NCA Constitution Law Summary
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Part I: Basic Concepts 1. Sources and Nature of the Constitution Hogg, chapter 1, “Sources” Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217 1. Sources and Nature of the Constitution Hogg, chapter 1, “Sources” Definition Constitutional law is the law prescribing the exercise of power by the organs of a State. It explains which organs can exercise legislative powers (make new laws), executive power (implement new laws) and judicial laws (adjudicating disputes) and what those limitations are. Concerns- Allocation of government powers (legislative, executive, judicial) among central and regional authorities is its basic concern. The protection of civil liberties is also its concern. A constitution has been described as a “mirror reflecting the national soul”. “Constitutionalism”- A word used to convey that idea that government is ruled by law. The word “rule of law” is used to convey the same idea. This describes a society in which government officials must act in accordance with the law. Judicial independence is needed. The rule of law applies to Parliament and Legislatures of the Province. Laws in breach of the constitution may be challenged in court. Constitutional Act 1867 In Canada there is no single constitutional document like the US. The British North American Act 1867(changed in 82’ to Constitutional Act 1867) is similar. BNA created a new Dominion of Canada by uniting three colonies of British North America and by providing the frame work for the admission of all other British North American colonies. The BNA act established the rules of federalism but did not break from its colonial past. Missing features of this act: No amending clause in this act & s9 vests authority over Canada by the Queen’s representative the Governor General but the GG’s office is no where created in the Act. No mention or system of respon sible government ( the prime minster, the cabinet) It did not write the Supreme Court into the act although s 101 gave authority to create it. Didn’t create a bill of rights but relied on British common law. Constitutional Act 1982 3 Important repairs were made in 1982. 1) They were a domestic amending formula was adopted 2) the authority over Canada of the UK Parliament was terminated & 3) the Charter of Rights was adopted. Still very hard to comprehend Canada Act 1982-a short statue of the UK Parliament which terminated the authority over Canada. The Constitutional Act 1982 -does 2 things which are intended to effect some modernization and rationalization of Canada’s constitutional law. 1) the name of the BNA act is changed to the Constitutional Act 1867. 2) for the first time a defining of the phrase “Constitution of Canada’ The Constitution of Canada s52 ( 2) The Constitution of Canada includes: (note: definition o f the Constitutio n of Canada)
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