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Transcript of navice, navi langauge
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Karyu Amawey
Version 3.4Last updated: 7 January 2010
Sources
NaVi LanguagePhonology & Orthography 1Vowels 1Consonants 2Lenition 2Grammar 3Pronouns 3Nouns & Prepositions 3-6Plurals 3Gender 4Articles 4Case 4-5Adpositions 5-6Adjectives 6Numbers 6Verbs 7Questions & Demonstratives 9
Changing Parts of Speech 10Phrases 10Lexicon 11http://www.learnnavi.org/
http://www.learnnavi.org/http://www.learnnavi.org/http://www.learnnavi.org/ -
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Phonology and orthographyNavi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereuponmemories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for thepurpose of humans learning Navi, a standardized form was developed using Roman letterscoupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.
Phonology:***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.
Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been madeupon them.
Vowels:There are seven simple vowels:
Front Central Back
Close [i]i[]
[u]u
Close-Mid [o]oOpen-Mid [e]
[]
Open [a]a
and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].
These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within aword. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables[m.u.i.a].
In addition, the syllabic consonants ll[l ] and rr [r ] behave as vowels, as in pllte [pl .t]"to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ ]. Thesemay occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr .ap] "dangerous".
Navi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress:tte[tu.t]"person", tut [tu.t] "female person". Although stress may move withderivation, as here, it isnot affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "tobe" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays onthat vowel: lol [lo.lu] "was" (lolu), lolng [lo.lng. u] "was (ugh!)" (lolngu), etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_%28phonetics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill -
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ConsonantsThere are twenty one consonants in Navi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are writtenwith digraphs inx,a convention that appears to be unique to Navi.
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Ejective [px]p [tx]t [kx]kPlosive [p]p [t]t [k]k []Affricate [ts]Fricative [f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z [h] hNasal [m]m [n] n [ng] Flap [r] Trill [rr]rLiquid/glide [w]w [l] l or [ll] l [y]j
The fricatives, f v s z h, and the affricate, ts, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; theother consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final positionare considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed byanother final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing beforevowels, (f ts s)may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (thestops and liquids/glides) apart from() making for 39 clusters.
Lenition:
For some NaVi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural
marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought
to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds whenfound consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:
Before plural marker After plural marker
px, tx, kx p, t, k
p, t/ts, k f, s, h
(deletion)
Examples:tsmuk sibling kelku homeaysmuk/smuk siblings mehelku/helku homespxun arm
mepun/pun arms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant -
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GrammarPronounsNavi pronouns encodeclusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending onwhether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two ofus" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.
sing. dual trial plural
Exclusive oe moe ayoe
Inclusive oeng ayoeng
2nd person nga aynga
3rd person po mefo ayfo
The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga, respectively. "He"and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and po.
These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what theymean.
me- dual marker oe 1st.singularay- plural marker ng(a) 2nd.singular
po(an/) 3rd.singular
For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into two mes (meaning myself
and someone else) and me and you, respectively.
Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)Nouns and prepositionsNouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, theynot only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are notuncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are onlyfound with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only
occasionally (and optionally) marked.
Plurals:
The plural prefix is ay-, and the dual is me- (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenitionin Navi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may bedropped, so the plural oftokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity -
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Gender:
Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -, which is stressed:tsmuk or tsmktu "sibling", tsmkan "brother", tsmuk "sister".
Articles:
There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely ondemonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).
Case:
Case Vowel Final Marker Consonant Final Marker
Intransitive N/A N/AErgative (Transitive Agent) -l -l
Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i) -itDative -ru -ruGenitive -y - eyTopical -ri -ri
One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languagesspoken by humans, Navi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the objectof the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent withthe ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:
Oe-l nga-ti kameie
I-ERGyou-ACCSeeLAUD"I See you" (a greeting)
For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminologyused for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.
Genitive (-y)
The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. InEnglish, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (s):
E.g.Johns
cheese.Charlottes book.
In the case of NaVi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun toshow possession over another noun.
E.g. Oe-y tmuntxa.I-GEN mateMy mate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case -
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Ayoeng-ey KelutrelPl.Incl.-GEN HometreeOur Hometree
Dative (-ru)
The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whomsomething is given, or in other words, the recipient of something.
E.g. John gave Mary the book.Mary was given the book from John.
NaVi: Amhul-1 Ralu-ru vul-ti tngAmhul-ERG Ralu-DAT treebranch-ACC giveAmhul gives Ralu the treebranch
Topic Marker (-ri)The topic marker is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent
to (though much more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is,when a noun is made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix.***This is not a substitute for the possessive case. Instead it is used to gather focus from alarger clause onto a single entity.
E.g. The play was not enjoyed by anyone.As for John, the play was not enjoyable.
NaVi: tukru-ri lehrrap lu tengkrr oe taronspear-TOP dangerous be while I huntThe spear is dangerous while/when I hunt
Adpositions:
Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adpositionmay occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greaterdegree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga
or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarianand Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain ofthem trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is m "in", as in m sokx "in the body".This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: m sokx could also be short for m aysokx"in the bodies".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adposition -
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em "over, above" m "behind, in back"eo "before, in front of" fa "per" (with, by means of)fpi "for the sake of" ftu "from" (direction)hu "with, together with" (accompaniment)Eywa ngahu Eywa (Na'vi god) (be) with you
l "via, along, by"
ka "across" ne "to" (direction) Terran ayoe ayngane weare walking your way
kip "among" ta "from" (generic)m "in"
AdjectivesNaviadjectives are inflected to show connection to their noun by using the syllabic vowel a-,which is attached on the side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressedeither as,
ngim-a kilvan
long-ATTRriver
or as,
kilvan a-ngim
river ATTR-long
The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can
also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedomof expression.
The attributive affix -a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectivesinstead take the "be" verb lu:
kilvan ngim lu
river long be
"The river is long"
NumbersAs the Navi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a fewnumbers are attested:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicative_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective -
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aw 1mune 2tsng 4onmrr (?) 5vofu 16
tsvol 32
From this it would appear that the root for 4 is ts, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".
Numerals form various derivatives, such as awpo "one" (an individual), (n)awve"first", awsitng "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"(not-one-time), naw "only", and nawtu "alone" from "one"; also nmun "again" andperhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".
VerbsVerbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, Iwas, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" istolaron, with the infix ol.
There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, andafter the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Navi verbs have two syllables, thesecommonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic wordslike lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relativeorder, as in tsun[tsolngun] "was able to (ugh!)".
The first infix position (after the consonant of the penultimate syllable) is taken by infixes fortense, aspect, or mood, as well as by participle and reflexive forms, which precede tense andaspect when they co-occur.
Tense:
Future (FUT) Immediate Future (IMM) Present (PRES) N/A (unmarked)Recent Past (REC) Past (PST)
taron taron taron taron taronhunted just hunted hunts about to hunt will hunt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_verbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense -
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Aspect/Mood:
Perfective (PFV) Imperfective (IMFV)
Subjunctive (SJV)
taron taron taronhas hunted was hunting hunts?
The perfective is a completed or contained action whereas the imperfective is an unfinished,ongoing or uncontained action. There is no clear subjunctive mood in English, but it essentiallyexpresses hopes, uncertainties, possibilities or opinions. A clear English example is the Past
Subjunctive of the verb to be:PAST: I was a teacher.
Lu karyu.
PAST SJV: If I had been a teacher.Txo lu karyu.
Participle/Reflexive:
Participle
Reflexive ?
The participial infix is found in forms such as krusey "dead", from ke "not" and rey "tolive" (that is, "not-living"), and txantslusam "wise", from txan "much" and tslam "to understand"(that is, "much-understanding"). Like tense, aspect and mood, it falls under the first group ofinfixes that are inserted after the consonant of the penultimate syllable.
The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive ornegative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in thegreeting in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See"is inflected positively as kameie to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting.
In the subsequent sentence,Oeri ontu teya lngu
"My nose is full (of his smell)",however, the phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya lngu to indicatethe speaker's distaste at the experience.
Laudative Pejorative Evidential ?Deferential ?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affect_%28linguistics%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidentialityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affect_%28linguistics%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect -
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tmareion[huntRECLAUD] "just hunted ": The speaker is pleased, whetherdue to success or just the pleasure of the hunt.tayarngon[huntFUTPEJ] "will hunt": The speaker is dissatisfied, bored, ornot impressed.
The copular be vs. the locational be:
There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used withadjectives (a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb ofexistence).
Negation:
Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as
conjunctionsjoin phrases and clauses:na
"like, as",to
"(more, less) than",sk
(unquote),s,
lte "and", fu "or", sl "but".
Questions and demonstrativesYes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak?
Question marker Demonstrative markerspe- what? f- this
fay thesetsa- that
pe, pe "what? which
thing?"
fu "this, this
thing"
tsau "that, that thing"
pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"
pefya, fyape "how?" ffya "like this"
pehem, kempe "what? which
action?"
fkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"
pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"
pelun, lumpe "why?"
peseng,tsengpe
"where?" ftseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"
These are merely the more common forms that pe, f, fay and tsa combine with. However,they may combine with any noun (e.g. tsanarngthat forest). Likewise, other words maycombine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr "while"('same time'), and ku "nothing".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula -
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Changing parts of speechAdjectives may be derived from nouns with le-: hrrap "danger", lehrrap "dangerous".Verbs may be made from nouns with the generic action verb si "to make, to do": kelku "home",kelku si "to live (dwell)". Adverbs are formed in n-: fte "easy", nfte "easily".Abstract nouns may be derived from verbs and adjectives with the prefix t-: rey "to live",trey "life"; ngay "true", tngay, "truth". People associated with a verb are indicated bycompounding with -tu: spe "to capture", spetu "a captive". A person who specializesin a verb (English -er) is indicated with -yu: tron "to hunt", tronyu "hunter".
Phrases"Hello, how are you?"
Kaltx. nga-ru lu fpom srak?
[ kalt ngaru lu fpom srak ]Greetings. You-DATbe well.beingQUESTION
"Its a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Navi"
Tsun oe nga-hu n-Navi pivngkxo a f-u oe-ru prrte lu
be.able I you-withADV-Navi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9] be
"I apologise for this moron"
F-skxawng-ri tsapxalute sengi oe
this-moron-TOP apology make? I
"These demons are forbidden here"
F-ay-vrrtep f-tsenge lu kxan
this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden
"My nose is full of his alien smell."
Oe-ri ta pey fahew a-kewong ontu teya lngu
me-TOPfrom his smell ATTR-alien nose full bePEJ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27vi_language#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_markerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case -
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LexiconNaVi - English English NaVi
A
'ampi v/am.pi/
touch
'aw n/aw/
one number
'awpo pn/aw.po/
one one (person)
'awsiteng adv/aw.si.t/
together
'awve adj/aw.v/
first
'e'al adj/.al/
worst
'eko n/.ko/
attack
'ekong n/.ko/
beat (rhythmic)
'engeng n/./
level
'eveng n/.v/
child
'evi n/.vi/ kid (affectionate form of"child")
''awn v/.awn/
remain,stay
'heyu n/.h.ju/
spiral
'ngls n/.l.s/
English language
'it n/it/
bit a small amount
'itan n/i.tan/
son
'ite n/i.t/
daughter
'ok n/ok/
remembrance
'ong v/o/
unfold,blossom
across ka pr
again nmun adv
agree mllte v
alarm cry rawke n
alien ketuwong n
alien kewong n
Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)
faketuan n
all all (of),in to,to,completely
nwotx pr
allow tung v
almost stum adv
alone alone (as one
person)
n'awtu adj
among kip pr
ancestor pizayu n
and s conj
and ulte conj
animal,beast ioang n
apology tsap'alute n
arm pxun n
arrive phem v
arrow swizaw n
art tseo n
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'upe n/u.p/
what (thing)
'upxare n/u.pa./
Message
A
a adj/a/
which, that
ie n/.i./
vision
alaks adj/al.ak.s/
ready
alm adj/al.m/
far far away,at adistance
Amhul n/am.hul/
child's name
nst n/n.st/ child's name
apxa adj/apa/
large
atan adj, n/a.tan/
light
atokirina' n/a.to.ki.i.na/
Seeds of the great tree
txle n/t..l/
request
atxkxe n
/atk./
land
au n/au/
drum (made of skin)
aungia n/au.i.a/
sign,omen
ayfo pn/aj.fo/
they
aylaru conj/aj.la.u/
to the others(contraction of aylaberu)
aynga pn
/aj.a/
you
ayoe pn/aj.o./
we (exclusive)
ayoeng pn/aj.o./
we (inclusive)
Eean adj/.an/
blue
as as (= same wayas)
tengfya adj, conj
ask pawm v
attack 'eko n
avatar; dreamwalkerbody
uniltrantokx n
awake txen adj
away (direction) neto pr
away (position) mso pr
B
baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di n
back (direction) ne'm pr
bad,evil kawng adj
badge pts n
be at,occupy a space tok v
be be (am,is,are) lu v
be responsible kllfriyo' v, c
beat (rhythmic) 'ekong n
become slu v
beetle larva(e) teylu n
before, in front of eo pr
begin,start sng'i v
beginning,start time sng'ikrr n
big big (in stature) tsawl adj
bind ym v
bit a small amount 'it n
bit a small amount n'it n
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eltu n/l.tu/
brain
eltu si v, c/l.tu si/
listen pay attention,quitgoofing off
eltungawng n/l.tu.aw/
brainworm
emza'u v/m.za.u/
pass (a test)
eo pr/o/
before, in front of
Eyaye n/.ja.je/
Plant species(Warbonnet)
eyk v/jk/
lead
eyktan n/jk.tan/
leader
Eywa n/j.wa/
World spirit guidingforce and deity(equivalent to Gaia);Eywa PN
Eywa ngahu int/j.wa a.hu/
good-bye,Eywa (be withyou)
Ffa pr
/fa/
with with (by means of)
faheu v/fa.h.u/
smell
faketuan n/fa.k.tu.an/
Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi)
ffya pn/ff.ja/
this this way,like this
fkem pn/f.km/
this this (action)
fpo pn/f.po/
this this one (person orthing)
ftseng(e) pn/f.()/
this, here here,this place
f'u pn/f.u/
this this (thing)
fkarut v/fka.ut/
peel
blue ean adj
blue flower seze n
Blue Flute Clan Omatikaya n
body tokx n
bond bond (neuralconnection)
Tsaheylu n
boom kxangangang n
bow and arrow tsko swizaw n
bow bow (weapon) tsko n
brain eltu n
brainworm eltungawng n
branch branch (of atree)
vul n
brave tsteu adj
bring zamunge v
brother tsmukan n
burn,consume nekx v
but sl conj
butt,rear end txm n
by,via,following l (also: l) pr
C
call syaw v
calm mawey adj
can,be able tsun v
captive spe'etu n
capture spe'e v
center (or place in kxamtseng n
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fkeu adj/fku/
mighty
fko adj/fko/
one
fmawn n
/fmawn/
news news,something to
reportfmetok n/fm.tok/
test
fmi v/fmi/
try
fnu v, c/fnu/
quiet quiet ("be quiet!")
fo pn/fo/
they
fpak v
/fpak/
hold off,suspend action
fpe' v/fp/
send
fpeio v/fp.i.o/
challenge challenge(ceremonial)
fpi i/fpi/
for the sake of
fpom n/fpom/
well-being, peace
fpxafaw n/fpa.faw/
medusa (animal)
fpxkm v/fp.km/
enter
frapo pn/fapo/
everyone
fra'u pn/fau/
everything
ftang v/fta/
stop
fte conj/ft/
so that
fteke conj/ft.k/ so that not,lest
ftia v/fti.a/
study
ftu pr/ftu/
from from (direction)
ftue adj/ftu./
easy
the middle)
challenge challenge(ceremonial)
fpeio v
change latem v
child 'eveng n
child's name Amhul n
child's name nst n
child's name Ralu n
choose ftxey v
clan olo' n
clan leader olo'eyktan n
clear,certain law adj
clever clever (thing) slronsem adj
close close to lok adj
colleague lertu n
come za'u v
continually ntut adv
cord telem n
create ngop v
creature swir n
cut mun'i v
D
daddy sempu ndance sreu v
danger hrrap n
dangerous lehrrap adj
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ftxey v/ftj/
choose
fu conj/fu/
or
fya'o n
/fja.o/
path, way
fyape conj/fja.p/
how
fyawntxu n/fjawn.tu/
guide
Hha conj/ha/
so so (or "in that case")
hapx n/ha.p/
part
hasey adj
/ha.sj/
done, finished
hawnu v/haw.nu/
protect,shelter
h'i adj/h.i/
small
hiyk adj/hi.jk/
funny, strange
hrrap n/hrap/
danger
hu adj/hu/
with with(accompaniment)
hufwe n/huf.w/
wind
hum v/hum/
leave, depart
Ii'en n/i.n/
stringed instrument
Iknimaya n/ik.ni.ma.ja/
Thunderingrocks,Stairway toHeaven (floating
mountains)
ikran n/ik.an/
mountain banshee
l (also: l) pr/.l/ or /l./
by,via,following
ioang n/i.o.a/
animal,beast
daughter 'ite n
day trr n
dead kerusey adj
demon vrrtep n
destroy ska'a v
die terkup v
dig up kllkulat v
dim dim (of aperson)
snumna adj
dinner dinner,served
meal
wutso n
Direhorse pa'li n
dive tawng v
do not negative (donot)
r' v
do,make si v
doctor toktor n
done, finished hasey adj
dream unil n
Dream Hunt Uniltaron n
dreamwalker uniltranyu n
drive out kurakx v
drum (made of skin) au n
duck tawng n
E
ear mikyun n
easily nftue adv
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irayo n, i/i.a.jo/
thank you
iveh k'nivi s'di n/i.vh kni.visdi/
baby carrier/sling
Kka pr/ka/
across
k v/k/
go
kaltx n/kal.t/
hello
kmakto v/k.mak.to/
ride out
kame v/ka.m/
See (spiritual sense)
kangay adj/ka.aj/
valid
karyu n/ka.ju/
teacher
kato n/ka.to/
rhythm
kawkrr adv/kaw.kr/
never
kawng adj/kaw/
bad,evil
kawtu pn/kaw.tu/
no one
ke adv/k/
not
kea adj/k.a/
no no (before a noun)
kehe adv/k.h/
no
kelku n/kl.ku/
home
kelku si v/kl.ku si/
live,dwell
Kelutrel n/kl.u.tl/
Hometree Hometree(tree for living in)
kempe pn/km.p/
what what (action)
kenong v/k.no/
model,represent,exemplify
easy ftue adj
eat yom v
elbow pxuntil n
English language 'ngls n
enough ntam adj
enter fpxkm v
everyone frapo pn
everything fra'u pn
evil tkawng adj
examine steftxaw v
example tkenong n
eye nari n
eyes (two) menari n
F
false tsleng adj
far far away,at a
distance
alm adj
fast nwin adj
father sempul n
fear txopu n
feed yomtng v
female female(person)
tutee n, adj
finger zekw n
fire txep n
first 'awve adj
first n'awve adj
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kerusey adj/k.u.sj/
dead
ketuwong n/k.tu.wo/
alien
ke'u n
/k.u/
nothing
kewong n/k.wo/
alien
keye'ung n/k.j.u/
insanity
kifkey n/kif.kj/
world world(physical,solid)
km v/km/
spin
kin v
/kin/
need
kin n, adj/ki.n/
seven
kinam n/ki.nam/
leg
kinamtil n/ki.nam.til/
knee
kng n/k/
thread
k'ong n/k.o/
species of fruit orvegetable
kip pr/kip/
among
kte'e n/k.t./
service
kyevame n/k.j.va.m/
good-bye good-bye,seeyou again soon
kllfriyo' v, c/kl:.fri.jo/
be responsible
kllkulat v/kl:.ku.lat/
dig up
kllkxem v/kl:.km/
stand
kllpxltu n/kl:.pl.tu/
territory
kllte n/kl:.t/
Ground
fly tswayon v
for the sake of fpi i
forbidden kxan adj
forest na'rng n
forgiveness txoa n
four tsng n, adj
freshfresh,appealing asfood
pxasul adj
from above ta'em pr
from from(direction) ftu pr
from from (varioususes)
ta pr
full teya adj
funny, strange hiyk adj
G
get down get down!(literally,"to theground!")
ne kllte! i
give tng v
go k v
good sltsan adj
good-bye good-bye,see you again
soon
kyevame n
good-bye,Eywa (bewith you)
Eywa ngahu int
Got it. I understand. tslolam i
grab ni v
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krr n/kr/
time
krrnekx v/kr.nk/
take/consume time
krrpe adv
/kr.p/
when
kunsp n/kun.sp/
gunship
kurakx v/ku.ak/
drive out
Kxkxam n/kam/
middle,midpoint
kxamtseng n/kam./
center (or place in themiddle)
kxangangang n/ka.a.a/ boom
kxan adj/kan/
forbidden
kxawm adv/kawm/
perhaps,maybe
kxener n/k.n/
species of fruit orvegetable
kxetse n/k./
tail
Llahe adj, pn/la.h/
other
lam v/lam/
seem,appear
lapo pn/la.po/
other other one (personor thing)
latem v/la.tm/
change
law adj
/law/
clear,certain
lehrrap adj/l.hrap/
dangerous
Lenay'ga n/l.naj.ga/
Slinger Slinger(predatory creature)
lertu n/l.tu/
colleague
grant teswotng v
great leonopteryxlast shadow (greatleonopteryx)
toruk n
great,much,manygreat (in quantity);much
txan adj
great,noble nawm adj
ground kllte n
group ofpeople,party
pongu pn
guide fyawntxu n
gunship kunsp n
H
halt txey v
he poan pn
he,she po pn
heart txe'lan n
hello kaltx n
help help,assistance srung n
hexapede,hexapod Yerik n
hold off,suspendaction
fpak v
home kelku n
Hometree Hometree(tree for living in)
Kelutrel n
honor meuia n
hot som adj
how fyape conj
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l'u n/l.u/
word
lok adj/lok/
close close to
lonu v
/lo.nu/
release,let go
lrrtok v/lr.tok/
smile
lu v/lu/
be be (am,is,are)
lumpe adv/lum.p/
why
Mmakto v/mak.to/
ride
mawey adj
/ma.wj/
calm
mefo pn/m.fo/
they (those two)
menari n/m.na.i/
eyes (two)
meuia n/m.u.i.a/
honor
meyp adj/mjp/
weak
m pr/m/
in
mikyun n/mik.jun/
ear
mn adj/mn/
turn
mso pr/m.so/
away (position)
mllte v/ml:.t/
agree
moe pn/mo./
we we two (exclusive)
mokri n/mok.i/
voice
mui adj/mu.i./
proper,fair,right
mune n, adj/mu.n/
two
munge v/mu./
take,bring
how pefya adv
hunt taron v
hunter taronyu n
I
I oe pn
I I (deferential orceremonial form)
ohe pn
if txo conj
if not if not,or else txokefyaw conj
in m pr
insanity keye'ung n
interpret ralpeng v
J
joint,hinge til n
K
kid (affectionate
form of "child")
'evi n
kill tspang v
knee kinamtil n
know omum v
L
land atxkxe n
large apxa adj
lead eyk v
leader eyktan n
learn nume v
leave, depart hum v
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mun'i v/mun.i/
cut
muntxa adj/mun.ta/
mated
N
na conj/na/
like,as
nang i/na/
particle for surprise orexclamation
nantang n/nan.ta/
viperwolf Caniferratuscostatus or striped
armored wolf.
nari n/na.i/
eye
nari si c, v/na.i si/
watch out,be careful
na'rng n/na../
forest
Na'vi n/na.vi/
the People the People(name for themselves)
nawm adj/nawm/
great,noble
ne kllte! i/n kl:.t/
get down get down!(literally,"to theground!")
ne pr/n/
to (direction)
ne'm pr/nm/
back (direction)
nekx v/nk/
burn,consume
neto pr/n.to/
away (direction)
neu v/n.u/
want
ni v/ni./
grab
n'aw adj/n.aw./
only
n'awtu adj/n.aw.tu/
alone alone (as oneperson)
leave,abandon txng v
leg kinam n
level 'engeng n
life trey n
light atan adj, n
like us Nayoeg adj, i
like,as na conj
like,as pxel pr
lip seyri n
listen tng mikyun v
listen payattention,quitgoofing off
eltu si v, c
live rey v
live,dwell kelku si v
long (period oftime)
yol adj
longer longer (time) nulkrr adj
look tng nari v
look look (at) nn v
M
male male (person) tutean n, adj
many pxay adj, pn
marker for yes-noquestions srak(e)
mated muntxa adj
matriarch Tsahk n
matter matter txele v
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n'awve adj/n.aw.v/
first
nayoeg adj, i/n.aj.o.g/
like us
nftue adv
/n.ftu./
easily
nftxavang adv/n.fta.va/
passionately,with allheart
nhawng adv/n.haw/
too too,excessively
n'it n/n.it/
bit a small amount
nltsan adv/nl.an/
well
nmun adv
/n.mun/
again
nn v/nn/
look look (at)
nngay adv/n.aj/
truly
ntam adj/n.tam/
enough
ntut adv/n.tut/
continually
ntxan adj/n.tan/
much
n'ul adj/n.ul/ more
nwin adj/n.win/
fast
nwotx pr/n.wot/
all all (of),in to,to,completely
nulkrr adj/nul.kr/
longer longer (time)
nume v/nu.m/
learn
Ngnga pn/a/
you
ngawng n/aw/
worm
ngay adj/aj/
true
(subject)
matter matter,be ofimportance
tsranten v
meaning ral n
medusa (animal) fpxafaw n
meeting ultxa n
message 'upxare n
middle,midpoint kxam n
mighty fkeu adj
mind ronsem n
model,represent,exemplify
kenong v
moment swaw n
mommy sa'nu n
more n'ul adj
moron skxawng n
mother sa'nok n
mountain banshee ikran n
move,shift position rikx v
much ntxan adj
music pamtseo n
must zene v
N
need kin v
need tkin v
never kawkrr adv
newsnews,something to
fmawn n
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ngenga pn/.a/
you you (honorificform)
ngop v/op/
Create
Ooe pr/o./
I
oeng pr/o./
We two (you and I)
ohe pr/o.h/
I (deferential orceremonial form)
olo n/o.lo/
clan
olo'eyktan n/ol.o.jk.tan/
clan leader
Omatikaya n/om.a.ti.kaj.a/
Blue Flute Clan
omum v/o.mum/
know
ontu n/on.tu/
nose
Pphem v/p.hm/
arrive
pak i/pak/
particle for surprise orexclamation
pa'li n/pa.li/
Direhorse
palulukan n/pa.lu.lu.kan/
Thanator Dry MouthBringer of Fear(Thanator)
pam n/pam/
sound
pamtseo n/pam..o/ music
pnutng v/p.nu.t/
promise (a thing tosomeone) promise (athing to someone)
pts n/p./
badge
report
night txon n
no kehe adv
no no (before anoun)
kea adj
no one kawtu pn
nose ontu n
not ke adv
nothing ke'u n
now set adv
O
offence,insult zoplo n
one fko adj
one number 'aw n
one one (person) 'awpo pn
only n'aw adj
or fu conj
other lahe adj, pn
other other one(person or thing)
lapo pn
outside wrrpa adj
P
part hapx n
particle for surpriseor exclamation
nang i
particle for surpriseor exclamation
pak i
particle used in full te pa
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pawm v/pawm/
ask
pe pn, adv/p/
what what (before anoun)
pehem pn, adv/p.hm/
what what (action)
pehrr adv/p.hr/
when
pelun adv/p.lun/
why
peng v/p/
tell
peseng adv/p.s/
where
pesu pn
/p.su/
who
peu pn, adv/p.u/
what what (thing)
pey c, v/pj/
wait
pefya adv/pf.ja/
how
pizayu n/pi.za.ju/
ancestor
plltxe v/pl:.t/
speak
po pn/po/ he,she
poan pn/po.an/
he
poe pn/po./
she
pongu pn/pou/
group of people,party
Pxpxan adj/pan/
worthy
pxasul adj/pa.sul/
fresh fresh,appealing asfood
pxay adj, pn/paj/
many
pxel pr/pl/
like,as
names
pass (a test) emza'u v
passionately,with allheart
nftxavang adv
path, way fya'o n
pattern renu n
peel fkarut v
People the People(name forthemselves)
Na'vi n
perhaps,maybe kxawm adv
person tute n
place tseng(e) n
Plant species(Warbonnet)
Eyaye n
please rutxe v
poison txum n
pretty sevin adj
promise (a thing tosomeone) promise(a thing to someone)
pnutng v
proper,fair,right mui adj
protect,shelter hawnu v
protection thawnu n
pull za'rp v
Q
quiet quiet ("bequiet!")
fnu v, c
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pxi adj/pi/
sharp
pxun n/pun/
arm
pxuntil n
/pun.til/
Elbow
Rr' v/./
do not negative (do not)
ral n/al/
meaning
ralpeng v/al.p/
interpret
Ralu n/a.lu/
child's name
rawke n
/aw.k/
alarm cry
renu n/.nu/
pattern
rey v/j/
live
rikx v/ik/
move,shift position
rim adj/im/
yellow
rina' n/i.na/
seed
riti n/iti/
stingbat
rol v/ol/
sing
ronsem n/on.sm/
mind
rutxe v/u.t/
please
Ssan n/san/
saying; quote
sa'nok n/sa.nok/
mother
sa'nu n/sa.nu/
mommy
snume n/s.nu.m/
teaching,instruction
R
rain tompa n
ready alaks adj
release,let go lonu v
remain,stay ''awn v
remembrance 'ok n
request txle n
rhythm kato n
ride makto v
ride out kmakto vrock,stone tskxe n
run tul v
S
sacred swok n
sacred place swotu n
safe place,refuge zongtseng n
save zong v
saying; quote san n
see (physical sense) tse'a v
See (spiritual sense) kame v
seed rina' n
Seeds of the great
tree
atokirina' n
seem,appear lam v
send fpe' v
service kte'e n
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sat pn/sat/
that that (after ftu only)
sempu n/sm.pu/
daddy
sempul n
/sm.pul/
father
set adv/st/
now
sevin adj/svin/
pretty
seyri n/sji/
lip
seze n/s.z/
blue flower
s conj/s/
and
si v/si/
do,make
sk v/sk/
unquote
slronsem adj/sl.on.sm/
clever clever (thing)
sltsan adj/sl.an/
good
ska'a v/ska.a/
destroy
skxawng n
/skaw/
moron
sl conj/sl/
but
slu v/slu/
become
sng'i v/s.i/
begin,start
sng'ikrr n/s.i.kr/
beginning,start time
snumna adj/snu.m.na/
dim dim (of a person)
som adj/som/
hot
spe'e v/sp./
capture
spe'etu n/sp..tu/
captive
srak(e)/sak()/
marker for yes-no
seven kin n, adj
sharp pxi adj
she poe pn
show wintxu v
sibling tsmuk,tsmuktu n
sign,omen aungia n
sing rol v
sister tsmuke n
sixteen vofu n, adj
sky taw n
Sky Person Tawtute n
Slinger Slinger(predatory creature)
Lenay'ga n
small h'i adj
smell faheu v
smile lrrtok v
so so (or "in thatcase")
ha conj
so that fte conj
so that not,lest fteke conj
son 'itan n
song trol n
song way n
songchord waytelem n
soon ye'rn adv
sound pam n
speak plltxe v
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questions
srane adv/sa.n/
yes
sreu v/s.u/
dance
srung n/su/
help help,assistance
steftxaw v/stf.taw/
examine
stum adv/stum/
almost
sutx v/sut/
track,lock up
swaw n/swaw/
moment
swir n/swi./ creature
swizaw n/swi.zaw/
arrow
swok n/swok/
sacred
swotu n/swo.tu/
sacred place
syaw v/sjaw/
call
T
ta pr/ta/
from from (various uses)
ta'em pr/ta.m/
from above
tftxu v/t.ftu/
weave
tftxuyu n/t.ftu.ju/
weaver
takuk v/ta.kuk/
strike
talioang n
/tal.i.o.a/
sturmbeest
tam v/tam/
suffice suffice,"do"
tangek n/ta.k/
trunk trunk (of a tree)
tanh n/tan.h/
star
spear tukru n
species of fruit orvegetable
k'ong n
species of fruit or
vegetable
kxener n
spin km v
spiral 'heyu n
spirit tirea n
spirit animal tireaioang n
spirit path tireafya'o n
spread,proliferate vir vstand kllkxem v
star tanh n
stingbat riti n
stop ftang v
stopping tftang n
straight yey adj
strength ttxur n
strike takuk v
stringed instrument i'en n
strong txur adj
study ftia v
sturmbeest talioang n
suffice suffice,"do" tam v
sun tsawke n
T
tail kxetse n
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taron v/ta.on/
hunt
taronyu n/ta.on.ju/
hunter
taw n
/taw/
sky
tawng n/taw/
duck
tawng v/taw/
dive
Tawtute n/taw.tu.t/
Sky Person
te pa/t/
particle used in fullnames
telem n
/t.lm/
cord
tengfya adj, conj/t.fja/
as as (= same way as)
tengkrr conj, pr/t.kr/
while (= same time as)
terkup v/t.kup/
die
teswotng v/t.swo.t/
grant
teya adj/tja/
full
teylu n/tj.lu/ beetle larva(e)
tfmetok n/tf.m.tok/
test
tftang n/t.fta/
stopping
thawnu n/t.haw.nu/
protection
tkawng adj/t.kaw/
evil
tkenong n
/t.k.no/
example
tkin adj/t.kin/
necessary
til n/til/
joint,hinge
tng mikyun v/tmik.jun/
listen
take,bring munge v
take/consume time krrnekx v
teacher karyu n
teaching,instruction snume n
tell peng v
territory kllpxltu n
test fmetok n
test tfmetok n
than; comparativemark
to conj
Thanator DryMouth Bringer ofFear (Thanator)
palulukan n
thank you irayo n, i
that tsn pn
that that (action) tsakem pn
that that (after ftuonly)
sat pn
that that (as object) tsat pn
that that (thing tsa'u pn
that that person tsatu pn
then then,at thattime
tsakrr pn
there there,thatplace
tsatseng adv
they ayfo pn
they fo pn
they (those two) mefo pn
thirty-two thirty-two tsvol n, adj
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tng nari v/tna.i/
look
tng v/t/
give
tngay n
/t.aj/
truth
tran v/t.an/
walk
tirea n/ti.a/
spirit
tireafya'o n/ti..a.fja.o/
spirit path
tireaioang n/ti..a.i.o.a/
spirit animal
trey n/t.j/
life
trol n/t.ol/
song
ttxur n/t.tu/
strength
to conj/to/
than; comparative mark
tok v/tok/
be at,occupy a space
toktor n/tok.tor/
doctor
tokx n
/tok/
body
tompa n/tom.pa/
rain
toruk n/to.uk/
great leonopteryx lastshadow (greatleonopteryx)
trr n/tr/
day
tukru n/tuk.u/
spear
tul v/tul/ run
tung v/tu/
allow
tupe adv/tu.p/
who
tute n/tu.t/
person
(octal: 40)
this this (action) fkem pn
this this (thing) f'u pn
this this one (personor thing)
fpo pn
this this way,likethis
ffya pn
this, here here,thisplace
ftseng(e) pn
thread kng n
Thundering
rocks,Stairway toHeaven (floatingmountains)
Iknimaya n
time krr n
to (direction) ne pr
to the others(contraction ofaylaberu)
aylaru conj
together 'awsiteng adv
too too,excessively nhawng adv
touch 'ampi v
track,lock up sutx v
training,exercise tskxekeng n
tree utral n
Tree of Voices Utral Aymokriyn
true ngay adj
truly nngay adv
trunk trunk (of a tangek n
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tutean n, adj/tu.t.an/
male male (person)
tutee n, adj/tu.t./
female female (person)
Ts
tsaheylu n/a.hj.lu/
bond (neuralconnection)
tsahk n/a.hk/
matriarch
tsakem pn/a.km/
that (action)
tsakrr conj/a.kr/
then, at that time
tsam n/am/
war
tsampongu n/am.po.u/ war party
tsamsiyu n/am.si.ju/
warrior
tsap'alute n/a.pa.lu.t/
apology
tsat pn/at/
that that (as object)
tsatseng adv/a./
there there,that place
tsatu pn
/at.u/
that that person
tsa'u pn/a.u/
that that (thing
tsawke n/aw.k/
sun
tsawl adj/awl/
big big (in stature)
tse'a v/.a/
see (physical sense)
tseng(e) n/()/
place
tsengpe conj/.p/
where
tseo n/.o/
art
tsng n, adj//
four
tsvol n, adj/.vol/
thirty-two thirty-two
tree)
truth tngay n
try fmi v
turn mn adj
two mune n, adj
U
understand tslam v
unfold,blossom 'ong v
unquote sk v
V
valid kangay adj
viperwolfCaniferratuscostatus or striped
armored wolf.
nantang n
vision ie n
voice mokri n
W
wait pey c, v
walk tran v
want neu v
war tsam n
war party tsampongu n
warrior tsamsiyu n
wash yur v
watch out,be careful nari si c, v
we (exclusive) ayoe pn
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(octal: 40)
tsko n/ko/
bow bow (weapon)
tsko swizaw n/koswi.zaw/
bow and arrow
tskxe n/k/
rock,stone
tskxekeng n/k.k/
training,exercise
tslam v/lam/
understand
tsleng adj/l/
false
tslolam i/lo.lam/
Got it. I understand.
tsmuk,tsmuktu n/muk//muk.tu/ sibling
tsmukan n/muk.an/
brother
tsmuke n/muk./
sister
tsn pn/n/
that
tspang v/pa/
kill
tsranten v
/an.tn/
matter matter,be of
importancetsteu adj/t.u/
brave
tsun v/un/
can,be able
tswayon v/waj.on/
fly
tsyal n/jal/
wing
Tx
txan adj/tan/ great,much,many great(in quantity); much
txantslusam adj/tan.lu.sam/
wise wise,much-knowing
txe'lan n/t.lan/
heart
we (inclusive) ayoeng pn
we we two(exclusive)
moe pn
we we two (you and
I)
oeng pn
weak meyp adj
weave tftxu v
weaver tftxuyu n
well nltsan adv
well-being, peace fpom n
what (thing) 'upe nwhat what (action) kempe pn
what what (action) pehem pn, adv
what what (before anoun)
pe pn, adv
what what (thing) peu pn, adv
when krrpe adv
when pehrr adv
where peseng adv
where tsengpe conj
which, that a adj
while (= same timeas)
tengkrr conj, pr
who pesu pn
who tupe adv
why lumpe adv
why pelun adv
wind hufwe n
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txele v/t.l/
matter matter (subject)
txen adj/tn/
awake
txep n
/tp/
fire
txey v/tj/
halt
txm n/tm/
butt,rear end
txng v/t/
leave,abandon
txo conj/to/
if
txoa n/to.a/
forgiveness
txokefyaw conj/to.k.fjaw/
if not if not,or else
txon n/ton/
night
txopu n/to.pu/
fear
txum n/tum/
poison
txur adj/tu/
strong
U
ulte conj/ul.t/
and
ultxa n/ul.ta/
meeting
unil n/un.il/
dream
Uniltaron n/un.il.ta.on/
Dream Hunt
uniltrantokx n/un.il.t.an.tok/
avatar; dreamwalkerbody
uniltranyu n/un.il.t.an.ju/
dreamwalker
Utral Aymokriy n/u.talaj.mok.i.j/
Tree of Voices
utral n/u.tal/
tree
wing tsyal n
wise wise,much-knowing
txantslusam adj
with with
(accompaniment)
hu adj
with with (by meansof)
fa pr
word l'u n
World spirit guidingforce and deity(equivalent toGaia); Eywa PN
Eywa n
world world(physical,solid)
kifkey n
worm ngawng n
worst 'e'al adj
worthy pxan adj
Y
year zst n
yellow rim adj
yes srane adv
you aynga pn
you nga pn
you you (honorificform)
ngenga pn
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Vvir v/vi./
spread,proliferate
vofu n, adj/vo.fu/
sixteen
vrrtep n/vr.tp/
demon
vul n/vul/
branch branch (of a tree)
Wway n/waj/
song
waytelem n/waj.t.lm/
songchord
wintxu v/win.tu/
show
wrrpa adj/wr.pa/
outside
wutso n/wut.so/
dinner dinner,servedmeal
YYerik n/j.ik/
hexapede,hexapod
ye'rn adv/j.n/
soon
yey adj/jj/
straight
ym v/jm/
bind
yol adj/jol/
long (period of time)
yom v/jom/
eat
yomtng v/jom.t/
feed
yur v/ju/
wash
Zza'rp v/za..p/
pull
zamunge v/za.mu./
bring
za'u v/za.u/
come
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zekw n/zk.w/
finger
zene v/z.n/
must
zst n
/z.st/
year
zong v/zo/
save
zongtseng n/zo./
safe place,refuge
zoplo n/zo.plo/
offence,insult