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Nawal RajaMarianne EstradaAngelica BengocheaPeriod 0

Digestive SystemCommon Symptoms of Digestive System DisordersPainNauseaDyspepsia (Indigestion)Anorexia (Loss of Appetite)Dysphagia (Difficulty Swallowing)DiarrheaConstipationBleeding from Digestive Tract

Questions to ask during a Patient History

When did you first notice the pain?Where do you feel the pain?

What makes the pain better or worse?

Physical Examination InvolvesObservationPalpationEnables the clinician to evaluate the size/shape/texture of an organPercussionDetects abnormalities of the liver/spleen/fluid/ gas accumulation in the abdominal cavity AuscultationDetermines the peristaltic actions of the GI tractSpit a BeatBowel sounds normally range from 5 to 30 clicks or gurgles per minute

Prolonged gurgling is called borborygmus

The frequency of the bowel sounds is reduced by intestinal obstruction and increased in diarrhea

Pancreatitis??Is actually the inflammation of the pancreasAcute Pancreatitis is a severe inflammation requiring hospital care, but leaves no lasting damageChronic Pancreatitis lasts longer and leaves the pancreas permanently damagedA person with either form experiences sudden epigastric and midabdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, fever, and tachycardiaTreatment focuses on stopping the autodigestion of the pancreas

Liver DisordersTwo Common Hepatic Disorders are Hepatitis and CirrhosisDisorders of the liver produce extremely serious complications like jaundice, portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites

CirrhosisIrreversible inflammatory liver diseaseDevelops slowly over a period of years, but has a high rate of mortalityCharacterized by a disorganized liver histologyThe bile passages become obstructed leading to jaundiceObstruction of the hepatic circulation stimulates angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vesselsThe most common form of cirrhosis is alcoholic cirrhosisTreatment involves nutritional support, control of gastrointestinal bleeding and ascites

HepatitisInflammation of the liver, associated with the viruses called hepatitisViral strains causing hepatitis differ from eitherTransmissionPrevention (Vaccination)Onset of SymptomsSeverityAffected Age Groups45% of people show evidence of having itProgresses through three phasesSymptoms include fatigue, malaise, nausea, vomiting, painTreatment include eating a low fat, high carb diet, and wait for recovery

Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseAre usually chronic and may affect the small intestine and large intestine or bothThe three most common are ulcerative colitis, Crohn Disease, and Diverticulitis

Ulcerative ColitisA chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine, especially the rectumStrikes between the ages of 20 and 40Cause is unknownSmall lesions begin the intestinal crypts and coalesce form larger ulcersThe disease progresses to painful cramps, watery diarrhea and urgent need to defecateTreated with anti-inflammatory and colostomy of the inflamed region

Crohn DiseaseSimilar to Ulcerative ColitisAffects both and cross the the large and small intestineProduces fissures that cross the intestinal wall and may involve both mucosa and serosaThey give the intestinal wall a cobblestone appearance Chief symptom is an irritable bowel, produces diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, or painTreated with immunosuppressive drugs

DiverticulitisInflammation of diverticula (Found on the colon)The most commonly affected region of the GI tract is the sigmoid colonThe condition worsened by low fiber diets because the lack of bulk in the stool reduces the diameter of the colonCauses painful cramping, diarrhea, or constipationOccasionally it ruptures and peritonitis may ensureDiagnosed same way as Ulcerative Colitis

AppendicitisInflammation of the vermiform appendixCause is still uncertainSigns begin with a vague pain in the epigastric or umbilical regionPain is accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomitingPhysical examination typically shows rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrantConfirmed by ultrasound or laparoscopy (viewing the abdominal cavity)Treatment is appendectomy (emergency surgery of the abdomen)

Colorectal CancerCancer of the lower intestinal tractCauses 10-15% of all cancer-related deathsRisk factors include aging, diverticulitic, chronic ulcerative colitis, and family history of colorectal cancerPatient may complain of lower abdominal pain and rectal bleedingBest diagnostic tools is an ocult blood testTreatment consists of surgically removing the cancerous region and associated lymphatic components5 year survival rate followed surgery is greater than 90&As metastasis increases, survival rate decreases

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