,280 2,592,000 11,575,000 754,000 5,126,000 27,777,280

Total 62,170,895 11,464,000 74,055,000 19,054,000 40,529,452 222,273,347

As the above table shows the loss due to the cyclone was unprecedented. As far as

the loss is concerned the people seem to have suffered losses in agriculture and houses.

This is understandable as the entire standing crop was submerged under water for two

weeks, which never gave them any chance to protect the crops. Similarly most of the houses

in the rural areas are built with mud and thatch, which obviously could not withstand the fury

of the cyclone.

Table 14

Average Damage suff ered per Household

Name of Name No. of Average loss Totalthe Block of the GP Households per Household (in Rs.)

Bahanaga Bahanaga 987 17,229 17,005,150

Bishnupur 1327 17,726 23,523,190

Gopalpur 2029 12,712 25,793,535

Kharasahapur 1900 14,428 25,413,715

Panapana 1739 13,375 27,219,822

Soro Anantapur 1442 11,200 16,151,260

Gopinathpur 1076 24,794 26,678,940

Mahumuhan 720 17,615 12,683,065

Manitri 1324 15,126 20,027,390

Pakhar 1502 18,493 27,777,280

In order to understand to fury of cyclone the average loss per household will give a

better understanding. We agree that not all the household has suffered the loss equally. But

this is only a mathematical calculation. The main point we emphasize here that every

household has suffered loss in the range of Rs. 11,200 in Anantapur Gram Panchayat to a

high of Rs. 24,794 in Gopinathpur Gram Panchayat in Soro Block. This is a very important

indicator in measuring the socio-economic loss keeping in mind that most of the households

are poor and come under the poverty line whose annual income is much below Rs. 13,000

per annum. Thus the loss due to the cyclone has pushed the socio-economic condition of

the people in the study villages at least a year behind.

❋❋❋❋❋

KENDRAPARA DISTRICTTHE DISTRICT: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Kendrapada is also known as the Tulasi Khetra. Epics reveal the fact that Lord Balram

killed Kenderasura here. He married his daughter Tulasi and settled here. It is one of the old

districts of Orissa. This district is famous for the temple of Lord Baladev Jiew. The river

Gobari flows through this district. It is also known for its spinning mills. Aul, Bhitarkanika,

Kendrapada and Tamala sasan are some of the famous tourist places.

THE DISTRICT: TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Kendrapara District lies in 20º 20’ N To 20º 37 AND Latitude and 86º 14’ E To 87º 01’

E Longitude and situated in central coastal plain zone as per the Agro-Climatic Classification

of the Orissa. Four other districts surround Kendrapara District and a part is bounded by

the Bay of Bengal. The District is situated in the north of the Jagatsingpur district, west of

the Cuttack District, southwest of the Jajpur District and south of the Bhadrak District. Bay

of Bangal lies in the eastern part of the district. The coastline covers 48 km stretching from

Dharma Muhan to Batighar. Kendrapara district headquarters is 85 km from the State

headquarters the soils being variable characteristics, the colour ranges from hight gray and

pale yellow to deep gray, and the textures range from coarse sand to silty day to day.These soils are generally fertile with low status of nitrogen and available phosphoric acid at

certain places. They usually contain sufficient quantity of potash. Soil reaction is slightly

acidic in nature. Within 10 Kms. Proximity of the sea, the soils are saline and narrow strips

of sandy soils are also met with. The Dist. has mainly two varieties of soils viz. Alluvial soil

in the southeast and northern parts and normal strip of saline soil in the Northeast along the

coastal belt.

Maximum temperature of the state was 47 o Celsius and minimum temperature was9o

Celsius. Average rainfall of the state is 1211.1mm.

Salient Physical Features and Land Use Pattern:

Geographical Area of the District - 2,644 Sq. Km.

Total Cultivable area: 1,82,184 ha.

High Land - 36,038 ha.

Medium Land – 75,818 ha.

Low Land - 70,333 ha.

Total Irrigated Area: 65,032 ha.

Canal Irrigation: 45,914 ha.

M.I.P. Irrigation: 469 ha.

Lift Irrigation: 15,196 ha.

Other Sources: 3,453 ha.

Total Paddy Area: 1,60,025 ha.

Total No. Of Cultivators: 1,33,209

RIVER SYSTEM OF THE DISTRICT

Kendrapada, district of Orissa is having four important rivers which are as follows

(Mahanadi, Brahmani, Kharasrota, Baitarani) two important rivers of Orissa, namely: -

Mahanadi, and Brahmani have passed through this district.

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL:

Sl. No Month A verage Rainfall (in mm) Actual Rainfall (in mm)

1 January 13.7 Nil

2 February 27.5 Nil

3 March 20.8 49.5

4 April 34.2 Nil

5 May 86.5 Nil

6 June 222.3

7 July 351.8

8 August 315.8

9 September 229.2

10 October 147.4

11 November 46.7

12 December 5.4

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Kendrapada is one of the districts in the state. By the latest count the district has a

total population of 13,01856 lakh (2001 census). The district has sex ratio i.e. 947 females

per 1,000 males. Schedule Castes comprise 10.6% of the total population whereas Scheduled

Tribes constitute 9.7% of the population. Literacy rate of the entire district stands a little over

77.33%. However, female literacy level is a little disappointing, which is close to 67.29.

Literacy rates among the SCs/STs are quite low as compared to the general population.

Demographic Profile of the District

DEMOGRAPHY (CENSUS 2001)

Population 2001 1301856

Population density (persons per Sq km) 492

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 male) 50.35

Literacy Rate 77.33

Male Literacy 87.62

Female Literacy 67.29

Children (0-6 years) 3,680

Rural 79.42

Urban 84.44

Scheduled Caste (SC) 19.38%

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 0.40%

Number of rural families 219436

Rural Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) 47%(1999 survey)

Source: Census 2001.

THE DISTRICT: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

District Head Quarters Kendrapara - 85 Km From State Capital.

No. of Subdivision - 1(one)

No. of Tahasil -Kendrapara, Aul,

Masagahi,Rajkanika, Pattamundai,

Mohakalpada, Rajnagar. 7(Seven)

No. of R.I Circles - 92

No. of Blocks - Kendrapara, Aul,

Marsagahi,Rajkanika,Pattamundai,

Mohakalpada, Rajnagar, Garadpur, Derabish. 9

No. of U.L.Bs –MunicipalitiesNACs 2(Two)

No. of Assembly constituency-6nos

Kendrapara, Patkura, Rajnagar,

Pattamundai (Sc), Aul, Bari-Derabish (part). (5 full, 1 part)

No. of G.Ps - 230.

No. of Revenue Villages - 1582.

No. of Police Station: 07

No. of Out Posts: 10

No. of CWDS Stations:

Block Development Officer, Block office,

MahakalpadaSarpanch, Gram Panchayat office,

Kharanashi.Block Development Officer, 03

Block office, Rajnagar.Sarpanch, Gram

Panchayat office, Gupti

ECONOMY OF THE DISTRICT

Apart from agriculture other economic activities like fishing, livestock, industrial activity

and service account substantially to the economy of the district. A brief profile of main

economic activities is given below.

AGRICULTURE

The district economy is guided by agriculture. Most of the people livelihood is based

on agriculture. The following table shows the production of paddy in the district.

The following table will give a clear idea regarding the production of paddy in the

district.

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy in Kendrapara district.(Area in hectares) Yield rate Qtls/Hectare (dry paddy with husk),

production in Qtls (cleaned rice)

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 5672 17.76 100707

1999-2000 5108 23.39 119455

2000-2001 7709 19.33 149011

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 133344 17.98 2398027

1999-2000 136738 2.36 322658

2000-2001 115938 13.57 1573656

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 12979 31.81 399608

1999-2000 24829 36.12 896830

2000-2001 9320 31.81 296432

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 151995 19.07 2898342

1999-2000 166675 8.03 1338943

2000-2001 132967 15.18 2019099

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001 Kendrapara

Directorate of Ec\onomic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Contribution of paddy to the total agricultural output is quite huge. The following table

shows the production of major crops in the district in 2001-02.

LAND CLASSIFICATIONS:

Block Name Cultivated Area Paddy Area

High Medium Low Total High Medium Low Total

Aul 3880 4380 8500 16760 3800 4350 7025 15175

Derabish 2382 9141 3445 14968 1408 8652 3445 13505

Garadpur 3890 4252 3070 11212 3820 4182 3020 11022

Kendrapara 2850 8200 7191 18241 1974 8200 6360 16534

Mahakalpada 2587 15011 11842 29440 1288 14665 11842 27795

Marsaghai 3199 6048 2834 12117 2082 6084 2834 11000

Pattamundai 4670 6997 11026 22693 3570 6750 11003 21323

Rajkanika 4107 8259 12134 24500 3904 8227 12130 24261

Rajnagar 4072 10016 5962 20050 3440 10008 5962 19410

TOTAL 31637 72304 66004 169981 25286 71118 63621 160025

LIVELIHOOD DETAILS:

Kendrapara Total Cultivators Agricultural W orkers in OtherDistrict workers Labourers Household Workers

Main + industriesMarginal

Total 388,404 163,172 98,838 9016 117,378

Male 323,398 141,076 77,502 5518 99,302

Female 65,006 22,096 21,336 3498 18,076

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Livestock, especially cows, buffaloes and goats are integral life of the agricultural

community in the district. According to the livestock census 2000 the district has the following

animals.

Livestock Position as of 2000

Crossbreed cattle 29400

Indigenous cattle 188728

Crossbreed cows 24241

Indigenous cows 183569

Buffaloes 31735

Sheep 43367

Goats 104474

Pigs 9231

Fowl 301564

Source: Districts at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa,

Bhubaneswar.

Apart from agricultural production animal products like milk and eggs supplement to

the family income pool. Apart from the commercial value that the farm products derive, it

has nutritional value as a significant portion of the milk and eggs produced are consumed at

home. As per the latest data available the district produced 31 thousand M.T. of milk thousand

M.T. of meat and 27 million eggs during 2001-02.1

FISHERIES

Fish and marine products play a very important part in the economy and lives of the

people in the district.

Year Production of Fish in MT.

Fresh water Brackish water Marine Total

1998-1999 5675 - - 5675

1999-2000 5257 585 13758 19600

2000-2001 3728.54 570.73 13205.81 17505.08

Source: Directorate of Fisheries, Orissa, Kendrapara

INDUSTRIES

Orissa is not known for its industries. However, the district of Kendrapara boasts of

quite a few industries. As per the data available there are 87 small-scale industries

established at a cost of around 210.32 lakhs. Similarly there are 366 number of cottage

industries established with a capital investment of 58.40 lakhs rupees. There are 99 medium

and big industrial units operating in the district of Kendrapara providing employment to 275

people.

EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

The district of Kendrapara has got an impressive educational and health infrastructure.

The literacy rate of the district is 77.33% .The district has a sub total of 1430 primary schools

583 middle schools, 307 secondary schools and 57 colleges. In terms of educational

infrastructure the state has to do more

District/ All Classes Rural Urban

Block

Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

1991 63.61 76.82 50.67 63.11 76.46 50.09 72.01 82.71 60.87

2001 77.33 87.62 67.29 76.97 87.46 66.80 83.11 90.13 75.73

Socio-Economic Situation in Marshaghai and Derabish Blocks

AREA AND POPULATION

Kendrapara district has 9 Community Development Blocks. Marshaghai and Darbish

are two-affected district of the cyclone. Their geographical area is estimated at 157.58 and

183.18 sq.km respectively. Both the blocks are smaller in size in comparison to other blocks.

Marshaghai with 108 villages -106 inhabited and 2 uninhabited and Derabish with 177-village

- 172 inhabited and 5 uninhabited have 17,666 and 18,902 number of households respectively.

Marshaghai has a population of 116508 as compared to Dearbis population of 135571. In

terms of sex distribution of population, Marshaghai has 58519 males and 57989 female

populations. Derabis, on the other hand has a male population of 65444 as compared to the

female population of 70127.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the principle source of occupation and livelihood for the people. Paddy

is cultivated in autumn, winter and summer.

Above table gives estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy in Marshaghai

and Derabis blocks (2001).

Estimated area, yield rate and production of paddy in Marshaghai and Derabis blocks

(2001). Yield rate in Qtls. / Hect. (Dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls. (cleaned rice)

and area in Hect.

Autumn

Block Area Yield rate Production

Marshaghai 2116 14.09 29807

Dearbis 328 27.87 9141

Winter

Block Area Yield rate Production

Marshaghai 14997 23.64 354535

Dearbis 9158 27.68 253472

Summer

Block Area Yield rate Production

Marshaghai 52 28.36 1475

Dearbis 160 29.00 4640

Total

Block Area Yield rate Production

Marshaghai 8381 17.11 143410

Dearbis 9646 27.71 267253

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2001 Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa Bhubaneswar. (Page 19 & 20)

EDUCATION

Education and health are two indicators of individual as well as social well-being. We

look at the basic primary education facilities available in these two blocks.

Middle school and secondary school facilities are available in the blocks. Marshaghai

had 51 middle schools and 33 secondary schools with 6621 boys and 5383 girls’ students

respectively. Derabis, on the other hand, had 51 middle schools and 35 secondary school

with 46373 boys’ students and 3396 girl students.

LITERACY

In terms of literacy, both the blocks have almost the same level of literacy. As

compared to 79.67% literacy in Marshaghai, Derabis has a slightly higher rate of literacy at

81.9%.

Female literacy rate is generally less as compared to male literacy. In Marshaghai

the female and male literacy rate stood at 69.82 and 59.6 respectively.

Female, belonging to the general or to the SC categories suffer from lower education

and literacy.

HEALTH

Marshaghai block had 6 primary health centers, and one Aurvedic dispensary.

Derabish had 6 primary health centers one homeopathic dispensary and one aurvrdic

dispensary available. Both the block doesn’t have enough health care facilities to meet the

requirements of the people.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

DAMAGE IN KENDRAPARA DISTRICT

Marshaghai and Derabish block of the district were affected by the cyclonic storm of

October 1999. The district suffered from severe cyclonic storm with high wind velocity.

Instead heavy rains lashed the entire district. Due to incessant rain for two days all the

major rivers of the district.

EFFECT OF THE FLOOD IN THE BLOCKS

The two sampled blocks of Marshaghai and Derabis were also affected heavily. The

floods affected all the villages of these two blocks. According to data available from the

district emergency office 1,20,315 people in Marshaghai block and 1,15,000 this devastating

block affected people in Derabis block. As part of the survey five Gram Panchayats each

was taken from both the blocks and the detailed findings are given below.

DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Population and its distribution is by far the most important factor in assessing damage

in any calamity, natural or man-made. Thus an attempt was made to estimate the size of the

population from the survey in each of the ten Gram Panchayats in both these blocks. Table

11 gives an idea regarding the total population in the sampled Gram Panchayats.

Table 1

Demographic Profile

Name of Name of G.P. P opulation Male FemaleBlock

Marsaghai Talasanga 7051 3726(52.84) 3325(47.16)

Kuhudi 5857 3116(53.20) 2741(46.8)

Garanjanga 7990 3800(47.56) 4190(52.44)

Angilai 5277 2701(51.2) 2576(48.8)

Aitipur 4504 2415(53.61) 2089(46.39)

Derabish Kuapada 8683 4448(51.22) 4235(48.78)

Raghudeipi 7427 3985(53.6) 3442(46.4)

Golarhat 9553 4659(48.8) 4894(51.2)

Chandol 9147 4895(53.51) 4252(46.49)

Nahanga 6032 3456(57.3) 2576(42.7)

Total 71521 37201 34320

Note: Figures in parenthesis are in percentage

Source: Computed from the survey

Table 2

Child Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Marsaghai Talasanga 890 809 1699 789 840 1629 3328

Kuhudi 904 745 1649 654 625 1279 2928

Garanjanga 1045 943 1988 763 732 1495 3483

Angilai 824 896 1720 456 426 882 2602

Aitipur 845 865 1710 893 729 1622 3332

Derabish Kuapada 825 777 1602 596 781 1377 2979

Raghudeipi 856 756 1612 765 650 1415 3027

Golarhat 735 895 1630 853 824 1677 3307

Chandol 1014 650 1664 568 728 1296 2960

Nahanga 789 733 1522 723 654 1377 2899

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

Table 3

Child Population in %age to the total Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat % % % % Children

Males Females Males Females

Marsaghai Talasanga 8.73 8.36 17.09 10.20 9.49 19.69 36.78

Kuhudi 9.32 8.99 18.31 10.22 9.81 20.03 38.34

Garanjanga 9.84 9.17 19.01 9.33 8.81 18.14 37.15

Angilai 8.19 8.03 16.22 8.08 7.82 15.90 32.12

Aitipur 9.58 9.05 18.63 9.99 9.74 19.73 38.36

Derabish Kuapada 8.74 8.24 16.98 10.01 8.91 19.92 36.90

Raghudeipi 9.30 8.96 18.26 10.20 10.02 20.22 38.48

Golarhat 8.13 7.85 15.98 8.97 7.87 16.84 32.82

Chandol 9.06 8.94 18.00 10.11 9.21 19.32 37.32

Nahanga 9.67 9.32 18.99 10.40 10.14 20.54 39.53

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

PATTERN OF LANDHOLDING

Agriculture and related activities are the major source of income for the majority of

the population. However, there landowning pattern is not uniform throughout the villages.

There is a wide difference between big farmers and the small farmers. As the following table

shows most of the farmers are either marginal farmers or small farmers.

Table 4

Livelihood Patterns

Name of Name Landless Big Small Marginal Agricultural

the Block of the GP Households farmers farmers farmers labourers

Marsaghai Talasanga 48 60 334 301 70

Kuhudi 13 37 115 502 40

Garanjanga 209 110 686 671 175

Angilai 67 96 201 179 87

Aitipur 62 228 497 403 103

Derabish Kuapada 69 124 489 562 198

Raghudeipi 49 90 368 413 156

Golarhat 63 58 269 265 65

Chandol 106 72 386 632 128

Nahanga 128 138 415 635 186

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD

The following table gives an idea regarding the distribution pattern of the main source

of livelihood of the people in the study Gram Panchayats.

Table 5

Livelihood Pattern in %age

Name of Name Cultivation Agricultural Service Business Fishing Othersthe Block of the GP in % la bour in % in % in % in % in %

Marsaghai Talasanga 63.23 10.24 9.49 3.64 12.05 2.08

Kuhudi 73.59 11.03 6.94 2.83 2.25 4.36

Garanjanga 70.64 13.40 3.47 6.46 2.55 2.28

Angilai 50.24 10.44 2.14 5.45 28.03 3.76

Aitipur 67.29 14.58 5.51 3.74 6.76 2.87

Derabish Kuapada 56.43 11.23 12.55 16.46 2.06 2.28

Raghudeipi 65.26 16.06 9.79 2.63 5.78 1.29

Golarhat 67.90 14.58 7.65 2.73 3.53 4.46

Chandol 70.75 12.61 6.43 4.65 3.63 2.87

Nahanga 70.24 10.44 6.02 6.26 3.82 4.1

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

LOSS DUE TO THE CYCLONE

Both the blocks suffered heavy damage during the super-cyclone of October 1999.

A few people died, thousands of standing crops submerged, houses collapsed, cattle died

and fishing equipment were washed away. Most of the damage was due to incessant rain,

flooding and inundation. Apart from the loss in lives and property the people lost their

livelihood. Now an attempt is done to make an assessment of the loss suffered by the

people during the cyclone. In order to make a better understanding loss has been calculated

both in terms of physical damage and their value in terms of money.

Table 6

Damage in Physical Terms

Damage (Physical)

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agriculturalthe Block of the GP (in hect.) Equipment Equipment

Bahanaga Bahanaga 1230 68 236 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Marsaghai Talasanga 1467 109 542 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Kuhudi 1234 78 234 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Garanjanga 1134 87 424 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Angilai 1379 129 443 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Aitipur 1227 97 342 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Derabish Kuapada 1762 166 747 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Raghudeipi 1067 85 146 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Golarhat 1162 87 321 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Chandol 1532 95 632 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Nahanga 1467 89 472 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

DAMAGE IN TERMS OF MONEY

Due to the unprecedented cyclone all the above Gram Panchayats were affected

badly. The people, mostly who belong to the BPL category lost their standing crop, means of

agriculture, houses. It took them a while to rebuild and start life all over again. An attempt

was done to calculate the loss in terms of money which will give an idea regarding the

magnitude of loss.

Table7

Damage in Monetary Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural T otalthe Block of the GP (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) Equipment Equipment (in Rs.)

(in Rs.) (in Rs.)

Marsaghai Talasanga 5,429,835 489,600 5,310,000 787,500 3,287,700 15,304,635

Kuhudi 4,917,771 892,800 10,192,500 1,373,400 3,794,400 21,170,871

Garanjanga 9,919,382 259,200 8,190,000 1,937,700 2,907,900 23,214,182

Angilai 5,310,644 2,628,000 5,512,500 4,720,500 4,700,700 22,872,344

Aitipur 8,625,933 892,800 12,604,500 1,127,700 1,246,907 24,497,840

Derabish Kuapada 3,937,734 324,000 2,857,500 2,277,900 5,139,000 14,536,134

Raghudeipi 2,419,146 381,600 2,542,500 1,225,800 3,942,000 10,511,046

Golarhat 3,853,859 453,600 3,555,000 1,108,800 2,443,500 11,414,759

Chandol 4,582,251 1,663,200 5,467,500 1,910,700 4,401,000 18,024,651

Nahanga 8,625,933 892,800 12,604,500 1,127,700 1,246,907 24,497,840

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

As the above table shows the loss due to the cyclone was unprecedented. As far as

the loss is concerned the people seem to have suffered losses in agriculture and houses.

This is understandable as the entire standing crop was submerged under water for two

weeks which never gave them any chance to protect the crops. Similarly most of the houses

in the rural areas are built with mud and thatch which obviously could not withstood the fury

of the cyclone.

Table 8

Average Damage suffered per Household

Name of Name No. of Average loss Total

the Block of the GP Households per Household (in Rs.)

Marsaghai Talasanga 2198 18,952 41,656,496

Kuhudi 924 19,499 18,017,076

Garanjanga 1674 13,983 23,407,542

Angilai 1980 15,871 31,424,580

Aitipur 1456 14,713 21,422,128

Derabish Kuapada 3245 12,320 39,978,400

Raghudeipi 670 27,273 18,272,910

Golarhat 1370 19,377 26,546,490

Chandol 2460 16,639 40,931,940

Nahanga 1980 20,342 40,277,160

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

LIST OF VHF/HF STATIONS OF KENDRAPARA DISTRICT

Name of the Place Type of sets Name of the Area

to be operated

Dist.Control Room VHF Kendrapara Dist. And Block

Aul Block Control Room VHF Aul Block

Pattamundai Block Control Room VHF Pattamundai Block

Rajnagar Block Control Room VHF Rajnagar Block

Rajkanika Block Control Room VHF Rajkanika Block

Garadpur Block Control Room VHF Garadpur Block

Mohakalpada Block Control Room VHF Mohakalpada Block

Marshaghai Block Control Room VHF Marshaghai Block

Derabish Block Control Room VHF Derabish Block

Dangamal G.P. C.R VHF Dangaamal area

Govindpur G.P. C.R VHF Govindpur area

Batighar G.P. C.R VHF Batighar area

Kendrapara P.S. HF/VHF Kendrapara Block

Pattamundai P.S. HF/VHF Pattamundai Block

Mohakalpada P.S. HF/VHF Mohakalpada Block

Aul P.S HF/VHF Aul Block

Rajnagar P.S. HF/VHF Rajnagar Block

Rajkanika P.S. HF/VHF Rajkanika Block

Patkura P.S. HF/VHF Garadpur Block

Marshaghai Out post. VHF Marshaghai Block

Kandiahat Out Post VHF Kandiahat Area

Talachua Out Post VHF Talachua Area

Ramanagar Out Post VHF Ramanagar Area

Source :OSDMAOffice

JAGATSINGPUR DISTRICTTHE DISTRICT: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

In the ancient civilization, the name of Jagatsinghpur was enreached by way of Cultural

Heritage, navigation and traditional lime light from time to time on the line of prosperity. The

stunning natural beauty and upsurge sunny sight of sea beach (Bay of Bengal) are symbolic

image of this soil.

There was liberty of navigation by the British people with the help of the River ‘ALAKA’

and they had settled more than hundred years at this place, called Firingi Kuda in

Jagatsinghpur, which is now monument of passed event of social life.

DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Jagatsingpur district is situated in 19.58-to 20.2.3 latitude in the north and 86.5 to

86.5 longitude in the east. It is surrounded by Cuttack district in the west, Kendrapara in the

east. The geographical area of the district is 1973sqkms. Mahanadi and its tributaries paika

in the north, devi in south, kathjodi and balikuda in the southwest and bay of Bengal covers

the east.

As per 2001 census total population of the district is 10,57,323 out of which 5, 38,

722 are male and 5,18,601 are females. The district comprises of 1 sub division with 8

blocks and 4 tahasils.

An unprecedented cyclone affected the district during 1969 and 1999 and flood in

major, rivers of the year1969, 1980,1982,1994,1999,2001 caused heavy loss to lives and

properties, and drought also visited this district in 1998,1999 and 2000.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Jagatsingpur is one of the populous districts in the state. By the latest count the

district has a total population of 1056000 (2001 census) with a population density of 538

(per sq. km.). The district has a lower sex ratio i.e. 962 females per 1,000 males. Schedule

Castes comprise% of the total population whereas Scheduled Tribes constitute % of the

population. Literacy rate of the entire district stands a little over %. However, female literacy

level is a little disappointing, which is close to %. Literacy rates among the SCs/STs are

quite low as compared to the general population. The following table gives an idea the

educational backwardness among these categories of the people.

Literacy Rate

Male 88.96% 2001 Census

Female 69.945%

From the above figure it is clear that women literacy rate is very low in comparison to

male literacy rate.

THE DISTRICT: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

The district has one Sub-divisions namely having 4 Tahasils namely and 8 Blocks

namely situation is handled by 3 police stations spread across the district.

THE DISTRICT TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE :

Jagatsingpur is one of the district of Orissa, lies on the eastern most part of the state

having 19058 to 20023 North & 86 degree 3 to 86045’ East. Jgatsingpur Geographical area

of the district is 1668 sqr. k.m. The district is surrounded by Kendrapara district in the

north, Bhubaneswar in the south and Cuttack district in the west.

The district has maximum temperature of 35.2 and had lowest temperature of12.8

degree.

Table 1

Demographic Profile of the District

DEMOGRAPHY (CENSUS 2001)

Population 2001 10,57,323

Population density (persons per Sq km) 538sqkms

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 male)

Literacy Rate 71%

Male Literacy 4,24,832

Female Literacy 3,22,588

Rural 953002(90%)

Urban 104321(10%)

Scheduled Caste (SC) 232611(22%)

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 10573(1%)

Source: Census 2001.

SALIENT PHYSICAL FEATURES AND LAND USE PATTERN

Total Geographical area 1,68,221 hect.

Cultivated area 1,05,700 hect.

Paddy area 91,000 hect.

High land 19,121 hect.

Medium land 41,749 hect.

Low land 44,830 hect.

Water Logged area 11,497 hect.

Saline area 7,998 hect.

Flood prone area 11, 526 hect.

Non paddy area 11,163 hect.

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001,

Kendrapara.

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the mainstay for the majority of the people (about 70%) of the population

nearly 60% are owners, carpenters, potters etc. Farmers owing more than 10 acres of land

cultivate about 10% while 90% are small and marginal farmers owing less than 4 acres of

land. It is only because of high soil fertility people are able to derived their livelihood from

agriculture. Fishing Livestock, Farming and other horticulture crop provide livelihood to 1.3

% of the population.

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy in Kendrapara district. (Area in

hectares) Yield rate Qtls/Hectare (dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls (cleaned rice)

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-1999 5352 18.79 100562

1999-2000 2839 18.6 52813

2000-2001 3809 19.40 73881

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-1999 96502 22.59 2180119

1999-2000 90336 1.51 136347

2000-2001 87971 20.19 1776396

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-1999 6601 31.17 205728

1999-2000 9223 41.48 382584

200-2001 2560 24.22 62015

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-1999 108455 22.93 2486409

1999-2000 102398 5.58 571744

2000-2001 94340 20.27 1912292

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001,

Kendrapara.

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Table 6

Livestock Position as of 2000

Crossbreed cattle 19257

Indigenous cattle 99371

Crossbreed cows 63465

Indigenous cows 105052

Buffaloes 13557

Sheep 29658

Goats 118077

Pigs 4048

Sources: Directorate of Animal Husbandry Veterinary services, Orissa, Cuttack

FISHERIES

Fishery is a major activity in the district. This sector may be broadly divided into

three sub-sectors viz.freshwater, brackish water and marine fisheries. In jagatsinghpur all

the three types are prevalent. While the fresh water resources are spread over all the 8

blocks of the district. Brackish and marine activities are limited to only 3 blocks viz., Balikuda.

Erasama and Kujanga. Jagatsinghpur district has a coastline of 84 kms. from Devi mouth in

the north to Mahanadi in the South with aggregate continental shelf of 4169 sq.kms. Further,

the district has a sizeable fishermen population of 37925 spread over 71 marine fishing

villages with 3912 households out of which 10000 fishermen actively partake in sifhing

activities all through the year. There are 6 fish landing centers in the district. As such there

is ample scope for the growth of this activity. During the year 2000-01,the marine fish

production was 33900 MT against a target of 38000 MT.

Production of fish in different blocks and urban areas of Jagatsingpur district

Year Production of Fish in MT.

Fresh water Brackish water Marine Total

1998-1999 5027.00 2936.00 35799.00 43762.00

1999-2000 3573.00 1257.00 36659.00 41489.00

2000-2001 3783.92 1663.87 33898.72 39346.51

Source: Directorate of Fisheries, Orissa, Cuttack

EDUCATION AND HEALTH

Rural and Urban literacy rate by sex in different district of jagatsingpur ditrict.

District/ All Classes Rural Urban

Block

Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

1991 65.78 78.41 52.94 65.35 78.34 52.44 71.19 79.16 60.39

2001 79.61 88.96 69.94 79.25 88.98 69.44 82.84 88.83 75.12

In terms of health and welfare facilities the district had 2 hospitals, 12 dispensaries,

22PHs with 12 homeopaths dispensaries and 7 aurvedic dispensaries. Family welfare,

maternity and childcare are available in the district. IUD and other facilities offer different

types of family planning service to people.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN ERSAMA AND BALIKUDA BLOCKS

AREA AND POPULATION

Jagatsingpur district has 8 Community Development Blocks. Ersama and Balikda,

as compared to other blocks are bigger in size. Their geographical area is estimated at

377.82 and 223.37 sq.km respectively. Ersama with 200 villages -180 inhabited and 20

uninhabited and Balikuda with 175-village -161 inhabited and 14 uninhabited have 18,169

and 22,183 number of households respectively. Ersama has a population of 129,664 as

compared to Balikuda’s population of 151,076. In terms of sex distribution of population,

Ersama has 65,349 males and 64,315 female populations. Balikuda, on the other hand has

a male population of 75,650 as compared to the female population of 75,426.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the principle source of occupation and livelihood for the people. Paddy

is cultivated in autumn, winter and summer.

Below table gives estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy in Erasama and

Balikuda blocks (1995-96).

Estimated area, yield rate and production of paddy in Erasama and Kujanga blocks

(1995-96). Yield rate in Qtls. / Hect. (Dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls. (cleaned

rice) and area in Hect.

Autumn

Block Area Yield rate Production

Erasama 108 27.95 3019

Balikuda 199 19.49 3878

Winter

Block Area Yield rate Production

Erasama 18538 16.51 306073

Balikuda 17786 21.89 389379

Summer

Block Area Yield rate Production

Erasama 1625 20.64 33540

Balikuda 46 30.99 1426

Total

Block Area Yield rate Production

Erasama 20271 16.9 342632

Balikuda 18031 21.89 394683

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2001 Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa Bhubaneswar. (Page 19 & 20)

EDUCATION

Education and health are two indicators of individual as well as social well-being. We

look at the basic primary education facilities available in these two blocks.

Erasama and Balikuda had 125 and 128 primary schools with 14850 and 17117

students (. In both the blocks, school going boys outnumber the school-going girls. 7913

boys and 6937 girls in Erasama and 8833 boys and 8284 girls in Balikuda block were found

enrolled. Enrolment of SC students stood at 4297 and4406 in Erasama and Balikuda blocks

respectively.

Middle school and secondary school facilities are also available in the blocks Erasama

had 44 middle schools and 27 secondary schools with 2024 boys and 1817 girls students

respectively. Balikuda, on the other hand, had 54 middle schools and 34 secondary school

with 2566 boys’ students and 1944 girl students. Number of SC students enrolled in the

middle school stood at 924 and 721 in Erasama and Balikuda respectively.

LITERACY

In terms of literacy, both the blocks have almost the same level of literacy. As

compared to 70.23% literacy in Erasama, Balikuda has a slightly higher rate of literacy at

78.93%.

Female literacy rate is generally less as compared to male literacy. In Balikuda the

female and male literacy rate stood at 66.93 and 88.44 respectively.

Female, belonging to the general or to the SC categories suffer from lower education

and literacy.

HEALTH

Rural areas generally suffer from inadequate health facilities. Erasama has four primary

health center, one homeopathic dispensary and one-aurvedic dispensaries. Compared to

the block size and population the health facilities are very poor. In comparison to Ersama

Kujanga had seven primary health centers one homeopathic institution and no aurvedic

institution. This block also suffers the same kind of health negligence.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

THE SUPER-CYCLONE OF 1999: EXTENT OF DAMAGE

The super-cyclone that hit Orissa on 29th and 30th of October 1999 left a trail of death

and destruction in the entire coastal Orissa. More than 125 lakh of people were affected by

the fury of cyclone; close to 10,000 people perished; more than 4,44,000 domestic animals

died; lakhs of hectares of standing crop damaged, millions of houses damaged and

psychologically damaged thousands of people for ever. The cyclone of October 1999 dragged

the economy of the state several years behind the development wheel. It needs a Herculean

task for any government to recoup the loss and take the development agenda further. The

extent of loss and destruction in the state in general has been well documented extensively.

Thus it will not be wise to repeat those all over yet again. Instead a detail socio-economic

analysis of the study area is given below.

DAMAGE IN JAGATSINGPUR DISTRICT

DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Population and its distribution is by far the most important factor in assessing damage

in any calamity, natural or man-made. Thus an attempt was made to estimate the size of the

population from the survey in each of the ten Gram Panchayats in both these blocks. Table

11 gives an idea regarding the total population in the sampled Gram Panchayats.

Table 1Demographic Profile

Name of Block Name of G.P. P opulation Male Female

Erasama Kunjakothi 6,279 3,159 3,120

Padmapur 8,059 4,050 4,009

Nuagoon 6,733 3,463 3,270

Goda 9,571 4,872 4,699

G- Harishpur 7,321 3,742 3,579

Balikuda Borikina 6,329 3,270 3,059

Rahama 4,765 2,464 2,301

Alabol 5,691 2,756 2,935

Thailo 4,329 2,147 2,182

Titira 6,238 3,380 2,858

Total 65,315 33,303 32,012

Note: Figures in parenthesis are in percentage

Source: Computed from the survey

The above figures show that the sex ratios in almost all the Gram Panchayats are

biased against the women. Only in Anantapur Gram Panchayat of Soro Block the sex ratio

is slightly favorable toward women, which is 50.04 as against 49.96 for the males. In all the

sampled Gram Panchayats males constitute 51.91% of the entire population whereas

females constitute 48.09%.

Table 2Child Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Erasama Kunjakothi 525 503 1,028 619 576 1,196 2,224

Padmapur 1,051 1,014 2,064 1,163 1,115 2,278 4,342

Nuagoon 1,196 1,114 2,311 1,144 1,080 2,224 4,535

Goda 786 772 1,558 783 758 1,541 3,099

G- Harishpur 1,004 948 1,951 1,055 1,029 2,085 4,036

Balikuda Borikina 523 493 1,016 606 538 1,144 2,160

Rahama 393 379 772 435 427 862 1,634

Alabol 446 430 876 496 435 931 1,807

Thailo 525 503 1,028 607 553 1,159 2,187

Titira 1,051 1,014 2,064 619 576 1,196 3,260

7,500 7,170 14,668 7,527 7,087 14,616 29,284

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

Table 3

Child Population in %age to the total Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat % % % % Children

Males Females Males Females

Erasama Kunjakothi 8.36 8.01 16.37 9.86 9.17 19.03 35.40

Padmapur 13.04 12.58 25.62 14.43 13.84 28.27 53.89

Nuagoon 17.76 16.55 34.31 16.99 16.04 33.03 67.34

Goda 8.21 8.07 16.28 8.18 7.92 16.10 32.38

G- Harishpur 13.71 12.95 26.66 14.41 14.06 28.47 55.13

Balikuda Borikina 8.26 7.79 16.05 9.57 8.50 18.08 34.13

Rahama 8.25 7.95 16.20 9.13 8.96 18.09 34.29

Alabol 7.84 7.56 15.39 8.72 7.64 16.36 31.75

Thailo 12.13 11.62 23.75 14.02 12.77 26.80 50.55

16.85 16.26 33.10 9.92 9.23 19.16 52.26

As the above tables shows children form quite a significant portion of the population.

In all the Gram Panchayats sex ratio is biased against the female children. This is in line

with the overall sex ratio of the district.

PATTERN OF LANDHOLDING

Agriculture and related activities are the major source of income for the majority of

the population. However, their landowning pattern is not uniform throughout the villages.

There is a wide difference between big farmers and the small farmers. As the following table

shows most of the farmers are either marginal farmers or small farmers. As far as the big

farmers are concerned most of them practice sharecropping, i.e. they employ the small and

big farmers on a share of produce (crops) basis on which they lend the farmers in lieu of a

portion (usually half) of the crop. The landless people usually work as agricultural labour

during the agricultural season and as wage labourers during the lean season for their

livelihood.

Table 4

Livelihood Patterns

Name of Name Landless Big Small Marginal Agricultural

the Block of the GP Households farmers farmers farmers labourers

Erasama Kunjakothi 53 67 371 331 73

Padmapur 14 41 128 552 42

Nuagoon 230 123 761 738 182

Goda 74 108 223 197 90

G- Harishpur 68 255 552 443 107

Balikuda Borikina 76 139 543 618 206

Rahama 54 101 408 454 162

Alabol 69 65 299 292 68

Thailo 117 81 428 695 133

141 155 461 699 193

MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD

Table 5Livelihood Pattern in %age

Name of Name Cultivation Agricultural Service Business Fishing Othersthe Block of the GP in % labour in % in % in % in % in %

Erasama Kunjakothi 63.55 10.30 9.58 3.64 11.81 2.08

Padmapur 73.95 11.09 7.00 2.83 2.21 4.36

Nuagoon 70.99 13.46 3.50 6.46 2.50 2.28

Goda 50.49 10.49 2.16 5.45 27.46 3.76

G- Harishpur 67.63 14.65 5.56 3.74 6.62 2.87

Balikuda Borikina 56.71 11.29 12.67 16.46 2.02 2.28

Rahama 65.59 16.14 9.89 2.63 5.66 1.29

Alabol 68.24 14.65 7.73 2.73 3.46 4.46

Thailo 71.09 12.67 6.49 4.65 3.55 2.87

Titira 70.58 10.49 6.08 6.26 3.74 4.16

LOSS DUE TO THE CYCLONE

Both the blocks suffered heavy damage during the super-cyclone of October 1999.

A few people died, thousands of standing crops submerged, houses collapsed, cattle died

and fishing equipment were washed away. Most of the damage was due to incessant rain,

flooding and inundation. Apart from the loss in lives and property the people lost their

livelihood. Now an attempt is done to make an assessment of the loss suffered by the

people during the cyclone. In order to make a better understanding loss has been calculated

both in terms of physical damage and their value in terms of money.

Table 6

Damage in Physical Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agriculturalthe Block of the GP (in hect.) Equipment Equipment

Bahanaga Bahanaga 1230 68 236 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Erasama Kunjakothi 1320 98 488 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Padmapur 1111 70 211 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Nuagoon 1021 78 382 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Goda 1241 116 399 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

G- Harishpur 1104 87 308 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Balikuda Borikina 1586 149 672 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Rahama 960 77 131 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Alabol 1046 78 289 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Thailo 1532 95 632 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Titira 1467 89 472 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

DAMAGE IN TERMS OF MONEY

Due to the unprecedented cyclone all the above Gram Panchayats were affected

badly. The people, mostly who belong to the BPL category lost their standing crop, means of

agriculture, houses. It took them a while to rebuild and start life all over again. An attempt

was done to calculate the loss in terms of money, which will give an idea regarding the

magnitude of loss.

Table 7

Damage in Monetary Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural T otalthe Block of the GP (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) Equipment Equipment (in Rs.)

(in Rs.) (in Rs.)

Erasama Kunjakothi 6,081,415 548,352 5,947,200 882,000 3,682,224 17,141,191

Padmapur 5,507,904 999,936 11,415,600 1,538,208 4,249,728 23,711,376

Nuagoon 11,109,708 290,304 9,172,800 2,170,224 3,256,848 25,999,884

Goda 5,947,921 2,943,360 6,174,000 5,286,960 5,264,784 25,617,025

G- Harishpur 9,661,045 999,936 14,117,040 1,263,024 1,396,536 27,437,581

Balikuda Borikina 4,410,262 362,880 3,200,400 2,551,248 5,755,680 16,280,470

Rahama 2,709,444 427,392 2,847,600 1,372,896 4,415,040 11,772,372

Alabol 4,316,322 508,032 3,981,600 1,241,856 2,736,720 12,784,530

Thailo 5,132,121 1,862,784 6,123,600 2,139,984 4,929,120 20,187,609

Titira 9,661,045 999,936 14,117,040 1,263,024 1,396,536 27,437,581

As the above table shows the loss due to the cyclone was unprecedented. As far as

the loss is concerned the people seem to have suffered losses in agriculture and houses.

This is understandable as the entire standing crop was submerged under water for two

weeks, which never gave them any chance to protect the crops. Similarly most of the houses

in the rural areas are built with mud and thatch which obviously could not withstood the fury

of the cyclone.

Table 8

Average Damage suffered per Household

Name of Name No. of Average loss Total

the Block of the GP Households per Household (in Rs.)

Erasama Kunjakothi 2,528 21,795 47,904,970

Padmapur 1,063 22,424 20,719,637

Nuagoon 1,925 16,080 26,918,673

Goda 2,277 18,252 36,138,267

G- Harishpur 1,674 16,920 24,635,447

Balikuda Borikina 3,732 14,168 45,975,160

Rahama 771 31,364 21,013,847

Alabol 1,576 22,284 30,528,464

Thailo 2,829 19,135 47,071,731

Titira 2,277 23,393 46,318,734

VHF/WIRELESS STATIONS AT JAGATSINGHPUR

VHF STATIONS VHF SETS IN WIRELESS TEMP.VHF TO BEPOLICE STATION INSTALLED AT

Dist.Control Room STATIONS FOLLOWING AREAS

Jagatsinghpur P.S SP Office (Both Manguli under Biridi

Jagatsinghpur Block Office VHF & Wireless) Block

Raghunathpur Block Office Machagaon under

Tirtol Block Office Jagatsinghpur Collectorate Balikuda Block

Erasama Block Office Paradip Building, Tarasahi under

Balikuda Block Office Kujang Balikuda Block.

Kujang Block Office Erasama Jagatsingh- The SP signal,

Biridi Block Office Tirtol pur Tulasipur, Cuttack

Naugaon Block Office Balikuda shall be requested

Ambiki G.P Office Naugaon to install VHF sets

at the above places.

❋❋❋❋❋

KHURDA DISTRICTTHE DISTRICT: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Khurda district occupies an important place in the map of Orissa as one of the most

advanced districts of the state. The present district of Khurda was carved out of the parent

district of Puri and function independently as a district from 1st April 1993. Furthermore, the

temple city of Bhubaneswar, the State Capital of Orissa is situated in this district. Khurda

town is the district head quarter that is 29 kms away from the state capital. The district is

famous for having the ancient Lingaraj temple, Khandagiri, Dhauligiri, Kedargouri, Rajarani

Temple, Nandan Kanan Geological Park, Autry Hot Water Stream, Barunai Hills, Bookhari

Baba tomb and having the largest brackish water Chilika Lake. It is called the tourist paradise

of Orissa. Besides the above tourist potential, the district is enriched with various natural

resources like Agriculture, Fisheries, Horticulture, Handloom & Handicraft products as well

as the I.T. Sector.

The district is well-irrigated and fertile due to flow of a number of rivers like Daya,

Bhargabi, and Kuakhia etc. Paddy and vegetables are the major crops of this district.

Industrially it is one of the advanced district of Orissa having four Industrial Estates besides

Software Export Development Park. The district of Khurda also enjoys the abundant supply

of technical and professional personnel due to presence of Central Tool Room Institute,

CIPET, CIFA, XIMB, NIFD and a number of Techno-management Institute. The presence of

LPG bottling plant of HPCL, BPCL and IPCL has further given impetus to its industrial

opportunities.

Salient Physical Features and Land Use Pattern:

AREAWISE LAND UTILISATION PATTERN (1998-99)

Block Forest Misc. tree Permanent Cultivable Land put Barren Current Other Net area

area crops & pasture & waste to non- and fallows fallows sown

Groves not other Agricul- uncul-

included grazing tural tivable

in net area lands uses land

sown

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1998-99 27318 21695 13199 7829 26778 20223 5738 18793 118095

1.Balianta 34 394 677 87 2268 357 433 349 10244

2.Balipatna 38 579 578 465 2458 278 450 384 8788

3.Banapur 14903 499 893 229 2045 8727 418 1005 9805

4.Begunia 786 7146 1027 1213 1745 626 297 3490 14698

5.Bhuba- 3120 637 3011 1679 2260 1513 1789 5664 10569

neswar

6.Bolagarh 333 2606 631 1333 2426 1893 82 541 16179

7.Chilika 4 401 1671 80 3965 3990 497 901 7703

8.Jatani 2255 2022 2353 741 1432 57 446 2095 10258

9.Khurda 2580 3298 1056 1565 2046 1341 768 2053 15662

10. Tangi 3265 4113 1302 437 6133 1441 558 2311 14189

Source: District Statistical Hand Book, Khurda, 1999.

CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST AREA (1999)

Sl.No. Classification of forest Area in sq.kms.

1 2 3

1. Reserve Forest 298.81

2. Demarcated Protected Forest 209.87

3. Undemarcated Forest 0.00

4. Un Classified Forest 0.68

5. Other Forest 109.31

Total: 618.67

Source: District Statistical Hand Book, Khurda, 1999

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Khurda is one of the districts in the state. By the latest count the district has a total

population of 1,874,405 lakh (2001 census). The district has sex ratio i.e. 901females per

1,000 males. Schedule Castes comprise 13.62% of the total population whereas Scheduled

Tribes constitute 5.14% of the population. Literacy rate of the entire district stands a little

over %.

Demographic Profile of the District

DEMOGRAPHY (CENSUS 2001)

Population 2001 1,874,405

Population density (persons per Sq km) 666

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 male) 901

Literacy Rate 80.19%

Male Literacy 70%

Female Literacy 65.8%

Rural 1,069,630

Urban 804,775

Scheduled Caste (SC) 13.62%

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 5.14%

Rural Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) (1999 survey) 43%

THE DISTRICT: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP

Sl.No. Item Unit Magnitude

1 2 3 4

1. Location

(a) Longitude Degree minutes 84°55’ to 86°5’ East

(b) Latitude Degree Minutes 19°40’ to 20°25’ North

2. Geographical area Sq.Kms. 2889

3. Subdivisions No 2

4. Tahasils No 7

5. C.D. Blocks No 10

6. Towns (including census towns) No 5

7. Municipalities No 1

8. N.A.Cs. No 4

9. Police Stations No 22

10. Grampanchayats No 154

11. Villages No 1567

(a) Inhabited No 1355

(b) Uninhabited No 212

12. Fire Stations No 7

13. Assembly Constituencies No 6

Source: District Statistical Hand Book, Khurda, 1999.

ECONOMY OF THE DISTRICT

Apart from agriculture other economic activities like fishing, livestock, industrial activity

and service account substantially to the economy of the district. A brief profile of main

economic activities is given below.

AGRICULTURE

Though agriculture plays a vital role in the economic development but the survey on

the district of Khurda has shown not so encouraging result on this sector. The agricultural

activities of the district were undertaken in a lesser scale as compared to the other district

of Orissa. During survey it was observed that due to urbanization of the areas and presence

of state capital there is sizeable number of migration of cultivator and agricultural labourers

to other occupational areas like trade and industry. Despite a number of shortcomings,

agriculture provides a source of sustenance and employment to maximum number of people

of the district.

The land utilization pattern of the Khurda district for agriculture sector for last two

years are placed as follows.

LAND UTILISATION PATTERN

(Area in 000’ Hect.)

Sl. Item 1996-1997 1997-1998

No. Area % total Area % total

1. Forest Area 107 37.0 107 37.0

2. Misc.Trees and groves 4 1.4 4 1.4

3. Permanent pasture 4 1.4 4 1.4

4. Cultivable Waste 5 1.7 5 1.7

5. Land put to non-agricultural uses 27 9.3 27 9.3

6. Barren and uncultivable land 2 0.7 2 0.7

7. Current fallow 8 2.8 1 0.4

8. Other fallow 3 1.0 3 1.0

9. Net sown area 129 44.7 136 47.1

Total geographical area 289 100.00 289 100.00

Rice, Mung, Keelthi are the principal crops of Khurda district.

The district is well irrigated and the irrigated area of the district comprises 79.14

thousand hectares in kharif and 40.89 thousand hectares in rabi season.

The irrigated area under major and medium project constitutes 57.75% of total irrigated

area whereas under Minor/Lift irrigation, it constitutes 22.56% and remains 19.69% of the

irrigated land are mainly from tanks and wells. Out of the 1090 lift irrigation points available

till 1997, 271 are by Orissa Lift Irrigation Corporation and 819 by private sector. Besides

this there is existence of huge ground water potential in the district, which can be exploited

for irrigation purposes.

Table 1

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy in Khurda district.(Area in hectares) Yield rate Qtls/Hectare

(dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls (cleaned rice)

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 2315 18.87 43695

1999-2000 1452 6.35 9213

2000-2001 1917 14.93 28613

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 114290 24.95 2851564

1999-2000 120982 9.04 1093154

2000-2001 113964 23.26 2651107

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 9904 32.34 320276

1999-2000 14862 35.93 533994

2000-2001 2223 30.79 68449

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 126509 25.42 3215535

1999-2000 137296 11.92 1636361

2000-2001 118104 23.27 1748169

Source : District Statistical Handbook, 2001 KhurdaDirectorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Sl. Category Khurda Bhubaneswar KhurdaNo. Sub-Division Sub-Division District

Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Total

1. Cow (A+B) 138198 12696 153127 35406 291325 48102 339427

a) Cow Breed 2395 8302 13348 17433 15743 25735 41478

b) Indigenous 135803 4384 139779 17973 275582 22367 297949

2. Total Cattle (a+b) 259295 15613 217134 74923 476429 90536 566965

a) Cross Breed 4461 2895 17504 22433 21965 31328 53293

b) Indigenous 254834 6718 199630 52490 454464 59208 513672

3. Buffalo (a+b) 18846 274 3230 3102 27067 3376 25452

a) Male 13310 190 607 1138 13917 1328 15245

b) Female 5536 84 2623 1964 8159 2048 10207

4. Total Sheep 33889 353 30478 2514 64367 2867 67234

5. Total Goats 40291 670 38503 3459 78794 4129 82923

6. Total Pig 849 46 2056 244 2905 290 3195

7. Total Poney - - 1 13 1 13 14

8. Poultry 407921 4066 145937 37241 553858 41307 595165

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001 KhurdaDirectorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

FISHERIES

Fish and marine products play a very important part in the economy and lives of the

people in the district.

Marine resources of Khurda district are fresh water fish, sea fish and prawn. The

presence of river Kuakhai, Salia, Malguni, Daya and Bhargabi within the district are

instrumental in supplying fresh water fish commonly known as Rohi, Bhakura, and Mirigali

etc. Though the district has no marine coast but the presence of Chilika Lake within the

administrative jurisdiction of this district acts as a storehouse of large and diverse varieties

of fish and prawn. Supply & marketing of fish has never been a problem due to the presence

of large number of consumption centers in the district. Brackish water prawn cultivation are

undertaken in two blocks of the district namely Tangi & Chilika, which are situated adjoining

to Chilika lake. Besides its own source of supply of these marine products, the district is

getting constant supply of the marine products from its adjoining districts of Puri, Cuttack

and Jagatsinghpur due to its well-developed transport network. Central Institute of Fresh

water Aquaculture (CIFA) is situated at Bhubaneswar trains farmer in fish farming, seed

production, etc. Fish production of the district and area wise production of fish and fry within

the district are illustrated at the table given below.

QUANTITY AND VALUE OF FISH PRODUCED IN KHURDA DISTRICT

Year Fish Prawn Total

Qty. Value Qty. Value Qty. Value

(In MT) (In Rs. Lakh) (In MT) (In Rs) (In MT) (In Rs)

1995-96 5525 - NA NA 5525 NIL

1996-97 7956 230.68 242 484 8198 722.68

1997-98 6005 180.15 29 58 6034 238.15

1998-99 6914 207.42 45 90 6959 297.42

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001 Khurda

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN BALIANTA AND BALIPATNA BLOCKS

AREA AND POPULATION

Khurda district has 10 Community Development Blocks. Balipatna and Balianta are

two-affected district of the cyclone. Their geographical area is estimated at 150.21 and 140.79

sq.km respectively. Both the blocks are smaller in size in comparison to other blocks. Balipatna

with 104villages –101inhabited and 3 uninhabited and Balianta with 86-village – 85 inhabited

and 1 uninhabited have 16181 and 14421 number of households respectively. Balianta has a

population of 103227 as compared to Balipatna population of 104197. In terms of sex distribution

of population, Balianta has 52784 males and 50443 female populations. Balipatna, on the

other hand has a male population of 53783 as compared to the female population of 50414.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the principle source of occupation and livelihood for the people. Paddy

is cultivated in autumn, winter and summer.

Table gives estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy in Balianta and Balipatna

blocks (2001).

Estimated area, yield rate and production of paddy in Balianta and Balipatna blocks

(2001). Yield rate in Qtls. / Hect. (Dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls. (cleaned rice)

and area in Hect.

Autumn

Block Area Yield rate Production

Balianta 251 22.74 5708

Balipatna 50 26.02 1301

Winter

Block Area Yield rate Production

Balianta 7728 33.82 261353

Balipatna 8928 36.18 323026

Summer

Block Area Yield rate Production

Balianta 209 20.55 4295

Balipatna 315 33.78 10641

Total

Block Area Yield rate Production

Balianta 8188 33.14 271356

Balipatna 9293 36.05 334968

Source: District Statistical Hand Book 2001 Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa Bhubaneswar. (Page 19 & 20)

EDUCATION

Education and health are two indicators of individual as well as social well-being. We

look at the basic primary education facilities available in these two blocks.

Middle school and secondary school facilities are available in the blocks. Balianta

had 28 middle schools and 17 secondary schools with 2332 boys and 1598 girl’s students

respectively. Balipatna, on the other hand, had 31 middle schools and 18 secondary school

with 2790 boy’s students and 1603 girl students.

In both the blocks boys outnumbered the girls students. In spite good educational

facilities, the block literacy rate is not so good.

LITERACY

In terms of literacy, both the blocks have almost the same level of literacy. As

compared to 89.77% literacy in Balianta, Baliapatna has a slightly lesser rate of literacy at

61.0%.

Female literacy rate is generally less as compared to male literacy.

HEALTH

Balianta block had 8 primary health centers, and 2 Aurvedic dispensaries. Balipatna

had 5 primary health centers one homeopathic dispensary and one ayurvedic dispensary

available. Both the block doesn’t have enough health care facilities to meet the requirements

of the people.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

DAMAGE IN KHURDA DISTRICT

Balianta and Baliapatna block of the district were affected by the cyclonic storm of

October 1999. The district suffered from severe cyclonic storm with high wind velocity.

DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Population and its distribution is by far the most important factor in assessing damage

in any calamity, natural or man-made. Thus an attempt was made to estimate the size of the

population from the survey in each of the ten Gram Panchayats in both these blocks. Table

gives an idea regarding the total population in the sampled Gram Panchayats.

Table 1Demographic Profile

Name of Block Name of G.P. P opulation Male Female

Balianta Jayadev 6042 3364(55.67%) 2678(44.33%)

Kakarudrapur 7854 4379(55.75%) 3475(44.24%)

Benupur 6990 3761(53.80%) 3229(44.19%)

Purana pradhana 4553 2764(60.70%) 1789(39.29%)

Jhinti 5469 2845(52.02%) 2624(47.98%)

Balipatna Pampala 7846 3964(50.02%) 3882(49.47%)

Garidipanchan 6589 3456(52.45%) 3133(47.55%)

Majhiara 4397 2645(60.15%) 1752(39.85%)

Turintara 5663 3210(56.68%) 2453(43.32%)

Rajasa 7084 3649(51.51%) 3435(48.49%)

Total 62,487 34,037 28,450

Note: Figures in parenthesis are in percentageSource: Computed from the survey

Table2

Child Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Balianta Jayadev 650 575 1225 889 740 1629 3998

Kakarudrapur 752 673 1425 776 696 1472 3640

Benupur 841 793 1634 763 752 1515 3782

Purana pradhana 783 756 1539 575 535 1110 2755

Jhinti 845 865 1710 652 629 1281 3191

Balipatna Pampala 694 656 1350 825 762 1587 3936

Garidipanchan 956 943 1899 754 725 1479 3683

Majhiara 635 595 1230 835 793 1628 4049

Turintara 814 775 1589 685 663 1348 3359

Rajasa 733 710 1443 821 779 1600 3998

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

Table3

Child Population in %age to the total Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat % % % % Children

Males Females Males Females

Balianta Jayadev 10.75803 9.516716 20.27475 14.71367 12.2476 26.96127 47.23602

Kakarudrapur 9.574739 8.568882 18.14362 9.880316 8.861727 18.74204 36.88566

Benupur 12.03147 11.34478 23.37625 10.91559 10.75823 21.67382 45.05007

Purana pradhana 17.19745 16.60444 33.80189 12.62904 11.75049 24.37953 58.18142

Jhinti 15.45072 15.81642 31.26714 11.92174 11.50119 23.42293 54.69007

Balipatna Pampala 8.845271 8.360948 17.20622 10.51491 9.711955 20.22687 37.43309

Garidipanchan 14.50903 14.31173 28.82076 11.44331 11.00319 22.4465 51.26726

Majhiara 14.44166 13.53195 27.97361 18.99022 18.03502 37.02524 64.99885

Turintara 14.37401 13.68533 28.05934 12.09606 11.70758 23.80364 51.86298

Rajasa 10.34726 10.02259 20.36985 11.5895 10.99661 22.58611 42.95596

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

PATTERN OF LANDHOLDING

Agriculture and related activities are the major source of income for the majority of

the population. However, their landowning pattern is not uniform throughout the villages.

There is a wide difference between big farmers and the small farmers. As the following table

shows most of the farmers are either marginal farmers or small farmers. As far as the big

farmers are concerned most of them practice sharecropping, i.e. they employ the small and

big farmers on a share of produce (crops) basis on which they lend the farmers in lieu of a

portion (usually half) of the crop. The landless people usually work as agricultural labour

during the agricultural season and as wage labourers during the lean season for their

livelihood.

Table4

Livelihood Patterns

Name of Name Landless Big Small Marginal Agriculturalthe Block of the GP Households farmers farmers farmers labourers

Balianta Jayadev 98 96 125 156 275

Kakarudrapur 103 75 156 185 263

Benupur 123 94 225 175 223

Purana pradhana 110 112 210 256 175

Jhinti 98 102 225 336 242

Balipatna Pampala 72 163 256 241 306

Garidipanchan 123 86 175 298 335

Majhiara 132 97 189 221 363

Turintara 90 124 227 196 375

Rajasa 156 85 253 247 341

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD

Table5

Livelihood Pattern in %age

Name of Name Cultivation Agricultural Service Business Fishing Othersthe Block of the GP in % labour in % in % in % in % in %

Balianta Jayadev 62.3 10.4 9.3 3.6 12.3 2.1

Kakarudrapur 72.5 11.2 6.8 2.8 2.3 4.4

Benupur 69.6 13.6 3.4 6.4 2.6 2.3

Purana pradhana 49.5 10.6 2.1 5.4 28.6 3.8

Jhinti 66.3 14.8 5.4 3.7 6.9 2.9

Balipatna Pampala 55.6 11.4 12.3 16.3 2.1 2.3

Garidipanchan 64.3 16.3 9.6 2.6 5.9 1.3

Majhiara 66.9 14.8 7.5 2.7 3.6 4.5

Turintara 69.7 12.8 6.3 4.6 3.7 2.9

Rajasa 69.2 10.6 5.9 6.2 3.9 4.2

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

LOSS DUE TO THE CYCLONE

Both the blocks suffered damage during the super-cyclone of October 1999. A

few people died, thousands of standing crops submerged, houses collapsed, cattle

died and fishing equipment were washed away. Most of the damage was due to

incessant rain, flooding and inundation. Apart from the loss in lives and property the

people lost their livelihood. Now an attempt is done to make an assessment of the

loss suffered by the people during the cyclone. In order to make a better understanding

loss has been calculated both in terms of physical damage and their value in terms

of money.

Table6

Damage in Physical Terms

Damage (Physical)

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural

the Block of the GP (in hect.) Equipment Equipment

Balianta Jayadev 854 25 925 Net -

Kakarudrapur 756 31 1021 Net -

Benupur 1056 36 1086 Net -

Purana pradhana 854 45 1325 Net -

Jhinti 1854 71 1654 Net -

Balipatna Pampala 975 45 1884 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Garidipanchan 742 35 1243 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Majhiara 873 63 1656 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Turintara 1063 46 1267 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Rajasa 1425 29 1564 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

10,452 426 13,625 - -

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

DAMAGE IN TERMS OF MONEY

Due to the unprecedented cyclone all the above Gram Panchayats were affected

badly. The people, mostly who belong to the BPL category lost their standing crop, means of

agriculture, houses. It took them a while to rebuild and start life all over again. An attempt

was done to calculate the loss in terms of money, which will give an idea regarding the

magnitude of loss.

Table 7

Damage in Monetary Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural T otalthe Block of the GP (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) Equipment Equipment (in Rs.)

(in Rs.) (in Rs.)

Balianta Jayadev 5,033250 44,000 18,500,000 75,000 4,553,000 28,205,250

Kakarudrapur 6,464,190 52,000 20,420,000 526,000 5,523,000 32,985,190

Benupur 4,011,535 78,000 21,720,000 2,15,000 4,320,000 30,144,537

Purana pradhana 7,810,715 1,20,000 26,500,00 5,245,000 5,224,000 18,326,216

Jhinti 9,584,370 1,52000 33,080,000 2,53,000 2,385,452 45,254,824

Balipatna Pampala 3,375,260 1,20,000 37,680,000 5,22,000 6,170,000 47,267,266

Garidipanchan 3,876,940 60,000 29,860,000 1,36,000 4,380,000 38,212,941

Majhiara 6,282,065 1,00000 33,120,000 2,62,000 1,715,000 41,279,067

Turintara 4,691,390 1,25000 25,340,000 1,22,000 3980,000 34,158,391

Rajasa 8,630,280 50,000 31,280,000 1,20,000 7,263,000 47,243,281

59,759,995 701,002 251,026,500 6,076,014 45,513,452 363,076,963

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

CUTTACK DISTRICTThe District of Cuttack is named after the Principal town as well as the head quarter

of the district of the same name. The word Cuttack is an anglicized from of the Sanskrit

word KATAKA that assumes two different meanings namely “military camp” and secondly,

the fort of capital on the seat of the Government protected by the army.

Cuttack which is one of the oldest cities of India and the capital city of Orissa for

almost nine centuries was built as a military cantonment in 989 A.D. by the king of Nrupa

Keshari as stated by the distinguished historian Stirling. He based his opinion upon “The

Madalapanji”, a chronicle of the Lord Jaganath Temple of Puri. The city however, attended

glory early in the 12th century as the Capital of imperial Gangas whose empire stretches

from the river Ganges in the north to the river Godavari in the south.

THE DISTRICT: TOPOGRAPHY

Cuttack is the administrative headquarters of the district and is situated in a tongue

;of land formed by the Mahanadi and Kathojodi rivers at their points of bifurcation in 20

degree 29 inch North latitude and 85 degree 52 inch East longitude

RIVER SYSTEM OF THE DISTRICT

Mahanadi, Kathjori, Birupa, Debi, Kandal, Chitrotpala, Sapua, Hadua-Nallah, Rana-

Sankha nallah, Genguti are some of the important rivers of Cuttack. The most important

river of the state named as Mahanadi surrounds Cuttack. During cyclonic storm it was over

flowed and most of the villages of this district get inundated.

CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Sl.No. Month Cuttack

Highest Lowest

1. January 33.9 10.0

2. February 37.9 14.0

3. March 41.1 19.0

4. April 42.5 22.5

5. May 40.9 20.5

6. June 41.6 21.5

7. July 37.6 21.0

8. August 35.1 21.0

9. September 34.5 21.0

10. October 35.1 20.0

11. November 33.6 15.0

12. December 30.6 12.5

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

DEMOGRAPHY (CENSUS 2001)

Population 2001 3733.00

Population density (persons per Sq km) 595

Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 male) 938

Literacy Rate 76.13%

Male Literacy 85.46%

Female Literacy 66.19%

Children (0-6 years) 2.73 Lakh

Rural 75.37%

Urban 24.63%

Scheduled Caste (SC) 18.19%

Scheduled Tribe (ST) 3.49%

Number of rural families 3,71,474

Rural Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) (1999 survey) 48.27%

Source: Census 2001.

THE DISTRICT: ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

Geographical Area (Sq.Km.) 3932

Sub-divisions 03

Tehsils 11

Blocks 14

Urban Local bodies(Cuttack Municipal

Corporation, Choudwar Municipality, 04

Banki & Athgarh NACs)

Grama Panchayats 342 274 before reorg

Villages 1967

Inhabited villages 1865

No. of wards 5475 4844 before reorg

No. of Zilla Parishad members 46

Police Stations 34

ECONOMY OF THE DISTRICT

AGRICULTURE

The district economy is guided by agriculture. Most of the people livelihood is based on

agriculture. The following table shows the production of paddy in the district.

Estimated Area, yield rate and production of paddy

in CUTTACK DISTRICT

Autumn

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 14695 19.73 289907

1999-2000 9173 18.12 166208

2000-2001 13377 19.24 257317

Winter

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 127524 26.73 3409221

1999-2000 132907 5.63 748768

2000-2001 139833 18.01 2518318

Summer

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 8150 25.06 204199

1999-2000 19904 35.01 696862

2000-2001 3247 29.76 96641

Total

Year Area Yield rate Production

1998-99 150369 25.96 3903327

1999-2000 161984 9.95 1611838

2000-2001 56457 18.36 2872276

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001 Cuttack

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

LAND CLASSIFICATIONS

Year Geogra- Forest Misc. tree Permanent Cultivable Land put

phical crops & pasture & waste to non-

Area Groves not other Agricul-

included grazing tural

in net area lands use

shown

1995-96 15571 5722 715 514 435 858

1996-97 15571 5606 774 534 445 866

1997-98 15571 5606 774 534 445 866

1998-99 15571 5814 774 534 445 838

1999-00 15571 5814 774 534 445 838

Source: District Statistical Handbook, 2001 Cuttack

Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Livestock, especially cows, buffaloes and goats are integral life of the agricultural

community in the district. According to the livestock census 2000 the district has the following

animals.

LIVESTOCK POSITION AS OF 2001

Crossbreed cattle 115990

Indigenous cattle 188728

Crossbreed cows 24241

Indigenous cows 193569

Buffaloes 37280

Sheep 88681

Goats 274446

Pigs 3851

Fowl 479038

Source: Districts at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa,

Cutack

Apart from agricultural production animal products like milk and eggs supplement to

the family income pool. Apart from the commercial value that the farm products derive, it

has nutritional value as a significant portion of the milk and eggs produced are consumed at

home. As per the latest data available the district produced 31 thousand M.T. of milk thousand

M.T. of meat and 27 million eggs during 2001-02.2

FISHERIES

Fish and marine products play a very important part in the economy and lives of the

people in the district.

Year Production of Fish in MT.

Fresh water Brackish water Marine Total

1998-1999 7659 - - 7659

1999-2000 5621 - - 5621

2000-2001 5882.88 - - 5882.88

Source: Districts at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Orissa,

Cutack

INDUSTRIES

Orissa is not known for its industries. However, the district of Cuttack boasts of

quite a few industries. As per the data available there are 87 small-scale industries

established at a cost of around 210.32 lakhs. Similarly there are 366 number of cottage

industries established with a capital investment of 58.40 lakhs rupees. There are 99 medium

and big industrial units operating in the district of Cuttack providing employment to 275

people.

EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

The district of Cuttack has got a good educational and health infrastructure. The

literacy rate of the district is 76.13% .The district has a sub total of 1430 primary schools

667middle schools, 388 secondary schools and 75 colleges.

District/ All Classes Rural Urban

Block

Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

1991 63.61 76.82 50.67 63.11 76.46 50.09 72.01 82.71 60.87

1991 65.44 77.30 52.47 60.9 74.24 47.02 78.99 85.61 70.57

2001 76.13 85.46 66.19 73.39 84.08 62.4 83.20 88.81 76.71

District headquarter hospitals: 2 Sub-divisional hospitals: 13 Community health centers:

5 Primary health centers: 52 Mobile health units: 9 Beds in hospitals: 1,942 Ayurvedic hospitals

& dispensaries: 16 Homoeopathic hospitals & dispensaries : 18.The district has a network

of government-run health facilities consisting of the district hospital offering tertiary-level

care, rural hospitals at the secondary level and primary health centres, sub-centres and

dispensaries providing basic healthcare to the rural population

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN ATAGARH AND BANKI BLOCKS

AREA AND POPULATION

Cuttack district has 9 Community Development Blocks. Athgarh and Banki is two-

affected district of the cyclone.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the principle source of occupation and livelihood for the people. Paddy

is cultivated in autumn, winter and summer.

Table gives estimated area; yield rate and production of paddy in Athagarh and Banki

blocks (2001).

Estimated area, yield rate and production of paddyin Athgarh and Banki blocks (2001). Yield rate in Qtls. / Hect.

(Dry paddy with husk), production in Qtls.(cleaned rice) and area in Hect.

Autumn

Block Area Yield rate Production

Athgarh 1399 16.83 2351

Banki 1969 17.70 34860

Winter

Block Area Yield rate Production

Athgarh 9798 9.14 89513

Banki 14130 10.32 145792

Summer

Block Area Yield rate Production

Athgarh 420 21.75 9135

Banki 199 39.62 7884

Total

Block Area Yield rate Production

Athgarh 11617 10.52 122199

Banki 16298 11.57

Source: District Statistical Hand Book Cuttack, 2001 Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa Bhubaneswar.

EDUCATION

Education and health are two indicators of individual as well as social well-being. We

look at the basic primary education facilities available in these two blocks.

Middle school and secondary school facilities are available in the blocks. Athgarh

had 51 middle schools and 33 secondary schools with 6621 boys and 5383 girls’ students

respectively. Banki, on the other hand, had 51 middle schools and 35 secondary school

with 46373 boys’ students and 3396 girl students.

LITERACY

In terms of literacy, both the blocks have almost the same level of literacy. As

compared to 79.67% literacy in Athgarh, Banki has a slightly higher rate of literacy at 81.9%.

Female literacy rate is generally less as compared to male literacy. In Athgarh the

female and male literacy rate stood at 79.82 and 59.6 respectively.

Female, belonging to the general or to the SC categories suffer from lower education

and literacy.

HEALTH

Athgarh block had 6 primary health centers, and one Aurvedic dispensary. Banki

had 6 primary health centers one homeopathic dispensary and one aurvrdic dispensary

available. Both the block doesn’t have enough health care facilities to meet the requirements

of the people.

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY

An objective framework built on collection of data through field visits is necessary

for an efficient implementation of rehabilitation works. Damages have to be assessed and

quantified.

People lost their homes, their near and dear ones, and their agriculture and animal

resources. Fishermen lost their nets, boats and other accessories. People lost their jobs

and income and became paupers overnight.

Government and other agencies played an important role in alleviating the suffering

of the people by providing them with food, cloths, blankets, drinking water, tarpaulin and

other relief materials.

DAMAGE IN CUTTACK DISTRICT

Athgarh and Banki block of the district were affected by the cyclonic storm of October

1999. The district suffered from severe cyclonic storm with high wind velocity. Instead heavy

rains lashed the entire district. Due to incessant rain for two days all the major rivers of the

district.

Table 1

Demographic Profile

Name of Name of G.P. P opulation Male % Female %

Block

Athagarh Badaboin 5,409 2856 52.80 2,553 47.20

Basudevpur 7,058 3789 53.68 3,269 46.32

Santila 4,834 2458 50.85 2,376 49.15

Samserpur 6,571 3245 49.38 3,326 50.62

Andrai 4,364 2231 51.12 2,133 48.88

Banki Bounsaputa 3,356 1593 47.47 1,763 52.53

Bandala 6,702 3568 53.24 3,134 46.76

Kalapathara 30,821 15752 51.11 15,069 48.89

Samantarapur 4,308 2378 55.20 1,930 44.80

Osthia 7,136 3628 50.84 3,508 49.16

Total 80,559 41498 51.51 39,061 48.49

Note: Figures in parenthesis are in percentageSource: Computed from the survey

The above figures show that the sex-ratio in almost all the Gram Panchayats.

Table 2

Child Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat Children

Males Females Males Females

Athagarh Badaboin 422 404 826 493 459 952 1778

Basudevpur 640 625 1265 782 746 1528 2793

Santila 356 412 768 452 423 875 1643

Samserpur 632 620 1252 624 604 1228 2480

Andrai 459 372 831 208 304 512 1343

Banki Bounsaputa 324 306 630 357 324 681 1311

Bandala 316 304 620 347 340 687 1307

Kalapathara 358 346 704 395 347 742 1446

Samantarapur 433 425 858 456 440 896 1754

Osthia 536 517 1053 577 563 1140 2193

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

Table 3

Child Population in %age to the total Population

Name of Gram Age 0-5 years T otal Age 6-14 years T otal Totalthe Block Panchayat % % % % Children

Males Females Males Females

Athagarh Badaboin 7.80 7.47 15.27 9.11 8.49 17.60 32.87

Basudevpur 9.07 8.86 17.92 11.08 10.57 21.65 39.57

Santila 7.36 8.52 15.89 9.35 8.75 18.10 33.99

Samserpur 9.62 9.44 19.05 9.50 9.19 18.69 37.74

Andrai 10.52 8.52 19.04 4.77 6.97 11.73 30.77

Banki Bounsaputa 9.65 9.12 18.77 10.64 9.65 20.29 39.06

Bandala 4.72 4.54 9.25 5.18 5.07 10.25 19.50

Kalapathara 1.16 1.12 2.28 1.28 1.13 2.41 4.69

Samantarapur 10.05 9.87 19.92 10.58 10.21 20.80 40.71

Pakhar 7.51 7.24 14.76 8.09 7.89 15.98 30.73

As the above tables shows children form quite a significant portion of the population.

In all the Gram Panchayats sex ratio is biased against the female children. This is in line

with the overall sex ratio of the district..

PATTERN OF LANDHOLDING

Agriculture and related activities are the major source of income for the majority of the

population. However, their landowning pattern is not uniform throughout the villages. There is

a wide difference between big farmers and the small farmers. As the following table shows

most of the farmers are either marginal farmers or small farmers. As far as the big farmers are

concerned most of them practice sharecropping, i.e. they employ the small and big farmers

on a share of produce (crops) basis on which they lend the farmers in lieu of a portion (usually

half) of the crop. The landless people usually work as agricultural labour during the agricultural

season and as wage labourers during the lean season for their livelihood.

Table 4

Livelihood Patterns

Name of Name Landless Big Small Marginal Agricultural

the Block of the GP Households farmers farmers farmers labourers

Athagarh Badaboin 41 52 287 259 60

Basudevpur 11 32 99 432 34

Santila 180 95 590 577 151

Samserpur 58 83 173 154 75

Andrai 53 196 427 347 89

Banki Bounsaputa 59 107 421 483 170

Bandala 42 77 316 355 134

Kalapathara 54 50 231 228 56

Samantarapur 91 62 332 544 110

Osthia 110 119 357 546 160

MAIN SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of people. An overwhelming

portion of the people depend agriculture and related activities for their living.

Table 5

Livelihood Pattern in %age

Name of Name Cultivation Agricultural Service Business Fishing Others

the Block of the GP in % l abour in % in % in % in % in %

Athagarh Badaboin 63.23 10.35 9.25 3.64 12.18 2.09

Basudevpur 73.59 11.14 6.77 2.83 2.28 4.38

Santila 70.64 13.53 3.38 6.46 2.57 2.29

Samserpur 50.24 10.55 2.09 5.45 28.31 3.78

Andrai 67.29 14.73 5.37 3.74 6.83 2.89

Banki Bounsaputa 56.43 11.34 12.24 16.46 2.08 2.29

Bandala 65.26 16.22 9.55 2.63 5.84 1.29

Kalapathara 67.90 14.73 7.46 2.73 3.56 4.48

Samantarapur 70.75 12.74 6.27 4.65 3.66 2.89

Osthia 70.24 10.55 5.87 6.26 3.86 4.18

Table 6

Damage in Ph ysical Terms

Damage (Physical)

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural

the Block of the GP (in hect.) Equipment Equipment

Athagarh Badaboin 1107 61 1703 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Basudevpur 1003 112 1649 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Santila 2022 32 1634 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Samserpur 1083 329 984 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Andrai 1759 112 956 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Banki Bounsaputa 803 41 1696 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Bandala 493 48 1667 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Kalapathara 786 57 1490 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Samantarapur 932 208 1230 Boat & Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

Osthia 1418 292 984 Net ÖÖÖÖÖ

11406 1292 13993

Source: Computed from the questionnaire

DAMAGE IN TERMS OF MONEY

Due to the unprecedented cyclone all the above Gram Panchayats were affected

badly. The people, mostly who belong to the BPL category lost their standing crop, means of

agriculture, houses. It took them a while to rebuild and start life all over again. An attempt

was done to calculate the loss in terms of money, which will give an idea regarding the

magnitude of loss.

Table 7

Damage in Monetary Terms

Name of Name Crops Cattle Houses Fishing Agricultural T otalthe Block of the GP (in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) Equipment Equipment (in Rs.)

(in Rs.) (in Rs.)

Athagarh Badaboin 5,309,172 478,720 5,192,000 770,000 3,214,640 14,964,532

Basudevpur 4,808,487 872,960 9,966,000 1,342,880 3,710,080 20,700,407

Santila 9,698,951 253,440 8,008,000 1,894,640 2,843,280 22,698,311

Samserpur 5,192,629 2,569,600 5,390,000 4,615,600 4,596,240 22,364,069

Andrai 8,434,246 872,960 12,324,400 1,102,640 1,219,198 23,953,443

Banki Bounsaputa 3,850,229 316,800 2,794,000 2,227,280 5,024,800 14,213,109

Bandala 2,365,387 373,120 2,486,000 1,198,560 3,854,400 23,477,467

Kalapathara 3,768,217 443,520 3,476,000 1,084,160 2,389,200 11,161,097

Samantarapur 4,480,423 1,626,240 5,346,000 1,868,240 4,303,200 17,624,103

Osthia 6,802,646 2,280,960 10,186,000 663,520 4,510,880 24,444,006

54,710,387 10,088,320 65,168,400 16,767,520 35,665,918 195,600,544

As the above table shows the loss due to the cyclone was unprecedented. As far as

the loss is concerned the people seem to have suffered losses in agriculture and houses.

This is understandable as the entire standing crop was submerged under water for two

weeks, which never gave them any chance to protect the crops. Similarly most of the houses

in the rural areas are built with mud and thatch, which obviously could not withstood the fury

of the cyclone.

Table 8

Average Damage suffered per Household

Name of the Name of No. of A verage Total (in Rs.)Block the GP Households loss per

Households

Athagarh Badaboin 5,309,172 869 15,162

Basudevpur 4,808,487 1,168 15,599

Santila 9,698,951 1,786 11,187

Samserpur 5,192,629 1,672 12,697

Andrai 8,434,246 1,530 11,770

Banki Bounsaputa 3,850,229 1,269 9,856

Bandala 2,365,387 947 21,819

Kalapathara 3,768,217 634 15,501

Samantarapur 4,480,423 1,165 13,311

Osthia 6,802,646 1,322 16,274

❋❋❋❋❋

RECOMMENDATIONS

✦ The role of government during disaster situation has to be made clear. Some

amendments should be made to the Orissa Relief Code.

✦ In order to tackle natural calamities, the state governments should promote sustainable

agriculture, establish community management in a more efficient manner and

strengthen the infrastructure.

✦ In order to have an effective management of flood due to cyclones in the down stream

catchments, various measure like construction of medium and small reservoirs, soil

conservation, large scale a forestation, strengthening of the river embankments and linking

majors rivers of Orissa with neighbouing states should be carried out.

✦ A multi hazard disaster response plan is established and healthy governance system

be ensured. Government has to strengthen the empowerment process through the

delegation of administrative power.

✦ State government should have a holistic approach to mitigate natural disasters. The

disaster recovery mechanism be linked with normal development process, more

particularly with the development of human resources and modernization of skills.

❋❋❋❋❋

LESSON LEARNED

✦ In Orissa, 60 per cent of the population lives below the poverty line and 53 percent is

mal nourished. The female literacy rate is 35 percent. In the wake of a disaster, the

poor are hit the most. In this state resources are glaring disaster mitigation and

preparedness can only be temporary solution for long-term questions of livelihood.

✦ In the wake of cyclone people prefer community shelters that could with stand

cyclones and floods. Unfortunately, the government did not have much faith in using

low cost technology in traditional housing.

✦ Communication is one of the more important elements in the entire exercise of

preparedness. At the time of cyclone of the 31 early warning dissemination centers

along the coastline, 25 were not working. Orissa’s low level of infrastructure added to

the problems.

✦ To improve the situation, the UNDP engaged the Center for Disaster Management to

prepare a comprehensive plan concentrating on six areas of disaster management:

preparation of response plans for all the 30 districts of Orissa, covering all hazards;

preparation of geographical information system with spatial and non spatial thematic

overlays, with special reference to disaster management and development planning;

designing and implementing training progrmmes and training modules on disaster

management for seniour administrators, community based organizations and so on;

assessing of early warning systems; strengthening of the disaster management unit

of the OSDMA (Orissa state disaster mitigation agency); and setting up of a satellite

based control room network with satellite based hot lines, e mail links and so on.

✦ The supply of good and timely information about potential hazards is essential but its

dissemination needs to be tailored to the needs of the people.

✦ The skills and capacities of the local people are well suited to the local situation using

the capacities in an important part of ensuring that the people can contribute meaningful

in a hazard situation.

✦ Disasters can significantly weaken social structures and processes in communities.

This can provide opportunities for new type of social organization to develop

✦ Participatory planning is vital to ensure the right kind of planning to be implemented

during a natural calamity.

✦ Experiencing a cyclone teaches many lessons but these have to be acted upon, if

they are going to reduce vulnerability in future.

✦ The rapid establishment of Coordinated mechanism is essential if efficient and well-

planned relief is to be provided.

✦ Establishing relief and rehabilitation response mechanism after, rather than before, a

disaster can delay support efforts. Ideally these should be established as part of a

disaster preparedness programme.

✦ Government programmes continue through a disaster and provide a central core of

an ongoing support to the poor. It is important to ensure that rehabilitation work meshes

with these ongoing programmes and complements them.

✦ Vulnerability affects different people in different ways. It is important to map the

vulnerability and to prepare for hazards that affect it.

✦ Hazards and disaster preparedness are important at all levels from the community to

the government and through the donor and support agencies. Such preparedness

should have the build in capacity to accommodate hazards that don’t occur very

often.

✦ Relief, rehabilitation and development are often thought of as distinct phases but they

often need to work side-by-side and can often complement each other. Rehabilitation

is an important bridge between relief and development.

❋❋❋❋❋

REFERENCE

✦ Allen, Booz & Inc, Hamilton, (1986), ADPC, “Final Report Evaluation of the World

Wide Severe Storm Threat Warning System”.

✦ Bhatta, Braja Bandhu, (1997), “The natural Calamities in Orissa in the 19th Century”.

✦ Block disaster preparedness and response plan-2001-2002, UNDP, India.

✦ Census 2001

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Puri, (1995), Directorate of Economic and Statistics,

Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Balasore, (1999), Directorate of Economic and Statistics,

Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Kendrapara, (2001), Directorate of Economic and

Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Cuttack, (2001), Directorate of Economic and Statistics,

Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Khurda, (2001), Directorate of Economic and Statistics,

Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ District Statistical Handbook, Jagatsinghpur, (2001), Directorate of Economic and

Statistics, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

✦ Directorate of Fisheries, Orissa, Cuttack

✦ District Statistical Hand Book, (2001), Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Orissa,

Bhubaneswar. Pp 19-20.

✦ Districts at a Glance, (2004), Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government

of Orissa, Cuttack.

✦ Ganasakti, (1999, 13th December), “Cyclone destroy twenty years of Development

in Orissa”, http:// www.ganashakti.com/tw/thisweek/week nation.ht

✦ Kriner, Stephanie, (1999), Wed, 03 Nov 13:32:14 GMT, Disaster Relif.org, “Super

Cyclone May be India’s Deadliest”.

✦ Mohanty, J.C, (1998), ADPC, pp 244-261, “Dissemination of Early warning of Natural

Disasters”.

✦ Orissa State Disaster Management Authority, (O.S.D.M.A), Annual Repot -

2000-2001.

✦ “Overview of Early Warning system for Hydro Meteorological Hazards in Selected

Countries in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Philippines and

Vietnam)”, (2002), ADPC.

✦ Prasad, P.V.V., (2000), “Health service response to Cyclone Disaster: Study of Gunter

District”, pp225-237.

✦ Quoted form estimates of Planning Commission Economic Survey 1997-98, P 8/1.

✦ Rajalakshmi, T.K., (2001), Pp 1-6, The Frontline, Volume 18-Issue 05, March.

03-16, “Some Lessons from Orissa” (Super cyclone).

✦ Sarker, R.P, (1988), ADPC, pp32-62, “Natural Disaster –Their Forecasting and Warning

systems”.

✦ Singh, R.R., “Remote Sensing and GIS for Disaster Management”, (2000),

pp11-24.

✦ Sinha, K.Arbind & Avrani U. Shirish, (2002), “The Disaster warning process:

A study of the 1981 Gujarat cyclone”, The international Journal of Disaster studies

and Practice, Pp67-73.

✦ Steyaert, T. Louis, (2001), ADPC, “Climatic Impact Assent Technology for Disaster

Early Warning and Technical Assistance in the Developing World”.

✦ Tandon, O.P., (2000), “Disaster Management: An Integrated Approach for Disaster

Preparedness, Mitigation and awareness”, pp25-31.

✦ The UN Chronicle, (2000), “Responding to the Orissa Cyclone Brief Article”.

✦ Tompkins, Heather, (2002), IISD, “Climate Change and Extreme weather events: Is

there a connection” (Web: http: www.heather.tompkins@cicero.uio.no)

✦ UNDP/India report on super cyclone, (2000-01).

✦ Verma, R.C. 1995. Indian Tribes Through the Ages (2nd edition). Publication Division,

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi.

✦ Victoria Lorna, 2002, (9-18 December), ADPC report on “Impact Assessment Study

of the Orissa Disaster Management Project”.

✦ White paper o super cyclone, revenue department, Government of India Dec1999.

❋❋❋❋❋

ANNEXTURE

Surface&

upper air

Data

Satellite

Data

Hydrometer data

Radiation

ozone electrical potential

gradient

pollution &

Antarctica

surface &

radiation

data

Surface& upper

air observatories, SDRs, CDRs,

Aeronautical

observatories,

Voluntary

observatory Fleet (ships)

Seismology

Data

Astronomical

Data

INSAT

Geostationary NOAA polar

orbiting

IMD Hydro met

obsys, M OWR obsys, and state

Govt. run obsys

Radiation

obsys, ozone obsys,

Atmospheric

Electricity

obsys

background Air pollution

M otoring-

obsy,

Antarctica obsy

Seismo obsys

PAC

M

E

T

E

O

R

O

L

O

G

I

C

A

L

D

A

T

A

DDGM

(VVF), ADGM(R),

RSM C,

NHAC,

RAFC

Forecasting offices

Sat. M et. Division

Hydrology

division

Agrimet Division

AD GM |(R)

Aeronautical

M et data & Forecast

cyclone &

Adverse

Weather

warning, weather

Forecast

M onsoon

Seasonal

Forecast, climatology

data

Hydro met.

Product

Agro met.

Weather

Crop, Weather

calendars

Aridity

anomaly

maps.

Agro met Data Agro met obsys

General public,

marine, Air,

State Govt.,

Central

govt., Defense,

Industry and

Agriculture

Flood

control Authority,

water

management

authority and

port authority,

Shipping,

Universities

& Research

organisation

Seismo Division Epicenter data of

earthquakes

PAC Calcutta Indian Astronomical,

Ephemeris tables of sunrise/ sunset and moonrise/

moonset Rashtriya

Panchang

ANNEXTURE

A1

Annexture - 1

Functional and Organizational Set Up of IMD

Data Source of Data Data Processing Out put Users& Forecasting

ANNEXTURE

A2

Annexture - 2

Early Warning Cyclonic dissemination Centers

ANNEXTURE

A3

Annexture - 3

Landfall of Cyclonic Disturbances

ANNEXTURE

A4

Annexture - 4

NDVI for the Cyclone Affected Area Orissa StateBased on WIS Data, 11th Oct. 99

ANNEXTURE

A5

Annexture - 5

NDVI for the Cyclone Affected Area Orissa StateBased on WIS Data, 14th Oct. 99

ANNEXTURE

A6

Annexture - 6

ANNEXTURE

A7

Annexture - 7

ANNEXTURE

A8

Annexture - 8

VHF-HF Satellite Services Orissa

ANNEXTURE

A9

Annexture - 9

Electronic Communication centers in Orissa

ANNEXTURE

A10

Annexture - 10

Cyclonic Eye

ANNEXTURE

A11

Annexture - 11

Affected Area by Cyclone

ANNEXTURE

A12

Annexture - 12

Population Density

ANNEXTURE

A13

Annexture - 13

Flood Hazard Map

ANNEXTURE

A14

Annexture - 14

Areas of Water Logging

ANNEXTURE

A15

Annexture - 15

Land Fall of Cyclonic Disturbances

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.01

Rainfall Data of Orissa from 1987 to 2001

In mms.

Year Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

from normal Normal Actual Deviation

from normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1987 1482.2 1040.4 -441.8 1300.9 845.0 -455.9

1988 1482.2 1270.5 -211.7 1300.9 1095.4 -205.5

1989 1482.2 1283.9 -198.3 1300.9 1182.3 -118.6

1990 1482.2 1865.8 383.6 1300.9 1380.1 79.2

1991 1482.2 1462.2 -20.0 1300.9 1312.7 11.8

1992 1482.2 1344.1 -138.1 1300.9 1216.6 -84.3

1993 1482.2 1417.6 -64.6 1300.9 1345.5 44.6

1994 1482.2 1700.2 218.0 1300.9 1583.3 282.4

1995 1482.2 1600.4 188.2 1300.9 1076.2 -224.7

1996 1482.2 988.9 -493.3 1300.9 925.1 -375.8

1997 1482.2 1463.0 -19.2 1300.9 1246.5 -54.5

1998 1482.2 1279.6 -202.6 1300.9 1282.2 -18.7

1999 1482.2 1433.8 -48.4 1300.9 1282.2 -18.7

2000 1482.2 1022.9 -459.3 1300.9 899.5 -401.4

2001 1482.2 1616.1 133.9 1300.9 1463.0 162.1

i

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1987

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1016.4 -552.0 1278.7 764.1 -532.6

2 Bolangir 1443.5 869.5 -574.0 1330.1 769.0 -561.1

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1192.0 -309.3 1266.5 970.4 -296.1

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 999.0 -422.1 1230.1 854.6 -375.5

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1154.9 -140.7 1042.6 738.6 -304.0

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 1048.7 -329.5 1259.2 903.9 -355.3

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1127.5 -407.0 1282.3 896.7 -385.6

8 Koraput 1521.8 1198.4 -323.4 1315.8 969.1 -346.7

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1068.5 -579.7 1383.0 948.5 -434.5

10 Phulubani 1597.1 808.1 -789.0 1391.2 620.0 -771.2

11 Puri 1449.1 1019.2 -429.9 1229.8 757.1 -472.7

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 947.5 -579.5 1405.1 831.9 -573.2

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 1075.9 -571.7 1489.1 979.2 -509.9

Orissa 1482.2 1040.4 -441.8 1300.9 845.0 -455.9

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1988

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1695.7 127.3 1278.7 1406.4 127.7

2 Bolangir 1443.5 922.6 -520.9 1330.1 829.8 -500.3

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1448.2 -53.1 1266.5 1286.1 19.6

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1314.6 -106.5 1230.1 1145.6 -84.5

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1314.4 18.8 1042.6 1101.7 59.1

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 978.1 -400.1 1259.2 882.3 -376.9

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1539.4 4.9 1282.3 1238.0 44.3

8 Koraput 1521.8 1201.2 -320.6 1315.8 1076.7 -239.1

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1471.0 -177.2 1383.0 1253.4 -129.6

10 Phulubani 1597.1 1266.5 -330.6 1391.2 1078.5 -312.7

11 Puri 1449.1 1174.7 -274.4 1229.8 1033.2 -196.6

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 1019.9 -507.1 1405.1 889.3 -515.8

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 1169.8 -477.8 1489.1 1018.3 -470.8

Orissa 1482.2 1270.5 -221.7 1300.9 1095.4 -205.5

ii

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1990

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1903.0 334.6 1278.7 1286.4 7.7

2 Bolangir 1443.5 1753.3 309.8 1330.1 1455.1 125.0

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1945.8 444.5 1266.5 1239.7 -26.8

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1751.2 330.1 1230.1 1274.6 44.5

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1918.4 622.8 1042.6 1095.4 52.8

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 2247.7 1169.5 1259.2 1864.5 605.3

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1869.2 634.7 1282.3 1440.0 157.7

8 Koraput 1521.8 1967.0 445.2 1315.8 1484.6 168.8

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1993.9 345.7 1383.0 1576.3 193.3

10 Phulubani 1597.1 2220.7 623.6 1391.2 1636.3 245.1

11 Puri 1449.1 1981.0 531.9 1229.8 1238.6 8.8

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 1429.1 -97.9 1405.1 1227.2 -177.9

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 1274.8 -372.8 1489.1 1123.0 -366.1

Orissa 1482.2 1865.8 383.6 1300.9 1380.1 79.2

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1989

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1640.5 72.1 1278.7 1338.5 59.8

2 Bolangir 1443.5 1046.5 -397.0 1330.1 1038.8 -291.3

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1395.8 -105.5 1266.5 1176.6 -89.9

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1298.8 -122.3 1230.1 1217.6 -12.5

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1177.2 -118.4 1042.6 1079.1 36.5

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 1072.2 -306.0 1259.2 1035.6 -223.6

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1503.8 -30.7 1282.3 1395.4 113.1

8 Koraput 1521.8 1236.3 -285.5 1315.8 1160.4 -155.4

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1524.2 -124.0 1383.0 1328.5 -54.5

10 Phulubani 1597.1 1339.8 -257.3 1391.2 1294.0 -97.2

11 Puri 1449.1 1244.5 -204.6 1229.8 1108.8 121.0

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 1171.8 -355.2 1405.1 1158.6 -246.5

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 1040.2 -607.4 1489.1 1037.5 -451.6

Orissa 1482.2 1283.9 -198.3 1300.9 1182.3 -118.6

iii

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1992

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1625.4 57.0 1278.7 1375.1 96.4

2 Bolangir 1443.5 1356.4 12.9 1330.1 1407.8 77.7

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1450.1 -51.2 1266.5 1219.5 -47.0

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1265.4 -155.7 1230.1 1159.2 -70.9

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1326.5 30.9 1042.6 1170.8 128.2

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 1495.7 117.5 1259.2 1418.5 159.3

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1054.0 -480.5 1282.3 920.2 -362.1

8 Koraput 1521.8 1407.7 -114.1 1315.8 1309.6 -6.2

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1071.0 -577.2 1383.0 973.5 -409.5

10 Phulubani 1597.1 1552.5 -44.6 1391.2 1436.0 44.8

11 Puri 1449.1 1432.9 -16.2 1229.8 1244.8 15.0

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 1393.2 -133.8 1405.1 1334.0 -71.1

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 942.7 -704.9 1489.1 846.5 -642.6

Orissa 1482.2 1344.1 -138.1 1300.9 1216.6 -84.3

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1991

(In mms.)

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Balasore 1568.4 1513.4 -55.0 1278.7 1242.1 -36.6

2 Bolangir 1443.5 1235.6 -207.9 1330.1 1153.6 -176.5

3 Cuttack 1501.3 1649.7 148.4 1266.5 1480.2 216.7

4 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1577.1 156.0 1230.1 1404.1 174.0

5 Ganjam 1295.6 1411.9 116.3 1042.6 1215.7 173.1

6 Kalahandi 1378.2 1568.9 190.7 1259.2 1491.5 232.3

7 Keonjhar 1534.5 1432.1 -102.4 1282.3 1287.8 5.5

8 Koraput 1521.8 1356.8 -165.0 1315.8 1242.5 -73.3

9 Mayurbhanja 1648.2 1318.8 -329.5 1383.0 1126.1 -256.9

10 Phulubani 1597.1 1718.6 121.5 1391.2 1566.9 175.7

11 Puri 1449.1 1690.3 241.2 1229.8 1495.3 265.5

12 Sambalpur 1527.0 1241.8 -285.2 1405.1 1156.2 -248.9

13 Sundergarh 1647.6 1293.5 -354.1 1489.1 1202.9 -286.2

Orissa 1482.2 1462.2 -441.8 1300.9 1312.7 11.8

iv

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1993

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1353.9 -67.2 1230.1 1267.7 37.6

2 Balasore 1568.4 1966.3 397.9 1278.7 1681.2 402.5

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1332.6 -194.4 1405.1 1288.2 -116.9

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1908.3 339.9 1278.7 1688.2 409.5

5 Bolangir 1443.5 1293.3 -150.2 1330.1 1225.6 -104.5

6 Boudh 1579.1 1065.8 -531.3 1391.2 989.3 -401.9

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1448.6 -52.7 1266.5 1349.9 83.4

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1529.6 2.6 1405.1 1438.7 33.6

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1527.7 106.6 1230.1 1414.0 183.9

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1162.4 -133.2 1042.6 968.9 -73.7

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1155.9 -139.7 1042.6 991.9 -50.7

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1688.1 186.8 1266.5 1594.1 327.6

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1835.9 334.6 1266.5 1660.5 394.0

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1302.9 -224.1 1405.1 1237.4 -167.7

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1553.7 175.5 1259.2 1458.5 199.3

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1271.3 -325.8 1391.2 1121.7 -269.5

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 2013.4 512.1 1266.5 1891.9 625.4

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1461.3 -73.2 1282.3 1256.5 -25.8

19 Khurda 1449.1 1385.2 -63.9 1229.8 1278.9 49.1

20 Koraput 1521.8 1292.5 -229.3 1315.8 1239.0 -76.8

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1188.9 -332.9 1315.8 1223.5 -192.3

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1468.2 -180.0 1383.0 1248.7 -134.3

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1357.0 -164.8 1315.8 1250.3 -65.5

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1114.5 -334.6 1229.8 987.2 -242.6

25 Nupada 1378.2 950.9 -427.3 1259.2 906.2 -353.0

26 Puri 1449.1 1634.8 185.7 1229.8 1512.0 282.2

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1037.7 -484.1 1315.8 885.1 -430.7

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1443.2 -83.8 1405.1 1386.0 -19.1

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1406.2 -37.3 1330.1 1346.7 16.6

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1328.7 -318.9 1489.1 1263.4 -225.7

Orissa 1482.2 1417.6 -64.6 1300.9 1345.5 44.6

v

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1994

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1700.3 279.2 1230.1 1613.2 383.1

2 Balasore 1568.4 1781.9 213.5 1278.7 1515.7 237.0

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1728.8 201.8 1405.1 1707.8 302.7

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1547.2 -21.2 1278.7 1323.0 44.3

5 Bolangir 1443.5 1758.2 341.7 1330.1 1745.5 415.4

6 Boudh 1579.1 1815.7 218.6 1391.2 1783.3 392.1

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1461.6 -39.7 1266.5 1335.1 68.6

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1786.9 259.9 1405.1 1660.0 254.9

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1696.0 274.9 1230.1 1539.8 309.7

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1456.0 160.4 1042.6 1200.9 158.3

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1213.3 -82.3 1042.6 1050.4 7.8

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1594.1 92.8 1266.5 1501.8 253.3

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1756.1 254.8 1266.5 1503.7 237.2

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 2338.1 811.1 1405.1 2246.4 841.3

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 2045.3 667.1 1259.2 1961.4 702.2

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 2088.3 491.2 1391.2 1910.0 518.8

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 1493.4 -7.9 1266.5 1385.5 119.0

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1292.2 -242.3 1282.3 1204.2 -78.1

19 Khurda 1449.1 1461.0 11.9 1229.8 1387.7 157.9

20 Koraput 1521.8 1507.7 -14.1 1315.8 1390.1 74.3

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 2130.0 608.2 1315.8 2049.3 733.5

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1671.2 23.0 1383.0 1474.6 91.6

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1646.3 124.5 1315.8 1556.6 240.8

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1496.1 47.0 1229.8 1340.9 111.1

25 Nupada 1378.2 1366.3 -11.9 1259.2 1304.9 45.7

26 Puri 1449.1 1749.3 300.2 1229.8 1685.5 455.7

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1312.5 -209.3 1315.8 1170.0 -145.8

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 2057.1 530.1 1405.1 2034.2 629.1

29 Sonepur 1443.5 2082.1 638.6 1330.1 2046.6 716.5

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1945.2 297.6 1489.1 1870.7 381.6

Orissa 1482.2 1700.2 218.0 1300.9 1583.3 282.4

vi

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1995

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1322.6 -98.5 1230.1 853.6 -376.5

2 Balasore 1568.4 2187.8 619.4 1278.7 1425.3 146.6

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1267.6 -259.4 1405.1 993.9 -411.2

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1728.8 160.4 1278.7 1119.7 -159.0

5 Bolangir 1443.5 1741.5 298.0 1330.1 1159.1 -171.0

6 Boudh 1579.1 1234.3 -362.8 1391.2 886.6 -504.6

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1587.4 86.1 1266.5 901.6 -364.9

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1247.9 -279.1 1405.1 911.1 -494.0

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1746.0 324.9 1230.1 1065.2 -164.9

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1987.5 691.9 1042.6 1117.4 74.8

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1942.6 647.0 1042.6 1153.9 111.3

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1765.1 263.8 1266.5 1057.1 -209.4

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1854.3 353.0 1266.5 1118.4 -148.1

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1519.4 -7.6 1405.1 1281.9 -123.2

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1580.4 202.2 1259.2 1250.8 -8.4

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1816.9 219.8 1391.2 1068.1 -323.1

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 1906.8 405.5 1266.5 1158.4 -108.1

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1184.4 -350.1 1282.3 843.3 -439.0

19 Khurda 1449.1 1848.7 399.6 1229.8 1046.9 -182.9

20 Koraput 1521.8 1491.4 -30.4 1315.8 1191.6 -124.2

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1465.4 -56.4 1315.8 1258.6 -57.2

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1530.5 -117.7 1383.0 1056.1 -326.9

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1498.2 -23.6 1315.8 1202.2 -113.6

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1798.6 349.5 1229.8 983.7 -246.1

25 Nupada 1378.2 1146.4 -231.8 1259.2 922.5 -336.7

26 Puri 1449.1 2099.2 650.1 1229.8 1223.9 -5.9

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1430.2 -91.6 1315.8 871.6 -444.2

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1410.5 -116.5 1405.1 1095.5 -309.6

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1437.7 -5.8 1330.1 1067.3 -262.8

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1230.0 -417.6 1489.1 1000.5 -488.6

Orissa 1482.2 1600.4 118.2 1300.9 1076.2 -224.7

vii

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1996

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 959.4 -461.7 1230.1 925.0 -305.1

2 Balasore 1568.4 1408.9 -159.5 1278.7 1309.3 30.6

3 Baragarh 1527.0 814.0 -713.3 1405.1 783.1 -622.0

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1154.1 -414.3 1278.7 1037.0 -241.7

5 Bolangir 1443.5 715.8 -727.7 1330.1 668.7 -661.4

6 Boudh 1579.1 584.9 -1012.2 1391.2 570.5 -820.7

7 Cuttack 1501.3 805.2 -696.1 1266.5 718.5 -548.0

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1336.9 -190.1 1405.1 1276.1 -129.0

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1019.9 -401.2 1230.1 928.6 -301.5

10 Gajapati 1295.6 910.1 -385.5 1042.6 808.7 -233.9

11 Ganjam 1295.6 939.5 -356.1 1042.6 786.9 -255.7

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 822.8 -678.5 1266.5 767.6 -498.9

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1010.7 -490.6 1266.5 858.5 -408.0

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1216.2 -310.8 1405.1 1193.4 -211.7

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1037.6 -340.6 1259.2 974.1 -285.1

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1092.3 -504.8 1391.2 975.3 -415.9

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 935.4 -565.9 1266.5 892.9 -373.6

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 929.8 -604.7 1282.3 878.7 -403.6

19 Khurda 1449.1 778.1 -671.0 1229.8 698.9 -530.9

20 Koraput 1521.8 1229. 6 -292.2 1315.8 1180.9 -134.9

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1524.8 3.0 1315.8 1487.3 171.5

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1184.5 -463.7 1383.0 1095.4 -287.6

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1244.2 -277.6 1315.8 1142.6 -173.2

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 776.9 -672.2 1229.8 753.6 -476.2

25 Nupada 1378.2 674.6 -703.6 1259.2 646.0 -613.2

26 Puri 1449.1 764.3 -684.8 1229.8 742.5 -487.3

27 Rayagada 1521.8 944.2 -577.6 1315.8 875.0 -440.8

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1039.5 -687.5 1405.1 1033.9 -371.2

29 Sonepur 1443.5 741.6 -701.9 1330.1 714.8 -615.3

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1071.9 -575.7 1489.1 1030.0 -459.1

Orissa 1482.2 988.9 -493.3 1300.9 925.1 -375.8

viii

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1997

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1477.9 56.8 1230.1 1283.5 53.4

2 Balasore 1568.4 2232.3 663.9 1278.7 1691.1 412.4

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1447.3 -79.7 1405.1 1304.3 -100.8

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1725.6 157.2 1278.7 1382.0 103.3

5 Bolangir 1443.5 1215.6 -227.9 1330.1 1113.1 -217.0

6 Boudh 1579.1 1410.3 -186.8 1391.2 1272.0 -119.2

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1660.3 159.0 1266.5 1411.1 144.6

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1292.0 -235.0 1405.1 1098.0 -307.1

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1589.3 168.2 1230.1 1313.0 82.9

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1284.4 -11.2 1042.6 947.4 -95.2

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1215.2 -80.4 1042.6 1006.0 -36.6

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1812.5 311.2 1266.5 1639.6 373.1

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1771.8 270.5 1266.5 1411.4 144.9

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 984.2 -542.8 1405.1 937.2 -467.9

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1612.3 234.1 1259.2 1421.1 161.9

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1754.7 157.6 1391.2 1397.5 6.3

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 146.6 -37.7 1266.5 1556.7 290.2

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1428.2 -106.3 1282.3 1138.4 -143.9

19 Khurda 1449.1 1500.6 51.5 1229.8 1267.3 37.5

20 Koraput 1521.8 1334.6 -187.2 1315.8 1084.1 -231.7

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1196.5 -325.3 1315.8 1058.8 -257.0

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1533.1 -115.1 1383.0 1216.9 -166.1

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1303.2 -218.6 1315.8 1070.8 -245.0

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1413.1 -36.0 1229.8 1182.2 -47.6

25 Nupada 1378.2 997.6 -380.6 1259.2 897.8 -361.4

26 Puri 1449.1 1586.1 137.0 1229.8 1382.8 153.0

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1101.1 -420.7 1315.8 876.1 -439.7

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1468.5 -58.5 1405.1 1383.0 -22.1

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1805.5 362.0 1330.1 1635.9 305.8

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1274.1 -373.5 1489.1 1127.1 -362.0

Orissa 1482.2 1463.0 -19.2 1300.9 1246.5 -54.4

ix

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1998

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1094.7 -326.4 1230.1 890.9 -339.2

2 Balasore 1568.4 1608.1 39.7 1278.7 1166.1 -112.6

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1156.0 -371.0 1405.1 1029.9 -375.2

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1202.2 -366.2 1278.7 969.5 -309.2

5 Bolangir 1443.5 971.7 -471.8 1330.1 763.7 -566.4

6 Boudh 1579.1 874.1 -723.0 1391.2 764.6 -626.6

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1447.5 -53.8 1266.5 1154.3 -112.2

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1179.9 -347.1 1405.1 1325.4 -379.7

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1337.3 -83.8 1230.1 1126.6 -103.5

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1246.3 -49.3 1042.6 927.8 -114.8

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1374.3 78.8 1042.6 986.6 -56.0

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1898.6 397.3 1266.5 1601.0 334.5

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1445.9 -55.4 1266.5 1152.5 -114.0

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1256.4 -270.6 1405.1 1097.6 -307.5

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1111.6 -266.6 1259.2 932.8 -326.4

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1475.7 -121.4 1391.2 1072.8 -318.4

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 1287.4 -213.9 1266.5 1053.8 -212.7

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1152.0 -382.5 1282.3 914.4 -367.9

19 Khurda 1449.1 1509.9 60.8 1229.8 1163.6 -66.2

20 Koraput 1521.8 1278.9 -242.9 1315.8 1042.2 -273.6

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1411.3 -110.5 1315.8 1219.7 -96.1

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1233.5 -414.7 1383.0 868.4 -514.6

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1216.0 -305.8 1315.8 1011.2 -304.6

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1234.5 -214.6 1229.8 937.7 -292.1

25 Nupada 1378.2 1160.2 -218.0 1259.2 970.6 -288.6

26 Puri 1449.1 1707.6 258.5 1229.8 1415.0 185.2

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1323.3 -198.5 1315.8 1103.9 -211.9

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 962.2 -564.8 1405.1 925.8 -479.3

29 Sonepur 1443.5 973.4 -470.1 1330.1 863.4 -466.7

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1258.8 -388.8 1489.1 994.6 -494.5

Orissa 1482.2 1279.6 -202.6 1300.9 1036.1 -264.8

x

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-1999

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1348.0 -73.1 1230.1 1217.0 -13.1

2 Balasore 1568.4 2183.2 614.8 1278.7 1887.2 608.5

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1251.0 -276.0 1405.1 1101.2 -303.9

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1730.8 162.4 1278.7 1575.4 296.7

5 Bolangir 1443.5 926.5 -517.0 1330.1 854.1 -476.0

6 Boudh 1579.1 1039.2 -557.9 1391.2 942.7 -448.5

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1773.2 271.9 1266.5 1625.4 358.9

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1563.5 36.5 1405.1 1419.9 14.8

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1542.4 121.3 1230.1 1399.5 169.4

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1030.9 -264.7 1042.6 836.5 -206.1

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1232.6 -63.0 1042.6 1084.9 42.3

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1680.1 178.8 1266.5 1452.4 185.9

13 Jajpur 1501.3 2079.0 577.7 1266.5 1836.3 568.9

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1158.0 -369.0 1405.1 1101.5 -303.6

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1209.8 -168.4 1259.2 1100.1 -159.1

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1362.8 -234.3 1391.2 1217.9 -173.3

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 2072.1 570.8 1266.5 1883.5 617.0

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1594.9 60.4 1282.3 1416.3 134.0

19 Khurda 1449.1 1473.5 24.4 1229.8 1298.9 69.1

20 Koraput 1521.8 1465.4 -56.4 1315.8 1267.3 -48.5

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1748.0 226.2 1315.8 1661.2 345.5

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1670.9 22.7 1383.0 1466.3 83.3

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1434.5 -87.3 1315.8 1273.8 -42.0

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1060.3 -388.8 1229.8 939.0 -290.8

25 Nupada 1378.2 1009.7 -368.5 1259.2 910.9 -348.3

26 Puri 1449.1 1559.7 110.6 1229.8 1393.8 164.0

27 Rayagada 1521.8 866.0 -635.8 1315.8 790.4 -525.4

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1276.7 -250.3 1405.1 1157.2 -247.9

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1156.9 -286.6 1330.1 1013.1 -317.0

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1493.9 -153.7 1489.1 1344.0 -145.1

Orissa 1482.2 1433.8 -48.4 1300.9 1282.2 -18.7

xi

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-2000

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 896.5 -524.6 1230.1 783.8 -446.3

2 Balasore 1568.4 1492.2 -76.2 1278.7 1158.7 -120.0

3 Baragarh 1527.0 844.1 -682.9 1405.1 801.5 -603.6

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 842.4 -726.0 1278.7 760.8 -517.9

5 Bolangir 1443.5 781.5 -662.0 1330.1 730.6 -599.5

6 Boudh 1579.1 981.5 -615.6 1391.2 899.2 -492.0

7 Cuttack 1501.3 915.4 -585.9 1266.5 808.7 -457.8

8 Deogarh 1527.0 813.3 -713.7 1405.1 707.4 -697.7

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1016.4 -404.7 1230.1 887.9 -342.2

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1166.5 -129.1 1042.6 919.2 -123.4

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1010.8 -248.8 1042.6 855.4 -187.2

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 729.1 -772.2 1266.5 627.6 -638.9

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1014.3 -487.0 1266.5 833.3 -433.2

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 620.0 -907.0 1405.1 535.6 -869.5

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 1291.8 -86.4 1259.2 1198.4 -60.8

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1278.9 -318.2 1391.2 1082.6 -308.6

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 874.0 -627.3 1266.5 797.3 -469.2

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1153.1 -381.4 1282.3 940.1 -342.2

19 Khurda 1449.1 1209.9 -239.2 1229.8 1064.6 -165.2

20 Koraput 1521.8 1358.7 -163.1 1315.8 1240.5 -75.3

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1296.1 -225.7 1315.8 1231.4 -84.4

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1290.3 -357.9 1383.0 1073.5 -309.5

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1310.9 -210.9 1315.8 1192.7 -123.1

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1190.8 -258.3 1229.8 1044.6 -185.2

25 Nupada 1378.2 684.1 -694.1 1259.2 607.9 -651.3

26 Puri 1449.1 939.6 -509.5 1229.8 827.6 -402.2

27 Rayagada 1521.8 876.8 -645.0 1315.8 764.9 -550.9

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 821.3 -705.7 1405.1 776.2 -628.9

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1008.2 -435.3 1330.1 924.5 -405.6

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 977.1 -670.5 1489.1 907.3 -581.8

Orissa 1482.2 1022.9 -459.3 1300.9 899.5 -401.4

xii

APPENDIX

TABLE - 1.02

District-wise Normal and Actual Rainfall for the Year-2001

In mms.

Sl. No. Name of Normal Actual Deviation From June to October

the Districts from Normal Actual Deviation

normal from

normal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Anugul 1421.1 1663.4 242.3 1230.1 1564.1 334.0

2 Balasore 1568.4 1842.1 273.7 1278.7 1514.2 235.5

3 Baragarh 1527.0 1524.5 -2.5 1405.1 1462.6 57.5

4 Bhadrak 1568.4 1630.3 61.9 1278.7 1311.7 33.0

5 Bolangir 1443.5 1604.9 161.4 1330.1 1557.9 227.8

6 Boudh 1579.1 1461.7 -135.4 1391.2 1383.3 -7.9

7 Cuttack 1501.3 1896.5 395.2 1266.5 1660.3 393.8

8 Deogarh 1527.0 1667.9 140.9 1405.1 1585.1 180.0

9 Dhenkanal 1421.1 1626.4 205.3 1230.1 1505.2 275.1

10 Gajapati 1295.6 1200.7 -94.9 1042.6 995.4 -47.2

11 Ganjam 1295.6 1376.7 81.1 1042.6 1083.7 41.1

12 Jagatsinghpur 1501.3 1504.3 3.0 1266.5 1256.0 -10.5

13 Jajpur 1501.3 1430.8 -70.5 1266.5 1244.8 -21.7

14 Jharsuguda 1527.0 1374.9 -152.1 1405.1 1262.4 -142.7

15 Kalahandi 1378.2 2366.1 -987.9 1259.2 2292.8 1033.6

16 Kandhamal 1597.1 1965.5 368.4 1391.2 1796.6 405.4

17 Kendrapara 1501.3 1211.7 -289.6 1266.5 1069.4 -197.1

18 Keonjhar 1534.5 1389.9 -144.6 1282.3 1176.8 -105.5

19 Khurda 1449.1 2058.9 609.8 1229.8 1837.6 607.8

20 Koraput 1521.8 1631.3 109.5 1315.8 1457.2 141.4

21 Mayurbhanja 1521.8 1174.5 -347.3 1315.8 1112.7 -203.1

22 Nawarngapur 1648.2 1720.3 72.1 1383.0 1468.8 85.8

23 Nayagarh 1521.8 1804.1 282.3 1315.8 1667.4 351.6

24 Nayagarh 1449.1 1824.1 375.0 1229.8 1657.4 427.6

25 Nupada 1378.2 1239.0 -139.2 1259.2 1169.2 -90.0

26 Puri 1449.1 1554.9 105.8 1229.8 1552.2 322.4

27 Rayagada 1521.8 1200.8 -321.0 1315.8 1028.2 -287.6

28 Sambalpur 1527.0 1802.7 275.7 1405.1 1769.3 364.2

29 Sonepur 1443.5 1866.7 423.2 1330.1 1819.2 489.1

30 Sundergarh 1647.6 1719.4 71.8 1489.1 1632.9 143.8

Orissa 1482.2 1616.1 133.9 1300.9 1463.0 162.1

xiii

APPENDIX