NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY tPort Hueneme, …NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY (.0 _ tPort...

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NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

(.0 _ tPort Hueneme, California

U Sponsored byNAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

I

EVALUATION OF THREE STANLEY HYDRAULIC ROCK DRILLS

FOR USE BY DIVERS

February 1984

S>- Prepared ByC1. JOHN J. MCMULLEN ASSOCIATES, INC.

2021 Sperry AvenueVentura, CA 93003 D TIC

I.J (from an investigation conducted by NCEL) ELECTE."M'AY2 5 04 J

C." N00123-82-D-0321 B9

Approved for public releae; distribution is unlimited.

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UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF T4IS PAGE (Whe, Pt.e F.ne-.d)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM,ZVT ACCESSION NO, I RECIPIENTS CATALOG NUMBER• ~~J _,4 Cb,• 7,K' "•A. TITLE e S rP'at RPORT .PEROD 5OvERED

Evaluation of Three Stanley Hydraulic ac REPORT 1983

Rock Drills for Use by Divers _10ct 1980-30Sp 1983SPERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER

7 AUTHDR(.; 8 CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMKER(,1

N00123-82-D-0321

9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10 PR OGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT TASK

John J. McMullen Associates, Inc. ARE.&WORK UNIT NUMBERS

2021 Sperry Avenue Y1606-01-001-A606Ventura. CA 9300311 CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS )2

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory FM aj,-y 1984

Port Hueneme, CA 93043 I3 NUMBER OF PA5ES• ' 4714 MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AODRESS(1, 1iIeren, Irom ConI,.,Ifng OII,5e) IS SECURITY CLASS (,o thI, report)

Naval Facilities Engineering Command Unclassified200 Stovall Street Unclassified

IS. ECL-ASSIFICA TION DO0WNGRADING-Alexandria, VA 22332 SCHE DU L'E

4A DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ('I Iths Report)

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the ab.IA(# e-tered Bo RIock 20. I differ-en Iom Repor)

I0 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19 K EY WORDS (Co-IIu,.. on revere s1de I nece.lsay -rd ,denI.f 6 bv -A -blo -n1mbe

Diver tools, underwater construction, rock drills, hydraulictools

20 ABSTRACT (Con.nue on r-.eie .d. If and idenI.fy Ay block number)

-Rock drills are often used in underwater constructionprojects to produce holes for installation of rock bolts orgrouted fasteners and for placement of excavation explosives.Pneumatic rotary-percussion drills were originally used bythe Navy underwater construction teams (UCTs), but werefound to produce problems in the areas of operation,

DD I JAN73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV , < IS OBSOLETE UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

1(0et i1.1. Entterd)

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UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(Wh. Dole Ennele l)

.reliability, and diver safety. Three commercially availablehydraulic powered rock drills were selected for testing andevaluation with the objective of establishing theiroperating characteristics and suitability for use by NavyUCT's.

This report provides technical descriptions of the drills,describes the test and evaluation program and reports on theresults, and addresses the hazard and safety aspects asso-ciated with the use of each device.

UnclassifiedSECURITY CL ASSIC .',ON OF Tws PAo3C( hn Do,@ Fn....E)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

BACKGROUND IUse of the Tools 1Earlier Developments 1Rock Drilling Theory 3Objectives 4

TEST PROGRAM 5Overview 5Test Equipment 5Laboratory Test Procedures 6Land Test Procedures 6Shallow Water Test Procedures 8Deep Water Test Procedures 8Reliability and Maintainability Test Procedures 8Underwater Noise Measurement Procedures 8

STANLEY HYDRAULIC HAMMER DRILL, MODEL HD20 10Technical Description 10Laboratory and Land Test Results 12Shallow and Deep Water Test Results 14Reliability and Maintainability Test Results 14Underwater Noise Measurement Results 14

STANLEY HYDRAULIC HAMMER DRILL, MODEL HD45 22Technical Description 22Laboratory and Land Test Results 24Shallow and Deep Water Test Results 27Reliability and Maintainability Test Results 27Underwater Noise Measurement Results 32

STANLEY HYDRAULIC SINKER DRILL, MODEL SK58, TYPE 110 32Technical Description 32Laboratory and Land Test Results 32Shallow and Deep Water Test Results 34Reliability and Maintainability Test Results 41Underwater Noise Measurement Results 41

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 41Stanley Hydraulic Hammer Drill, Model HD20 41Stanley Hydraulic Hammer Drill, Model HD45 43Stanley Hydraulic Sinker Drill, Model SK58, Type 110 45

REFERENCES 47

LIST OF SYMBOLS 47

V

TABLES

1. Characteristics of Hydraulic Rock Drills Developed 3by NCEL for Use by Divers

2. Rock Drill Characteristics - Model HD20 10

3. Operating Characteristics of Model HD20 as Measured 12during Laboratory Tests

4. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, HD20 22

5. Rock Drill Characteristics - Model HD45 22

6. Operating Characteristics of Model HD45 as Measured 24during Laboratory Tests

7. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, HD45 27

8. Rock Drill Characteristics - Model SK58 32

9. Operating Characteristics of Model SK58 as Measured 34

during Laboratory Tests

10. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, SK58 41

11. Model HD20 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits 43

12. Model HD45 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits 45

13. Model SK58 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits 46

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FIGURES

I. Photograph of the Three Drills Evaluated 2

2. Schematic of the Laboratory Test Setup 7

3. Sample Critique Sheet 9

4. Photograph of the Model HD20 Drill 11

5. Drilling Rate vs. Flow for Optimum Flow Rate, 13HD20 Land Test

6. Drilling Rate vs. Valve Setting for Optimum Rotational Rate, 15HD20 Land Test

7. Drilling Rate vs. Weight Added for Optimum Bearing Load, 16HD20 Land Test

8. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter at Various Flow Rates, 17HD20 Land Test

9. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Long and Short Hydraulic 18Hoses, HD20 Land Test

10. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 19in Shallow Water, HD20 Tank Test

11. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 20in Deep Water, HD20 Deep Water Test

12. Average Sound Pressure Level Spectrum for Hydrophone 216 Ft. from Tool, HD20 Noise Test

13. Average Sound Pressure level Spectrum for Microphone in 21MK12 Helmet, HD20 Noise Test

14. Photograph of the Model HD45 Drill 23

15. Drilling Rate vs. Flow for Optimum Flow Rate, HD45 Land Test 25

16. Drilling Rate vs. Weight Added for Optimum Bearing Load, 26HD45 Land Test

17. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads, 28HD45 Land Test

18. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 29in Shallow Water, HD45 Tank Test

ix

j Picamp - Ma ,..aoT 'iu

FIGURES (CONTD)

19. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 30in Deep Water, HD45 Deep Water Test

20. Average Sound Pressure Level Spectrum for Hydrophone 6 Ft. 31from Tool, HD45 Noise Test

21. Average Sound Pressure Level Spectrum for Microphone in 31MK 12 Helmet, HD45 Noise Test

22. Photograph of the Model SK58 Drill 33

23. Drilling Rate vs. Flow for Optimum Flow Rate, SK58 Land Test 35

24. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Accumulator Charged and 36Uncharged, SK58 Land Test

25. Drilling Rate vs. Rotational Rate for Optimum Rotational 37Rate, SK58 Land Test

26. Drilling Rate vs. Weight Added for Optimum Bearing Load, 38SK58 Land Test

27. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 39in Shallow Water, SK58 Tank Test

28. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter with Various Bearing Loads 40in Deep Water, SK58 Deep Water Test

29. Average Sound Pressure Level Spectrum for Hydrophone 6 Ft. 42from Tool, SK58 Noise Test

30. Average Sound Pressure Level Spectrum for Microphone in 42MK 12 Helmet, SK58 Noise Test

31. Drilling Rate vs. Bit Diameter for Three Drills at Optimum 44Conditions in Seawater

Ix

INTRODUCTION o Hydraulic Sinker Drill, ModelSK58, Type 110, manufactured by

Rock drills are often used in Stanley Hydraulic Tools.underwater construction projects toproduce holes for installation of rock These units are illustrated in Figurebolts or grouted fasteners and for 1.placement of excavation explosives.Pneumatic rotary-percussion drills This report provides technicalwere originally used by the Navy descriptions of the drills, describesunderwater construction teams (UCT's), the test and evaluation program andbut problems in the areas of opera- reports on the results, and addressestion, reliability, and diver safety the hazard and safety aspects asso-prompted the development of hydraulic ciated with the use of each device.powered units.

A hand-held, light duty underwater BACKGROUNDrock drill was developed by the NavalCivil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL), Use of the Toolsunder the sponsorship of the NavalFacilities Engineering Command The operations in which rock(NAVFAC), as reported in Reference 1. drills have been used have specificA second effort by NCEL, also spon- requirements for hole size. Holes forsored by NAVFAC, resulted in the deve- placement of explosives for excavationlopment of another prototype diver- of seafloor rock and coral have diame-operated rock drill. This development ters ranging from 1-1/2 to 4 inches.effort was reported in Reference 2. Rock bolts require hole diameters ofThese drills were used successfully by less than 1 inch and up to 2-1/2the Navy underwater construction inches, depending on the hardness ofdivers, but the number of prototypes the material being penetrated. Thedeveloped by NCEL was insufficient to depths of these holes may be as greatsatisfy the increasing demand for as 2 feet. Hole diameters rangingthese units. from 1-5/8 to 3 inches are required

for grouted seafloor fasteners.It was decided that commercially

manufactured tools would have certain Earlier Developmentsadvantages in meeting this demand.Commercial rock drills would be The pneumatic-powered sinkerreadily available for purchase and drills originally used by the Navywould use replacement parts which underwater construction divers createdcould be easily obtained. Three tools numerous problems. These included:were selected for testing and eva-luation with the objective of * Reduced visibility caused byestablishing their operating charac- the exhaust air bubbles.teristics and suitability for use byNavy UCT's. The three test objects o Nausea, difficulty in breathingwere: and ear squeeze caused by percussive

action of the exhaust air.o Hydraulic Hammer Drill, Model

HD20, manufactured by Stanley Hydrau- 0 Difficulty in locating holeslic Tools, without the use of a template.

9 Hydraulic Hammer Drill, Model o High maintenance requirementsHD45, manufactured by Stanley Hydrau- resulting from seawater entering thelic Tools, and exhaust port.

1s

FIGURE 1 THREE DRILLS EVALUATED

S. . . . i I Ii ' - " . .. . I . . . "

e Unsafe operation caused by the Rock Drilling Theoryabsence of automatic shut off when thedrill was released. Most theories dealing with the

mechanics of percussion drilling areThe light duty drill developed by based on the concept of specific

NCEL in 1975 satisfactorily eliminated energy. This concept states that forthe problems associated with the a given piece of drilling equipmentpneumatic drills. While this new and specific type of rock, the volumedrill has been used successfully, the of material removed is proportional tomaximum drill bit diameter is 1-1/2 the energy transmitted to the rock.inches. Thus there was need for a This can be expressed by the equa-hydraulic powered tool which could tion.satisfy the size requirements forexplosives and larger fasteners. ED (1)

The larger hydraulic rock drill E Rwas developed by NCEL in 1977. This

unit is capable of drilling holes ofgreater diameter and with a greater where V = volume of rock removedrate of penetration. It too has been (in. 3 )used successfully by Navy divers.However, few units have been manufac-tured, and the demand has exceeded the Usually, of more importance thansupply. the volume of rock removed, is the

penetration rate of the drill into theTable 1 lists the characteristics rock. This can be determined from the

of these two hydraulic rock drills, equation.

Table 1. Characteristics of Hydraulic Rock Drills Developedby NCEL for Use by Divers

Hand-Held Hydraulic Heavy Duty HydraulicCharacteristic Rock Drill Rock Drill

Drill weight in air 68.1 lb. 102 lb.

Drill weight in seawater 49.6 lb. 84 lb.

Drilling rate 0.75 in. diameter hole 2.0 in. diameter holeat 3.25 in./min. at 3.44 in./min.

Hydraulic requirements 800 psi at 8 gpm 2,000 psi at 10 gpm

Drill capabilities 1/4 in. to 1-1/2 in. 1-1/2 in. to 4 in.diameter diameter

3

K dV The indexing angle (angle throughp dt (2) which the bit rotates between impacts)r A also affects the drilling rate,

according to Reference 6. Optimumwhere P = penetration rate (in./min) indexing angles were found to be a

r function of applied energy, rock type,and drill bit type. These optimumangles ranged from 15 degrees for gra-

In Equation 1, ED is the only term nite to 44 degrees for limestone.that is a function of time. Although indexing angle does notTherefore, appear in the penetration rate

equation, its effect is accounted forin the energy transmission efficiency

dED term (e).K eP = dt (3) Objectivesr E A

The primary purpose in selectingthe three commercially manufactured

The term dED/dt for percussion rock drills for evaluation was to pro-drilling is equal to the energy of vide Navy divers with tools whicheach impact (EI) times the impact fre- could be easily procured and which hadquency (f), and the area of the hole readily available replacement parts.is a function of the diameter of the These rock drills will supplementdrill bit (D). Substituting into those developed by NCEL, and the per-Equation 3 yields an equation for formance of the Stanley products waspenetration rate in terms of the therefore expected to be equal to orcharacteristics of the rock and the greater than that of the NCEL proto- Kdrill, types.

4Kf E e

2ERD Based on drilling performance,

reliability and maintainability, theTo maximize the drilling rate, an underwater noise level, and overall

impactor should be selected that would hazard and safety aspe,.ts determinedmaximize the product of the impact during the test program, each drillenergy and impact frequency. In was evaluated for adequate safety andReference 3 it is shown that, for performance for Navy diver use.pneumatic drills, the transmissionefficiency (e) is a function of the The specific test objectivesbearing load since power can only be included:transmitted when the bit is in contactwith the rock. This functional rela- 1. Determination of all potentialtionship was also reported for safety hazards.hydraulic rock drills in Reference 4.A maximum penetration rate is obtained 2. Development of tool modifica-when the thrust is equal to the mini- tions and/or operating procedures tomum value required to return the bit minimize the hazards.to the rock between impacts. Thepenetration rate decreases then as the 3. Measurement of the relation-thrust continues to increase because ship between hydraulic flow rate andthe bit does not index properly, (see port pressure, stall pressure, andReference 5). impact frequency.

4

* I

4. Determination of the optimum The Hydraulic Laboratory was usedflow rate for achieving the greatest for determining the general operatingpenetration (drilling) rate. (Mea- and physical characteristics of eachsured on land.) drill when it was initially received

by NCEL. These items included the5. Determination of the optimum running pressure, maximum torque,

index angle for achieving the greatest impact frequency, and the stallpenetration rate. (Measured on pressure. The second set of land-land.) based tests involved actual drilling

of holes. The optimum flow rate,6. Determination of the optimum index angle, and bearing load for

bearing load for achieving the maximizing the penetration rate weregreatest penetration rate. (Mea- determined.sured on land.)

The Shallow Water Test Facility at7. Determination of the effect of NCEL, providing 12 feet of water

underwater operation on the perfor- depth, was the site of the firstmance of the drill by repeating the underwater tests. These includedobjectives in item 6 in shallow water. measurement of actual underwater

drilling rates. The deep water8. Determination of the effect of operating tests were conducted in open

increased hydrostatic pressure on the water near Anacapa Island, off theperformance of the drill by mea- coast of southern California. Thesesuring in deep water the penetration tests, in 45- to 60-foot water depths,rate for each drill bit size with flow were used to determine the effects ofrate, index angle and bearing load hydrostatic pressure and other deepoptimized according to the results of water phenomena on drill performanceitems 4, 5 and 7. and to verify those measurements made

during the shallow water tests.9. Determination of component

reliability by dismantling and The underwater noise measure-inspecting the drill following the ments were made at the Naval Coastaltests. Systems Center in Panama City,

Florida. This facility also analyzed10. Evaluation of safety, perfor- the data and reported on the results

mance and acceptability by inter- in References 7, 8 and 9.viewing the divers following thetests. Test Equipment

11. Determination of the potential The first three test activities -for hearing damage to divers operating laboratory, shallow water and deepthe tools by measurement of the underwater - utilized the following itemswater noise produced by the rock provided by NCEL Code L43:drills.

1. Stanley hydraulic hammer drill,TS Pmodel HD20 (1)• TEST PROGRAM

2. Stanley hydraulic hammer drill,Overview model HD45 (1)

The test objectives, as previously 3. Stanley hydraulic sinker drill,stated, required testing on land and model SK58 (1)in the water. A total of four dif-"ferent test sites were used. 4. Hydraulic power source (1)

5

5. Hydraulic hose, 3/4 inch diameter Laboratory Test Procedures(250 feet)

Each of the three Stanley rock6. HD series drill bits: 1/2 inch, drills was tested according to the3/4 inch, I inch, 1-1/4 inch, 1-1/2 iollowing procedures.inch (2 each)

A pressan-e transducer was7. SK58 series drill bits: 1-1/2 installed on the high pressure line ofinch, 2 inch, 2-1/2 inch, 3 inch (2 the drill. A second pressure trans-each) ducer and a flow transducer were

installed on the low pressure line.8. Pressure transducers (2) Each transducer was connected to an

oscillograph where a permanent data9. Flow meter (1) record was produced. A needle valve

was installed in the low pressure line10. Oscillograph (1) to vary the back pressure. See Figure

2.11. Strobe tachometer (1)

The drill was operated with a12. Torque meter (1) series of flow rates ranging from 4 to

9 gallons per minute. At each13. Tape measure (1) setting, the needle valve was slowly

closed until the drill stalled. The14. Stop watch (1) oscillograph record provided blow

(impact) frequency, running pressure15. Ten-pound weights (5) at each port and stall pressure for

each flow rate.The underwater noise level tests

also used the three Stanley drills, The strobe tachometer was used toitems 1, 2 and 3. Additional equip- measure the rotational rate of thement included: drill. This was done for a series of

different flow rates and valve set-16. MRI 319, Ser. No. 103 hydrophone tings, both of which affect the rota-(1) tional rate.

17. Wideband amplifier (1) The torque generated in the drillbit was measured by operating the tool

18. Bell and Howell model 4020 magne- with the bit inserted into a torquetic tape recorder (1) meter. This value was determined at

a series of flow rates.19. Bruel and Kjaer model 4134microphone and amplifier (1) Land Test Procedures

20. MK 12 diving helmet (1) Following the laboratory testmeasurements of tool characteristics,

21. Wet suit material, 1/4 inch thick the actual drilling performance wasdetermined. The rock used in these

22. HD20 drill bit, 1/2 inch diameter tests was granodiorite obtained from(1) the Smit Quarry in Saugus, California.

Some specimens contained veins of23. HD45 drill bit, 1 inch diameter mica, and this heterogeneity of the(1) material may have contributed to the

variation in the measured penetration24. SK58 drill bit, 1 inch diameter rates. For each test condition, a(1) minimum of three holes was drilled to

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allow for the variation. In some drilled rock. This program involvedcases, additional holes were drilled procedures similar to those followeduntil the data were sufficiently during the last set of land tests.clustered to define a single value. With the flow rate and rotational rate

held constant, the bearing load wasInitially, for constant drill bit varied for each drill bit size, (the

diameter, bearing load and rotational optimum value established during therate, the hydraulic flow rate was land tests was one of those tested).varied. For each flow rate, the depth In each case the penetration rate wasof hole drilled during a fixed period determined. The optimum in-waterof time was measured, and the penetra- bearing load was chosen based ontion rate was determined. The optimum penetration rate and ease of handlingflow rate was determined to be that by the divers.which resulted in the greatestpenetration rate. Following these shallow water

tests, the personnel who had used theKeeping the drill bit diameter, tools were asked to report on the per-

flow rate, and bearing load constant, formance, handling, and safety of thethe rate of rotation and consequent equipment. A sample Critique Sheet isindex angle were varied. For each presented in Figure 3.case, three or more holes were drilledfor a fixed period of time to Deep Water Test Proceduresestablish penetration rates. Theoptimum rotational rate was The tests in fifty feet of waterestablished as that resulting in the near Anacapa Island were similar togreatest rate of penetration. those conducted in the shallow water

facility. The flow rate and rota-This was followed by a test in tional rate were held constant, and

which the bearing load was varied for each drill bit size, bearing loadswhile the flow rate and rotational were tested. One was the previouslyrate were held constant. The bearing determined optimum load. In each caseload was established by applying lead the rate of penetration was deter-weights. Holes were drilled, mined.measured, and the penetration rateswere determined for the different Reliability and Maintainability Testdrill bit diameters. The optimum Proceduresbearing load was that which resultedin the greatest penetration rate and Following testing in the water,also had acceptable handling charac- each drill was dismantled and checkedteristics. for water leakage and damaged or worn

The series of land tests described parts.

in the preceding paragraphs generated Underwater Noise Measurementa set of conditions - hydraulic flow Proceduresrate, rate of rotation, and bearingload - which resulted in the greatest Themeasurementofsoundgeneratedrate of penetration into the grano- by each tool was accomplished bydiorite testing medium. drilling underwater and recording the

noise in three situations - at theShallow Water Test Procedures diver's ear under a wet suit hood,

without a wet suit hood, and inside aThe next series of tests was con- MK 12 diving helmet.

ducted in twelve feet of water in theShallow Water Test Facility at NCEL, The underwater sound recordingagain using granodiorite as the system consisted of a hydrophone, an

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amplifier and a tape recorder. The The total correction equals -77 dB.system was calibrated by impressing aknown 1000 Hz signal on the hydrophone The microphone data was taken inpreamplifier and adjusting the output air inside the MK 12 helmet with A-signal. Sound in air was measured weighting applied. Therefore, theusing a microphone, amplifier and tape microphone data required no correc-recorder, and this system was also tion. Finally, the overall soundcalibrated using a known sound pressure levels were compared with thesource. OSHA in-air standards to determine if

hearing damage would occur and if anyThe rock drill was operated by exposure time limits should be recoin-

divers on concrete using various mended.diameter drill bits. Measurementswere made at the diver's ear with thehydrophone and with the hydrophonecovered with a boot made of 1/4-inch STANLEY HYDRAULIC HAMMER DRILL,wet suit material. The boot simulates MODEL HD20the noise shielding afforded by adiver's wet suit hood. Measurements Technical Descriptionwere also made with the hydrophonepositioned 6 feet horizontally from The Stanley hydraulic hammer drillthe tool. The MK 12 helmet with the model HD20, Figure 4, is a light dutymicrophone was positioned next to the hand tool. This tool is built foroperator's head to simulate its loca- ease of handling. The model HD20tion during normal operations. drills 1/2 inch to 1-1/2 inch diameter

holes up to 18 inches deep. It usesOne-third octave band levels for standard carbide tipped fluted drills

the selected tests were determined for (Skil #736) and requires no fluid tothe noise produced by the tool using a clean the hole. The hammer drill hitsGeneral Radio Model 1921 one-third an object at over 2000 blows peroctave band analyzer. The spectrum minute. A summary of the rock drillprintouts of the individual tests were characteristics is listed in Table 2.combined to give an average soundpressure level spectrum for each Table 2. Rock Drill Characteristicssituation, SCUBA diver with and Model HD20without wet suit hood protection, andMK 12 helmeted diver. These spectra Characteristic Descriptionwerc then summed to calculate theaverage overall sound pressure level. Capacity No. 736 SkilCorrections discussed in "Procedures Carbide-Tipfor Noise Measurements of Diver BitsTools," an unpublished report by DavidB. Wyman of the Naval Coastal Systems Weight 28 lbs.Center, were then applied to thehydrophone data. The corrections are Length 21 in.as follows:

Width 5 in.Change reference level from

1 micropascal to 0.000204 Pressure 1500-2000 psidynes/cm2 -26 dB

Flow Range 7-9 gpmA-weighting and acoustics

impedance mismatch Optimum Flow 8 gpmbetween water anddiver -51 dB Porting 3/8" SAE

10

401

FIGURE 4 MODEL HD 20 DRILL

Hose Whips Yes back pressure which would result fromthe 250 foot hoses used in underwater

Connect 3/8" male pipe service.Size and Type hose end

Six flow rates were used in theHyrevz M1otor Integral tests to determine the optimum value

Rotation Speed 0-300 rpm for maximizing the drilling rate.Those tested were 4,5,6,7,8 and 9gallons per minute. The drill bit

Laboratory and Land Test Results diameter was held constant at1/2 inch. The results of the test are

The operating characteristics of shown in Figure 5. Based on thesethe drill measured during the labora- data, the 8 gallon per minute valuetory testing are listed in Table 3. was chosen as the optimum setting.

The land tests for determining the Rotational rate is controlled byoperating characteristics which result the rotor motor valve, and the valvein the greatest penetration rates were setting was chosen as a suitableconducted using twenty foot hydraulic description of the rotational rate.hoses between the power source and the This is a convenient measure for thedrill. This neglected the additional diver, because without the use of any

Table 3. Operating Characteristics of Model HD20 asMeasured during Laboratory Tests

Flow Rate Running Pressure Stall Pressure Number Impact(GPM) (PSI) (PSI) of Valve Frequency

High Low High Low Turns (Hz)

3.10 575 125 - 275 1 10.255.17 950 150 2200 550 1 16.006.55 1275 150 2400 550 1 19.007.81 1650 175 2400 >450 1 21.508.50 1950 175 2400 500 1 22.007.93 2200 175 2400 525 1 19.258.74 - - - - 5 0.007.78 1875 175 2400 450 2-1/2 14.00

RPM

7.47 1100 175 260 1 18.507.47 1050 175 240 1-1/2 16.007.47 1050 175 225 2 12.507.82 2275 200 250 1 15.258.40 2250 200 250 1-1/2 15.008.75 2250 200 250 2 15.258.28 1950 200 250 2 13.758.10 2050 200 240 1-1/2 14.257.70 2175 200 250 1 15.50

12

LEGEND:(SPEED SETTINGS)+ 2 TURNS

1 TURNA= 1/2 TURNO= 1/4 TURN

TYPE DRILL: HD 20TEST DATES: 5-280. 5-5-80 DRILL DIAM.: 1/2" BIT

ENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

55 PLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

555 114 TURN

4.5

4 3.5.3

2.5cc 2 TURNS

TR1 TUR2

cc

o 1.5

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0.5 1/2 TURN--•--" /

0 /0 I I I I I I n I

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FLOW (GPM)

FIGURE 5 DRILLING RATE VERSUS FLOW FOR THE HD 20 LAND TEST FOR DETERMINING THEOPTIMUM FLOW RATE

13

- ~ - -

measuring tools he is able to set the applied. The penetration rate wasrotational rate. With the number of greatly reduced with no weight, andvalve turns from the fully open posi- the drill was difficult to handle withtion as the measure, a plot of rota- the higher weight applied, so thetional rate versus penetration rate optimum underwater bearing load wasfor four flow rates and a 1/2 inch determined to be 48 pounds, althoughdiameter drill bit is shown in Figure it did not result in the greatest6. These data established 1/2 turn as drilling rate, as shown in Figure 10.the setting for the optimum rotationalrate resulting in the greatest The effect of bearing load ondrilling rate. drilling rate was also measured in the

deep water tests near Anacapa Island.A belt with variable lead weights With flow and rotational rates set at

slung over the drill handle was used the previously established optimumto vary the bearing load. The weights values, penetration rates weretested ranged from zero to 78 pounds measured with a 48 pound bearing loadapplied to the rock drill operating and with no added weight. The resultswith a flow rate of 8 gpm and the for 1/2 inch, 1 inch and 1-1/2 inchvalve set at 1/2 turn. The results diameter drill bits are plotted inare illustrated in Figure 7. Although Figure 11.increased weight increased thedrilling rate, the tool became dif- Following the underwater drillingficult to handle with high bearing tests, the divers were asked to eva-loads, and the drilling rate increased luate the use of the tool. It wasat a slower rate. These considera- judged easy to handle and control.tions resulted in 48 pounds being Mounting the trigger on the longselected as the optimum bearing load. handle was proposed as a way to make

the drill easier to control. ThereWith the rotational rate at its were frequent incidents of the trigger

optimum value and no added bearing locking device failing to disengage,load, four drill bit sizes - 3/4 inch, requiring the diver to do it manually,1 inch, 1-1/4 inches and 1-1/2 inches and correction of this problem was- were tested for penetration rate recommended.at four flow rates. The results areplotted in Figure 8. Reliability and Maintainability

The same tool settings and drill Test Resultsbits were used with 250 foot hydraulichoses to measure the effects of the Water was found in the gear casing

added back pressure. The results, following the deep water tests. This

shown in Figure 9, indicated that the could result in rusting of the gears,use of longer hoses, typical in diving so cleaning after each use was recom-operations, would cause a reduction in mended. Pitting of the piston wasthe drilling rate. also discovered, and may have been the

result of salt water in the casing.Shallow and Deep Water Test Results Underwater Noise Measurement Results

During the shallow water tests,the bearing load was again varied, and The tests which were analyzed arethe drilling rate was measured to listed in Table 4. The data are pre-determine any change in the optimum sented in Figures 12 and 13.weight resulting from underwateroperation. The 48 pound load selectedas optimum during the land tests, noweight and a weight of 72 pounds were

14

LEGEND:

"+ 5 GPM FLOW RATE

A• = 7 GPM FLOW RATE= 8 GPM FLOW RATE

O = 9 GPM FLOW RATEPLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

TEST DATE: 5-2-80 DRILL BIT DIAMETER: 1/2 INCH

BEARING LOAD: DRILLWEIGHTENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

5 - • j 9 GPM

S4 8 GPM

z 7 GPM

z

"W 3I-

z

2

5 GPM

0 i, I I

0 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2

NUMBER OF VALVE TURNS FROM FULL OPEN POSITION

FIGURE 6 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS VALVE SETTING (WHICH DEFINES ROTATIONAL SPEED) FOR THEHD 20 LAND TEST FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM ROTATIONAL RATE

15

LEGEND:*ý 3/4" DIAMETER DRILL

+ = I" DIAMETER DRILL

TYPE DRILL HD 20TEST DATES: 5-9-80, 8-9-80 ENVIRONMENT. AIR

TEST MATERIAL. GRANODIORITEFLOW RATE: 8GPMSPEED SETTING: 1/2 TURN

9

DRILL DIAM.

3/4" BIT8+

S7 + 4

S6 + + +++

5 +

C, +.0z 1 DRILL DIAM.

4 oo.1" BIT

3 +

2

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

WEIGHT ADDED (POUNDS)

FIGURE 7 DRILLING RATE VERSUS WEIGHT ADDED FOR THE HD 20 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE OPTIMUM BEARING LOAD

16

LEGEND:+ = 4 GPM FLOW RATE

A = 7 GPM FLOW RATES: 8 GPM FLOW RATE

= 9 GPM FLOW RATEPLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

ROTATIONAL RATE VALVE SETTING: 1/2 TURNBEARING LOAD: DRILL WEIGHTENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

5

ZNNN\\

3N

Lu 4 G7

0N

z_

,-J

0

0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

DRILL BIT DIAMETER (INCHES)

FIGURE 8 DRILLING RATE VERSUS DRILL BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 20 LAND TEST

17

LEGEND:

Oý SHORT HOSE TEST"+ = LONG HOSE TFIT

TYPE DRILL: HD 20ENVIRONMENT AIR

TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITEFLOW RATE: 8GPM

TEST DATE: 5-29-80 VERTICAL BEARING LOAD 48 LBS,SPEED SETTING 1/2 TURN

11 !

10

9

z 7SHORT HOSE

wu (20 FEET LONG)6

LONG HOSE

z 5 (250 FEET LONG)

S4 _

3

2

00.5 1 1.5 2

BIT DIAMETER (INCHES)

FIGURE 9 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 20 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE DRILLING RATES AND THE EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE RESULTING FROM LONGERHOSES

18

LEGEND:A= 72 LBS ADDED"+ = 48 LBS ADDED

~'- NO WEIGHT ADDED

TEST DATE: 6-3-80

TYPE DRILL: HD 20ENVIRONMENT: SEAWATERTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

9 FLOW RATE: 8GPM

"•• S%, SPEED SETTING: 1/2 TURN

8 e• PLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

072 LBS.

48 LBS.2-L

Lu

5

z.,4 \-REDDCE D POINTS AS ONcc 4ATTACHED SHEET

3

2 NOWEIGH"

0 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2


FIGURE 10 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 20 TANK TEST FOR DETERMINING

THE OPTIMUM BEAR;NG LOAD IN SHALLOW WATER

19

-|

TEST DATE: 7-16-80 LEGEND:"+ 48 LBS ADO[ I

<>- NOWEIGHT Ai.,.

TYPE DRILL HD )U10 ENVIRONMENT S[ AWVAII,

TEST MATERIAL GRANOt)IU~iFLOW RATE 8GPM

9 SPEED SETTING I/2 TURN

8

7 N

z

z48 LB.

Wj 5

4

_,J NO WEIGHTE 3

2

0 i10 1/2 1 1-1/2 2


MV

FIGURE 11 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 20 DEEP WATER TEST FOR

DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF BEARING LOAD IN DEEP WATER

20

E --+ , --_

• t *" , 150 :.

lI

S! -; - ! . . . . • ,4° •"

lffb

i I• -"'---- . ... "--T--• T-

20 3t 5 50 80 I25 200 315 500 800 1 25K 20K 3 15K 50K 8OK 125K 201< 31 5V,

ThJrd-Octave-Banct Center Flecluency m Hz

FIGURE 12 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER-OPERATED STANLEYROCK DRILL, HD 20, HYDROPHONE 6 FEET FROM TOOL

I---- .... It !- !-!i 1 1! 1 1 -[ i - I I • T- -'[•' 120 •---I

L i •

: ' ' i 7

" _ _l J l t i i l l 1 i ,o50 B0 125 200 315 500 BO0 1 25K 20K 3 15K 50K 80K 125K 20K

Third-Octave.Band (:enter Frequency in Hz

• FIGURE 13 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER IN A MK 12 HELMETOPERATING A ROCK ORILL, HD 20

i

Table 4. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, HD20

Microphone

Overall SoundHydrophone Pressure Level

Drill Bit Overall Sound Microphone in Ref: 0.000204Diameter Hydrophone Pressure Level MK 12 Helmet dynes/cm2

Inches Location Ref: I Micropascal Location (A-weighted)

1/2 at diver's 175ear,

1/2 6 feet from 161 4 feet from tool 85tool

1/2 at diver's 163ear, wet suitprotected

STANLEY HYDRAULIC HAMMER DRILL, Table 5. Rock Drill Characteristics

MODEL HD45 Model HD45

Technical Description Characteristic Description

Capacity No. 736 SkilThe Stanley hydraulic hammer drill Carbide-Tip

model HD45, Figure 14, is a heavy duty Bitstool which may be used for drillingtest holes, for setting anchor bolts, Weight 45 lbs.and similar underwater purposes. Itdrills 1/2 inch to 1-1/2 inch diameter Length 22.5 in.holes up to 30 inches deep. The modelHD45 uses standard carbide tipped Width 14 in.fluted drills (Skil #736) and requiresno fluid to clean the hole. The model Pressure 1500-2000 psiHD45 has an additional feature ofadjustable bit rotation (forward and Flow Range 7-9 gpmreverse) which permits a choice ofblows per minute/revolutions per Optimum Flow 8 gpmminute ratios for easy starting ofcore drills and for maximum penetra- Porting 1/2" SAEtion. The model HD45 hammer drilldelivers 2200 blows per minute. A Hose Whips Yessummary of the rock drill charac-teristics is listed in Table 5. Connect 1/2" male

Size and Type pipe hose end

Hyrevz Motor Integral

Rotation Speed 0-300 rpm

22

FIGURE 14 MODELHD45DRILL

23

Laboratory and Land Test Results chosen as 9 gallons per minute, basedon the manufacturer's suggested maxi-

The operating characteristics of mum setting, rather than an absolutethe drill measured during the labora- maximum drilling rate. With no addi-tory testing are listed in Table 6. tional bcaring load, the resultingThe maximum torque developed, average penetration rate was 5-1/2occurring at flow rates of 8 and 9 inches per minute with a 1 inch bitgallons per minute, was 15 foot- diameter.pounds. These tests utilized 20 foothydraulic hoses, while all the testsfollowing, on land and in water, used250 foot hydraulic hoses to avoid the The bearing load was increased aterrors in drilling rate shown in a constant flow rate of 9 gpm toFigure 9. determine the optimum value, and itwas found that the drilling rate con-

sistently increased with weight. TheThe flow rates tested to determine tool became difficult to handle with

that which resulted in the maximum higher loads, so 54 pounds wasdrilling rate were 4,6,7,8 and 9 selected as the optimum value,gallons per minute. As shown in corresponding to a drilling rate ofFigure 15, the penetration rate 9.7 inches per minute with a 1 inchsteadily increased with increasing drill bit. The results for the rangeflow rate. The optimum flow rate was of weights are plotted in Figure 16.

Table 6. Operating Characteristics of Model HD45as Measured during Laboratory Tests

Flow Rate Running Pressure Stall Pressure Impact(GPM) (PSI) (PSI) Frequency:

High Low High Low (Hz)

3.68 575 75 950 200 17.0 Pp

5.06 800 75 - - 18.26.32 1025 100 1600 450 22.57.59 1350 125 2125 450 22.58.27 1525 150 2175 500 23.09.65 1900 175 2375 575 24.0

RPM

3.62 600 100 10 18.96.34 1075 110 260 20.57.13 1290 125 327 21.08.27 1590 175 395 22.09.62 1900 200 465 27.0

24

LEGEND:,&= 1/2" DRILL BIT DIAMETER

+ = 1' DRILL BIT DIAMETERPLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

TEST DATES: 5-6-80, 6-17-80, 6-18-80 BEARING LOAD: DRILL WEIGHTENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

8

1/2" BIT

6

<+2j +

" 4

4

C,,

a

2

0 I /I I I

o /5v 6 7 8 9

FLOW RATE (GAL./MIN.)

FIGURE 15 DRILLING RATE VERSUS FLOW RATE FOR THE HD45 LAND TEST FOR DETERMINING

* THE OPTIMUM FLOW RATE

25L -

. - - - -. .. .

TYPE DRILL: HD 45

TEST DATE: 6-18-40 DRILL DIAM.: 1" BITENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANOL)U11, ItFLOW RATE: 9GPM

12

11

10

9z

S8

ui 7

(W 6

z.a 5

0 4

3

2

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55WEIGHT ADDED (POUNDS)

FIGURE 16 DRILLING RATE VERSUS WEIGHT ADDED FOR THE HD 45 LAND TEST FORDETERMINING THE OPTIMUM BEARING LOAD ON LAND

S66

Cw

The selected 54 pound optimum load set at 9 gpm. The results, shown inand no added weight were used with a Figure 19, indicated that the drillingseries of drill bit diameters and one rates were significantly greater thanflow rate to determine the drilling those in shallow water.rate corresponding to each. Theresults are shown in Figure 17. The divers' evaluations of the

tool were mostly favorable. It wasShallow and Deep Water Test Results reported that the drill was difficult

to control when starting a hole, andDrilling in shallow water was per- it was suggested that a better way be

formed with no added weight and with developed for applying the bearingbearing loads of 30 and 54 pounds, all load. During the drilling, theat a flow rate of 9 gpm with 5 dif- 1/2 inch diameter bit often jammed inferent drill bit diameters. The the hole, requiring the use of adrilling rates were less than on land wrench to free it.and are shown in Figure 18. Althoughthe 54 pounds resulted in the greatest Reliability and Maintainabilitydrilling rate, it also created Test Resultshandling problems. The 30 poundbearing load was therefore chosen as The dismantling of the rock drillthe optimum value, following the underwater tests

revealed some rusting. It was alsoThe bearing loads used in the deep discovered that the motor mounting

water tests were zero and thirty bolts required a specific torquepounds. Holes were drilled using during reassembly, a condition not1/2 inch, 1 inch and 1-1/2 inch specified by the manufacturer.diameter drill bits with the flow rate

Table 7. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, HD45

MicrophoneOverall Sound

Hydrophone Pressure LevelDrill Bit Overall Sound Microphone in Ref: 0.000204Diameter Hydrophone Pressure Level MK 12 Helmet dynes/cm2

Inches Location Ref: 1 Micropascal Location (A-weighted)

I at diver's 162ear, wetsuit pro-tected

1 6 feet from 171tool

I at diver's 174 4 feet from 84ear tool

27

TEST DATE: 6-1 9.80

14

12 -+ 54 L

UJI NO MEIGHT

8 ADDED

2 TYPE DRILL: HD 45ENVIPONMENT: AIR

6 TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITEFLOW RATE: 9 GPM+

LEGEND:++ 54LBSADDED

QNOWEIGHTADDED

2 =2 POINTS

0I0 1/2 3/4 1 1-114 1-112 2


FIGURE 17 DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD45 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE EFFECT OF BEARING LOAD AND BIT DIAMETER ON DRILLING RATE ON LAND

28

-2e

LEGEND:S= 54 LBS ADDED+ = 30 LBS ADDEDO NO WEIGHT ADDED

TEST DATE: 6-18-80TYPE DRILL: HD45ENVIRONMENT. SEAWATERTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITEFLOW RATE: 9GPM

11

10 +%% /--30 LB

9

Z 7 A

4 6 NO WEIGHT +\ .5

4,

S4 '"

3

2

1

0 a I I a0 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 2


4 FIGURE 18 DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 45 TANK TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE EFFECTS OF BEARING LOAD AND BIT DIAMETER ON DRILLING RATE IN SHALLOWWATER

29

* .~-

TEST DATE: 7-16-80

14

12NO WEIGHT

10

2 8 30 LB

w

S62+

"TYPE DRILL: HD45 1.XENVIRONMENT: SEAWATER +F•

a 4 TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITEFLOW RATE: 9GPM

LEGEND: +0= 30 LBS ADDED

2 += NO WEIGHT ADDED +

00 1/2 1 1-1/2 2


FIGURE 19 DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE HD 45 DEEP WATER TEST FORDETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF BEARING LOAD AND BIT DIAMETER ON DRILLING RATEIN DEEP WATER

30

-4150 F.

+ ED

10

20 31 5 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1 25K 20K 3 15K 50K 80UK 12 5K 20K 31 5K

Third-Octave Band Cete Fiequency in HzI

FIGURE 20 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER-OPERATED STANLEY ROCKDRILL, HD 45, ON CONCRETE, HYDROPHONE 6 FEET FROM TOOL

I T I

t go'C

} t 70

20 31 5 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 125 K 20K 315SK 50K 80UK 12 5K 20K

Third-Octave Band Center Frequencv in HW

'IGURE 21 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER IN A MK 12 HELMETOPERATING A STANLEY ROCK DRILL, HD0 45. ON CONCRETE

31

Underwater Noise Measurement Optimum Flow 9 gpmResultsPorting 1/2" SAE

The tests which were analyzed are (Hyd)listed in Table 7. The data are pre- 1/2" NPTsented in Figures 20 and 21. (Air)

Hose Yes(Hyd)STANLEY HYDRAULIC SINKER DRILL, Whips Yes(AirIMODEL SK58, TYPE 110 Water)

Technical Description Connect 1/2" maleSize and pipe hose

The Stanley hydraulic sinker drill Size and p Hosemodel SK58, Figure 22, is designed for 3/8" maleuse in utility pole construction, pipe hoseblast hole drilling, gas line probing end (Air/and demolition work. The model SK58 Water)drills 1 inch to 3 inch diameter holesup to 20 feet deep in rock or con- Hyrevz Motor Integralcrete. It uses air or water to flushall rock particles from within drilledholes. The rotational rate of the Lmodel SK58 is adjustable from 0 to 300revolutions per minute. The drill has The operating characteristics ofdirect drive rotation and the rotation the drill measured during the labora-rate is independent of the impact rate tory testing are listed in Table 9.of up to 2500 blows per minute. The Unlike the HD20 and HD45 models, therestarting system incorporates a was no apparent correlation betweenfeathering valve for a fast startup. flow rate and stall pressure.This particular model SK58 sinker Similarly, there was no apparentdrill utilizes no gear box. A summary correlation between valve setting andof the rock drill characteristics is rotational rate, so it was necessarylisted in Table 8. to use actual revolutions per minute

as the indicator. The maximumtorque, corresponding to a flow rate

Table 8. Rock Drill Characteristics of 9 gallons per minute, was 35 foot-Model SK58, Type 110 pounds.

Characteristic Description The laboratory and land tests wereconducted using 20 foot long hydraulic

Capacity 4-114" hoses. The tests in water utilizedShank x lengths of 250 feet.1" Hex

Before the tests were completed,

Weight 67 lbs. it was discovered that the accumulatorhad not been charged during the

Length 26 in. testing. Selected procedures wererepeated with the accumulator charged

Width 18 in. to determine its effect.

Pressure 1500- Flow rates of 7, 8 and 9 gallons2000 psi per minute were tested using a drill

bit diameter of 2-1/4 inches with theFlow Range 7-9 gpm accumulator charged and uncharged.

32

io• , • ,.........

FIGURE 22 MODEL SK 58 DRILL

33

.4 il

Table 9. Operating Characteristics of Model SK58as Measured during Laboratory Tests

Flow Rate Running Pressure Stall Pressure Number Impact(GPM) (PSI) (PSI) of Valve Frequency

High Low High Low Turns (Hz)

10.34 1625 200 2375 450 1 25.505.06 550 75 - 275 1 22.136.44 725 75 1825 475 1 23.407.70 950 125 2125 450 1 23.259.88 1525 150 2375 425 1 23.88

RPM

4.88 1525 175 180 1 23.009.88 1550 200 510 0 24.008.96 1300 175 495 0 23.407.70 975 100 325 0 21.606.55 800 75 275 0 20.25

The results, presented in Figure 23, rate of 9 gpm and essentially constantindicated that for both cases the rotational rates, data were collecteddrilling rate steadily increases with with 2 and 2-1/4 inch diameter drillflow rate. The manufacturer's recom- bits. The drilling rates, plotted inmended maximum flow rate, 9 gallons Figure 26, increase with increasingper minute, was selected as the opti- bearing load. Larger weights causedmum value. The differences in difficulty in handling the drill, sodrilling rates for the accumulator 30 pounds was selected as the optimumcharged and uncharged using a variety value.of drill bit diameters is illustratedin Figure 24. Shallow and Deep Water Test Results

The drilling rate was measured The tests in shallow water werewith various rotational rates using a run with the accumulator charged anddrill bit diameter of 2-1/4 inches and uncharged. The cases were run ata flow rate of 9 gpm. The optimum their respective optimum rotationalvalue for the uncharged condition was rates of 100 and 60 rpm. The flowselected as 60 revolutions per minute. rate was held at 9 gpm, and 30 poundBased on curve for the charged accumu- and zero added weights were testedlator case in Figure 25, 100 revolu- with four drill bit diameters. Thetions per minute was selected as the results are shown in Figure 27.optimum value. In addition to thegreater penetration rate, this speed In deep water, zero and 30 poundwas characterized by ease of added weights were tested on the drillhandling, with the accumulator charged. The

resulting drilling rates, shown inThe optimum bearing load was also Figure 28, were similar to those

determined with the accumulator measured during the shallow watercharged and uncharged. With a flow tests.

34

LEGEND:+ = 50 TO 60 RPM t UNCHARGEDA = 130 TO 150 RPM ACCUMULATOR

= 100 TO 105 RPM CHARGEDACCUMULATOR

PLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

TEST DATES: 5-20 27, 28-80, 7-31-80, 8-1-80 DRILL BIT DIAMETER: 2 1/4 INCHESBEARING LOAD: DRILL WEIGHTENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

3.5

0 C100-105 RPM

3.0 / HRE

zE j 50-60 RPM

2 2.5 30-150 RPM

LuI,_

4+

2 2.0

UNCHARGED +

1.5

0 AA.07 8 9

FLOW RATE (GAL./MIN.)

FIGURE 23 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS FLOW RATE FOR THE SK 58 LAND TEST FOR DETERMINING THEOPTIMUM FLOW RATE WITH THE ACCUMULATOR CHARGED AND UNCHARGED

35

LEGEND:Q= CHARGED ACCUMULATOR

(SPEED: 60 RPM)

+ = UNCHARGED ACCUMULATOR(SPEED: 100 RPM)

TYPE DRILL: SK58

ENVIRONMENT: AIR

TEST DATES: UNCHARGED 5-28-80, CHARGED 7-31-80 & 8-1-80 TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE(SPEED: 55 TO 65 RPM)FLOW RATE: 9GPMBEARING LOAD: DRILL WEIGHT

8

7

6 CHARGED\ +s 5Z UNCHARGED

4

23-J

2

+o

0 Ii I J

0 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2BIT DIAMETER (INCHES)

FIGURE 24 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE SK 58 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OPERATING WITH THE ACCUMULATOR CHARGED ANDUNCHARGED

36

LEGEND:0 = UNCHARGED ACCUMULATOR*• CHARGED ACCUMULATOR


DRILL BIT DIAMETER: 2 1/4 INCHES

FLOW RATE: 9GPMTEST DATES: 5-20, 27, 28-80, 7-31-80, 8-1-80 BEARING LOAD: DRILL WEIGHT

ENVIRONMENT: AIRTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

3.5

3.0

z= 2.50LI-

cc0 2.0

1.5

1.0 I I I I25 50 75 100 125 150 175

ROTATIONAL RATE (REV./MIN.)

FIGURE 25 DRILLING RATE VERSUS ROTATIONAL RATE FOR THE SK 58 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE OPTIMUM ROTATIONAL RATE WITH THE ACCUMULATOR CHARGED AND UNCHARGED

37

I-.

LEGEND:= 21/4" BIT DIAMETER UNCHARGEDS2'" BIT DIAMETER ACCUMULATOR

2 1/4" BIT DIAMETER- CHARGEDACCUMULATORTEST DATE: 5-28-80 PLOTTED POINTS ARE AVERAGES

FLOW RATE: 9GPMROTATIONAL RATE: 55 TO 65 UNCHARGED

5 100 RPM CHARGEDENVIRONMENT: AIR

TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

4

UNHRE 2 1/4" BIT2

rV 0 10 20 30 40 50WEIGHT ADDED (POUNDS)

FIGURE 26 DRILLING WEIGHT VERSUS WEIGHT ADDED FOR THE SK 58 LAND TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE OPTIMUM BEARING LOAD WITH THE ACCUMULATOR CHARGED AND UNCHARGED

38I

S.. .. . .. . . .. .UNCHARGED.. . llll - .. . . .a .- = :.• . . .Ilr • • i. .,_ • . "•.:• t ,

LEGEND:

= NO WEIGHT, 60 RPM,

UNCHARGED ACCUMULATOR30 LBS., 60 RPM,UNCHARGED ACCUMULATOR

0 = NO WEIGHT, 100 RPMCHARGED ACCUMULATOR

TEST DATES: UNCHARGED 6-4-80, CHARGED 8-15-80 + = 30 LBS., 100 RPMCHARGED ACCUMULATOR


7

6UNCHARGED CHARGED30 LB 60 RPM ,30 LB 100 RPM

5

z_Z 4Lu,I'- CHARGED NO

SWEIGHT 100 RPM

tz TYPE DRILL: SK 58 •

ZI ENVIRONMENT: SEAWATERTEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE

S2 FLOWRATE: 9GPM

UNCHARGED NOWEIGHT 60 RPM

0 , I I I I•0 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3


FIGURE 27 DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE SK 58 TANK TEST FOR DETERMININGTHE EFFECT OF VARYING BEARING LOAD AND OF CHARGED AND UNCHARGEDACCUMULATOR ON THE DRILLING RATE IN SHALLOW WATER

39 i

LEGEND:TEST DATE: 7-16-80 O,= 30 LBS ADDED

O= NO WEIGHT ADDED(DRILL LOAD)

TYPE DRILL: SK58ENVIRONMENT: SEAWATER

TEST MATERIAL. GRANODIORITEACCUMULATOR: CHARGED

3

z 30 LB

LOAD2iwl

S 2

z

1 D~RILL.-

LOAD

, ' V 1 11/2 2 2-1/2 3

FIGURE 28 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE SK 58 DEEP WATER TEST FORDETERMINING THE EFFECT OF BEARING LOAD IN DEEP WATER

40

CC,

Table 10. Noise Measurement Tests of Stanley Rock Drill, SK58

MicrophoneOverall Sound

Hydrophone Pressure LevelDrill Bit Overall Sound Microphone in Ref: 0.000204

Diameter Hydrophone Pressure Level MK 12 Helmet dynes/cm2

Inches Location Ref: 1 Micropascal Location (A-weighted)

I at diver's 178ear

1 at diver's 161ear, wet suitprotected

1 6 feet from 174 4 feet from tool 84tool

The divers found this drill more CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSdifficult to handle than the other twomodels, primarily due to its increased Stanley Hydraulic Hammer Drill,

size and weight. The control lever, Model HD20located on the drill body rather thanon the handle, could not be reachedwithout letting go with one hand. Use As a result of the measurementsby a team of two divers is a solution made during the laboratory and landto both these difficulties. tests of the model HD20 drill, the

following operating conditions wereReliability and Maintainability Test established as those resulting in theResults greatest penetration (drilling)

rates:Dismantling of the drill following

the underwater tests revealed two Hydraulic fluid 8 gallons/minuteareas of corrosion. Pitting was evi- flow ratedent on the lower 3/4 inch of thepiston and in the area between the Drill rotational That correspon-drive motor and control block seals. rate ding to a valve

setting of 112

Underwater Noise Measurement turn from theResults fully open posi-

tion

The tests which were analyzed are Bearing load 48 pounds in

Slisted in Table 10. The data are pre- addition to the

sented in Figures 29 and 30. tool weight

41

S16 0

_____ __-__-__-_--' -- - - - -- - - - - -

'LLI iI

' ~~~~I i ... ,o•

SI ' 0;rtl

10.

S, t- : I L C-J• i i

I .• l I -C. .

L 1 .... . . A 13020 315 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 25K 20K 315K 50K 8OK 125K 20K 31 5K

Third-Octave-Band Center Frequency in H7

FIGURE 29 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER-OPERATED STANLEYROCK DRILL, SK 58, HYDROPHONE 6 FEET FROM TOOL

' ! ! , } 1 I 1 f I *1- I1 _._Lr110

- '-I -~ t~1~ 100

S ! ! ; l , I -- , I -I I :

, i ; u•

I 0;

L I

20 315 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 125K 20K 315K 50K 80K 125K 20K

Third-Octave.Band Center Frequency in H?

FIGURE 30 AVERAGE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL SPECTRUM FOR A DIVER IN A MK 12 HELMETOPERATING A STANLEY ROCK DRILL, SK 58

42

The shallow and deep water tests and control while the removal of thealso indicated that 48 pounds was the trigger locking mechanism allowingoptimum added bearing load. With the "deadman" operation to occur is recom-drill operating at the optimum con- mended. Cleaning of the drill isditions listed above, the drilling recommended after each use due torates in water were: water found in the gear casing and

pitting that had occurred on theBit Size Penetration Rate (Avg) piston.

1/211 7.9 inches/minute Based on the results of thesetests, evaluation of the drill by

i" 5.1 inches/minute NCEL, subject to the wearing of a wet

suit hood, and following removal of1-1/2" 0.8 inch/minute the trigger locking mechanism, the

model HD20 drill is judged safe andThe results for this and the two adequate for Navy diver use when

other models are presented in Figure operated in accordance with current31. NAVSEA procedures.

The underwater noise measurementsresulted in the average overall sound Stanley Hydraulic Hammer Drill,pressure levels expected to be Model HD45

experienced by divers with variousequipment and the proposed time limits As a result of the measurementsfor use of the tool presented in Table made during the laboratory and land11. tests of the model HD45 drill, the

following operating conditions wereBased on these results, it is established as those resulting in the

recommended that when using this tool greatest penetration (drilling)a wet suit hood be worn. rates:

The divers indicated that the Hydraulic fluid 9 gallons/minutemodel HD20 drill was easy to handle flow rate

Table 11. Model HD20 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits

Overall Sound Overall Sound ProposedPressure Level - Pressure Level - Time

Diver Ref I Micropascal Ref 0.000204 dynes/cm2 Limit

SCUBA no 175 98 3 hourswet suit

SCUBA with 163 86 over 8 hours1/4 inchwet suithood

NK 12 Ill 85 over 8 hours

' A 43

9 \ LEGEND: ROTATIONAL FLOW ADDEDRATE RATE WEIGHT

0 HD 20IN DEEP WATER: 1/2 TURN 8 GPM 48 LB.HD 20 IN SHALLOW WATER: 1/2 TURN 8 GPM 48 LB.

8 HD 45 IN DEEP WATER: - 9 GPM 30 LB.

HD 45 IN SHALLOW WATER: - 9 GPM 30 LB.SK 58 IN DEEP WATER: 100 RPM 9GPM 30 LB.SSK 58 IN SHALLOW WATER: 100 RPM 9 GPM 30 LB.

ENVIRONMENT: SEAWATER

TEST MATERIAL: GRANODIORITE<' HO 45 INDEEP WATER

z 6

zI

5z

4

"HO 451 NSHALLOW WATER

3

2

HD 20

0 1/2 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3BIT DIAMETER (INCHES)

F IGURE 31 -DRILLING RATE VERSUS BIT DIAMETER FOR THE THREE DRILLS AT OPTIMUM ROTATIONALRATE, FLOW RATE AND BEARING LOAD IN SEAWATER

44

\ . .

Bearing load 54 pounds in for use of the tool presented in Tableaddition to the 12.tool weight Based on these results, it is

In shallow and deep water, the recommended that when using this tool

optimum added bearing load was reduced a wet suit hood be worn.

to 30 pounds, primarily to improvetool handling. With the drill The divers gave favorable eva-luations of the model HD45 rock

operating at the in-water optimum con- drill. It is recommended that theditions, the drilling rates under tool be ca aerm each usewater were: tool be cleaned after each use in

water.

Bit Size Avg. Penetration Rate(inches (minute) Based on the results of the tests(inchs /eShallow and evaluation of the drill by NCEL,and subject to the wearing of a wet

1/2" 9.3 8.9 suit hood, the model HD45 drill isjudged safe and adequate for Navy

l" 6.6 4.4 diver use when operated in accordancewith current NAVSEA procedures.

1-1/2" 3.4 2.0Stanley Hydraulic Sinker Drill,

The results for this and the other Model SK58, Type 110two models are presented in Figure31. As a result of the measurements

made during the laboratory and landThe underwater noise measurements tests of the model SK58 drill, the

resulted in the average overall sound following operating conditions werepressure levels expected to be established as those resulting in theexperienced by divers with various greatest penetration (drilling)equipment and the proposed time limits rates:

Table 12. Model HD45 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits



SCUBA no 174 97 3 hourswet suit

SCUBA with 162 85 over 8 hours1/4 inchwet suithood

MK 12 84 over 8 hours

45

Table 13. Model SK58 Sound Pressure Levels and Operating Time Limits



SCUBA no 178 101 1-3/4 hours

wet suit

SCUBA with 161 84 over 8 hours

1/4 inchwet suithood

MK 12 84 over 8 hours

Hydraulic fluid 9 gallons/minute experienced by divers with variousflow rate equipment and the proposed time limits

for use of the tool presented in TableDrill rotational 100 revolutions/ 13.rate minute

Based on these results, it is

Bearing load 30 pounds in recommended that when using this tooladdition to the a wet suit hood be worn and no timetool weight limit be imposed.

The shallow and deep water tests Due to the unit weight and remote

confirmed 30 pounds as the optimum location of the trigger mechanism fromadded bearing load. With the drill the tee handle, model SK58 operating

operating at the optimum conditions procedures must require handling bylisted above and with the accumulator two divers.charged, the drilling rates in waterwere: Based on the results of these

tests and evaluation of the drill byNCEL, and subject to the two-diver

Bit Size Penetration Rate (Avg) operating requirement and wearing of awet suit hood, the model SK58 drill is

1-1/2" 5.5 inches/minute judged safe and adequate for Navydiver use when operated in accordance

2-1/4" 1.8 inches/minute with current NAVSEA procedures.

3" 1.1 inches/minute

The results for this and the other twomodels are presented in Figure 31.

The underwater noise measurementsresulted in the average overall soundpressure levels expected to be

46

REFERENCES 8. Gould, P.F. and Wyman, D.B.,"Underwater Noise Produced by the

1. Brackett, R.L. and Parisi, A.M., Stanley Rock Drill HD-45," Naval"Hand-Held Hydraulic Rock Drill and Coastal Systems Center, Report SPSeafloor Fasteners for ',e by Divers," 82-52-0S6, May 1981.Civil Engineering Laboratory, Techni-cal Report R825. Port Hueneme, 9. Gould, P.F. and Wyman, D.B.,California, August 1975. "Underwater Noise Produced by the

Stanley Rock Drill SK-58," Naval2. Brackett, R.L. and Tausig, W., Coastal Systems Center, Report SP"Development and Testing of an 82-53-0S6, May 1981.Experimental Heavy Duty Hydraulic RockDrill for Use by Divers," CivilEngineering Laboratory, Technical LIST OF SYMBOLSReport R862. Port Hueneme,California, December 1977. A Area (in. 2 )

3. Simon, R., "Transfer of Stress D Drill bit diameter (in.)Waves in the Drill Steel of aPercussive Drill to the Rock," ED Energy output of drillInternational Journal of Rock (in.-lb.)Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 1,No. 3, May 1964. El Impact energy (in.-lb.)

4. Parisi, A.M. and Brackett, R.L., ER Energy required to remove a"Development, Test, and Evaluation ofan Underwater Grout Dispensing System unit volume of rock (in.-Ib.)for Use by Divers," Civil EngineeringLaboratory, Technical Note N-1347. e Energy transmission efficiencyPort Hueneme, California, July 1974. f Impact frequency (impacts/main.)

5. Maurer, W.C., "The State of RockMechanics Knowledge in Drilling," K Drilling rate constantEighth Symposium on Rock Mechanics,University of Minnesota, 15-17 Pr Penetration rate (in./min.)September 1966.

t Time6. Hustrulid, W.A. and Fairhurst,C., "A Theoretical and Experimental V Volume of rock removed (in. 3 )Study of Percussive Driiling in Rock;Part II, Force - Penetration andSpecific Energy Determinations,"International Journal of RockMechanics and Mining Science, Volume8, 1971.

7. Gould, P.F. and Wyman, D.B.,"Underwater Noise Produced by theStanley Rock Drill HD-20," NavalCoastal Systems Center, Report SP82-51-0S6, May 1981.

47

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