1      

PROJECT TITLE: ECOSYSTEM SERVICE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMIZING NATURAL TREATMENT OF STORMWATER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Lisa A. Levin, Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

ASSOCIATE INVESTIGATORS: Richard T. Carson, Professor, University of California San Diego

FUNDING REQUESTED:

2016-2017 Federal/State $64,027 Match $32,014 2017-2018 Federal/State $63,621 Match $31,811

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Coastal development and urbanization modify water flows and contaminant loads in stormwater runoff that ultimately leads to degraded surface and ground water quality (Novotny & Olem 1994). As stormwater travels through urban settings, it accumulates contaminants that deteriorate the health and function of ponds, streams, wetlands, and the coastal ocean. Stormwater runoff is one of the leading sources of nonpoint source water pollution in the U.S. (Lopes & Bender 1998; Gaffield et al. 2003; U.S. EPA 2004). In southern California, these issues are known as the urban stream syndrome. They are superimposed on water shortages and droughts which heighten the importance of water retention and groundwater recharge (Meyer et al. 2005). Current approaches to improving water quality and enhancing water supply, such as water treatment plants and pipelines to transport water, are expensive in terms of both capital and energy. More efficient approaches are needed to assess, monitor, and manage impacts on our urban ocean.

Natural treatment systems (NTS) are man-made systems designed to infiltrate, filter, and harvest stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces and are now required for new development in some southern California cities. NTS include harvesting technologies (green roofs, rainwater tanks, wetlands and ponds; Figure 1A), infiltration systems (trenches, permeable pavement, engineered streams; Figure 1B), and hybrids (rain gardens, biofilters, bioswales; Figure 1C) (Askarizadeh et al., in press). It is increasingly important to evaluate the effectiveness of different technologies in different contexts. Such evaluations should include provided services that are the primary intent (water quality improvement, water supply enhancement, flood protection) as well as co-derived services such as wildlife habitat support, carbon sequestration, biodiversity support, and recreational opportunity.

2      

Figure 1. Examples of natural treatment systems on Elmer Avenue, Los Angeles that perform (A) harvesting – rain tank, (B) infiltration – permeable pavement, and (C) hybrid – biofilter.

INVESTIGATORY QUESTION:

The proposed project builds and expands on the NTS concepts being addressed for biofilters in our current one-year USC Sea Grant project (Cleaning urban stormwater on its way to the ocean: ecosystem services from natural treatment systems). The four questions we plan to address are: (1) What is the relative efficiency of different NTS categories with respect to water services including [i] water infiltration, [ii] contaminant removal, [iii] water storage, and [iv] downstream/coastal impacts of land-based activities in the ocean? (2) What are the market and non-market ecosystem services associated with each NTS category that provide environmental and socioeconomic benefits? (3) What are the economic values of NTS ecosystem services and how can those values be used for ocean and coastal resource decision-making? And (4) What are the costs and benefits of NTS relative to those of non-natural systems?

We will also test the hypothesis that NTS categories do not differ with respect to the provision of water services and associated ecosystem services. We will also consider the context-dependence

3      

of the services, i.e., how issues such as size of the NTS, surrounding land use, proximity and connectivity to the ocean, and other attributes affect ecosystem service provision.

Figure 2. We seek to understand the relationships between NTS category, water services, and associated ecosystem services.

MOTIVATION:

There is urgent need for low energy, multi-disciplinary, and multi-benefit approaches to sustaining adequate water resources. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of southern California droughts, magnifying the California water crisis and allowing contaminants to accumulate (Mann & Gleick 2015). Further, these contaminants can enter ponds, streams, wetlands, and the coastal ocean where they can cause waterborne illnesses and poison marine life (Dwight et al. 2004; Bay et al. 2003).

Current approaches for improving water quality and enhancing water supply are energy and capital intensive. NTS are low-energy alternatives that are designed to use natural processes to remove contaminants (e.g., trace metals, organic compounds, and pathogens) and enhance infiltration to groundwater. They not only provide the above mentioned water services, but they are also associated with the provision of a suite of other ecosystem services. These services create value for society and should be accounted for when making urban planning and regulation decisions. A substantial portion of southern California’s water demand might be met by identifying locations that would benefit the most from a specific category of NTS and employing a diverse array of capture and treatment systems across the urban landscape.

NTS are becoming more widespread in southern California. They are constructed in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties by individual developers, universities, municipalities, transportation authorities, and water districts. The city of Los Angeles requires NTS construction for new development that involves more than 500 square-feet of impervious area (Los Angeles Municipal Code). However, presently there has been little quantification of the effectiveness of NTS and whether different context influences the effectiveness of different NTS and additional services they provide (Aguirre 2015).

4      

These additional services potentially include increased habitat heterogeneity, connectivity, and food web support. In addition, NTS can sequester carbon, provide wildlife habitat and pollination services, and moderate flooding and erosion. These services are rarely included in decisions regarding urban planning, despite the benefits they provide.

This proposal will focus on determining the efficiency of different NTS categories and the associated services they provide. Understanding the rate and value of these processes will identify which employed system will reap the most benefits under different contexts, resulting in a useful urban planning, development, and regulation tool.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

The long-term goal of this project is to develop a framework to incorporate the full value of NTS into decision-making of urban planners, developers, and regulators by developing tools to optimize the processes that improve water quality, enhance water supply, and provide important ecosystem services. Specific objectives of this proposal include:

(1) Develop a template for quantifying water infiltration, contaminant removal, and water storage services of NTS in Los Angeles. We will evaluate categories of Los Angeles NTS (Table 1) and choose representative NTS for each for application of the template.

(2) Identify the market and non-market ecosystem services each NTS category provides and estimate potential rates of functions and processes based on existing data and the literature.

(3) Estimate the value of services provided by each NTS category using economic tools.

(4) Conduct cost-benefit analysis of each NTS category to compare to non-natural alternatives that treat stormwater in transit to the coastal ocean.

METHODS:

Objective 1: The identification of Los Angeles NTS will involve seeking and compiling existing information from our current USC Sea Grant award; federal, state, and local governments (Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Los Angeles Watershed Protection Program); water authorities and sanitation districts (Metropolitan Water District, California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles Waterworks); construction, developer, and environmental firms; non-profit organizations (Heal the Bay, Council for Watershed Health); and other agencies and stakeholders.

Each NTS identified will be grouped into one of eight categories (see Table 1). Representative NTS from each category will be chosen for further examination. Characteristics of each NTS such as age, size, media type, flora, surrounding land use, proximity and connectivity to the ocean will be recorded.

5      

Category Examples

Vegetative Systems Biofilters, bioswales, vegetative filter strips, constructed wetlands

Infiltration/Retention/Detention Infiltration trenches/basins, cisterns, wet/dry retention ponds

Pavement Asphalt porous pavement, structural soil

Catch Basins Boarding screens, Coarse screens, catch basin filters

Vortex/Hydrodynamic Hydrodynamic systems, downstream defender, continuous deflective separation

Clarifiers Generic clarifiers, clarifiers with rain diversion, oil/water separator

Media Filtration Sand/organic beds, organic filters

End-of-Pipe Diversion to sewer, disinfection, water reclamation

Table 1. A chart of natural treatment system categories and examples from the Reference Guide for Stormwater Best Management (L.A. Stormwater Management Division 2000).

Urbanization and development create impermeable surfaces that reduce infiltration, and wash stormwater runoff and its contaminants into a host of water channels, such as ponds, streams, wetlands, and the coastal ocean (Gobel et al. 2007). The template for quantification of water services will be developed by adapting current techniques (Bean et al. 2007).

Water Infiltration

Water infiltration is dependent on three factors: the maximum rate of water entry through the surface, the rate of water movement through the unsaturated zone, and the rate of drainage from the unsaturated into the saturated zone (Pitt et al. 2008). A saturation zone is a continuously submerged, anoxic zone designed to enhance contaminant removal, specifically nitrogen (Kim et al. 2003). Vegetative systems have been shown to remove contaminants more effectively when a saturation zone is present, and saturation zones can help retain this function during periods of drought (Blecken et al. 2009a; Blecken et al. 2009b; Zhang et al. 2011). However, southern California NTS are generally designed to drain within 72 hours because they can pose health

6      

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Event  1  -‐11/21/2011            

Rainfall  =  0.34  in.

Event  2  -‐2/16/2011              

Rainfall  =  0.30  in.

Event  3  -‐2/26/2011              

Rainfall  =  0.88  in.

Event  4  -‐4/11/2012              

Rainfall  =  0.17  in.

Event  5  -‐3/1/2014              

Rainfall  =  2.36  in.

Event  6  -‐4/2/2014              

Rainfall  =  0.17  in.

TSS  (m

g/L)

Influent

Effluent

concerns as a source of bacteria and mosquitoes (K. Galloway, Kimley-Horn, personal communication; Alm et al. 2003). The rate of water infiltration, therefore, is not only integral to reducing stormwater runoff, but can also be an early indicator of other NTS functions.

Water infiltration will be measured with a single-ring infiltrometer since previous work has shown that there is no significant difference in results between a single- and double-ring infiltrometer (Burgy & Luthin 1956; Verbist et al. 2010). The infiltrometer will be filled with a specified volume of water and water depth will be recorded at given time intervals until the water is depleted, similar to Bean et al. (2007). Three repetitions will be conducted at each NTS and infiltration rates will be calculated.

Contaminant Removal

One of the primary roles of NTS is to remove contaminants, such as trace metals and organic compounds, from stormwater runoff before they reach other bodies of water. NTS have been shown to be effective at reducing contaminant loads through filtration, adsorption, and biological treatment (Davis et al. 2008). This improvement in water quality is an important service to society as it reduces the risk of illness to recreational water users and prevents degradation of our coastal ecosystems (Hatt et al. 2008, Bratieres et al. 2008, Gaffield et al. 2003, Li et al. 2012).

Due to budget constraints, we will rely on existing data to estimate the rate of contaminant removal of chosen NTS. One biofilter on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus is monitored for inflow

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Event  2  -‐ 2/16/2011              Rainfall  =  0.30  in.

Event  3  -‐ 2/26/2011              Rainfall  =  0.88  in.

Event  4  -‐ 4/11/2012              Rainfall  =  0.17  in.

Event  5  -‐ 3/1/2014              Rainfall  =  2.36  in.

Event  6  -‐ 4/2/2014              Rainfall  =  0.17  in.

Total  Zn  (ug/L)

Influent

Effluent

A  

 

7      

and outflow concentrations of trace metals, suspended solids, and fecal coliform (see Figure 4). Data from other monitoring plans (the Los Angeles River Watershed Monitoring Program, Southern California Stormwater Monitoring Coalition, the Low Impact Development Center, and the Regional Water Quality Control Board) will be compiled and used to estimate the contaminant removal potential of the chosen NTS. These data will be used in combination with recorded NTS characteristics and existing studies that show relative contaminant removal efficiency of different

parameters (e.g., age, plant species, filter media) to estimate values for the NTS in question.

Water Storage

Enhancing water storage capacity has become an increasingly important objective in places such as California that are subject to frequent and severe droughts (Mann & Gleick 2015). Increased stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces renders watersheds more vulnerable to droughts (Houng et al. 2009). One of the ways that NTS work is by introducing permeable surfaces for water to infiltrate and replenish the watershed (Bouwer 2005).

While identifying Los Angeles NTS, we will also compile information on the design and construction of each NTS as available. We will use the dimensions of the NTS to calculate their water storage capacity. There are two volumes to consider: the surface volume contained in the NTS before it infiltrates and the volume contained in the voids of the permeable surface. The amount of water held in the voids of the permeable surface is generally calculated by multiplying the volume of the permeable layer by a constant, e.g., gravel assumes 40% voids (K. Galloway, Kimley-Horn, personal communication).

We will use these relative rates to evaluate the context-dependence of service provision. We will use regression and principal component analyses to determine which NTS characteristics (e.g., age, size, design) are significant determinants of which water services. Similar analyses will also be done in regard to ecosystem services identified in Objective 2 below.

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

Event  1  -‐11/21/2011            

Rainfall  =  0.34  in.

Event  2  -‐ 2/16/2011              Rainfall  =  0.30  in.

Event  3  -‐ 2/26/2011              Rainfall  =  0.88  in.

Event  4  -‐ 4/11/2012              Rainfall  =  0.17  in.

Total  Colifo

rm  (M

PN/100

mL)

Influent

Effluent

C  Figure 3. Measurements of influent and effluent from a biofilter on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus, adjacent to the beach (shown in Figure 4). Values are depicted for (A) total zinc, (B) suspended solids, and (C) total coliform during six rain events through 2014. Data and figures provided by Kimberly O’Connell, University of California San Diego.

 

 

8      

Objective 2: Although NTS are generally employed to perform specific roles, e.g., harvesting stormwater runoff in transit to the ocean, they can also function as ecosystems with associated services that have value to society. Objective 1 will quantify the water services that are the primary roles of NTS, in addition to the existing data on inflow and outflow monitoring. However, NTS have the potential to provide a number of co-benefits.

Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits that society derives from ecosystem functions (Daily & Erlich 1992; Millennium Assessment 2005). They are often grouped into four categories: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting (Millennium Assessment 2005). Provisioning services generate products that are obtained directly from the ecosystem. Regulating services are the benefits from the regulation of ecosystem processes. Cultural services are the non-material benefits. Supporting services are necessary for the provision of all other services.

We will compile a list of potential ecosystem services provided by each NTS category and their rates using information from recorded NTS characteristics, our current USC Sea Grant project, existing data, and the literature. The literature contains information about the relative efficiency of different vegetation types and plant species for nutrient removal (Payne et al. 2014), metal removal (Yang et al. 2014), pathogen removal (Li et al. 2012), and water retention and evapotranspiration (Susca et al. 2011). Other ecosystem services may include flood and erosion control, carbon sequestration, habitat support, pollination services, biodiversity support, and aesthetic value.

UC San Diego and Scripps Institution of Oceanography have constructed NTS that can serve as pilot systems to develop a methodology for the identification, quantification, and valuation of ecosystem services that can be applied to Los Angeles NTS (see Figures 4-6).

9      

Figure 4. A map of best management practices (BMPs), which include all NTS, on the main UC San Diego campus illustrating the different types of NTS available for observation.

10      

Figure 5. A map of BMPs on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus, also available for pilot studies.

B  

11      

Figure 6. Biofilters on the Scripps Institution of Oceanography campus. Data in Figure 3 are shown for the SIO biofilter on the left side of the middle image.

Under our current USC Sea Grant award, we are characterizing and quantifying the soil biota of biofilters on Elmer Avenue with the intent of understanding their potential role in water services. Elmer Avenue is a green street that captures water from 60 acres and treats it with under street infiltration galleries, bioswales, permeable walkways and driveways, rain gardens, rain barrels, and drought tolerant landscaping (Council for Watershed Health).We will also use this data and information to identify potential ecosystem services and estimate their rates of function.

Objective 3: Given the limited amount of time and budget, we will rely on existing valuation estimates to assign preliminary economic values on the services identified in Objective 1 and Objective 2. Benefit transfer methods “transfer” estimates from one context or location to another. Several criteria need to be met to employ these methods: similar biophysical conditions, similar scale of environmental change, similar socioeconomic characteristics, similar frame/setting, and the primary study must have been done to a satisfactory standard. Primary studies will be chosen based on these criteria.

There are many published studies that estimate the value of water quality improvements (Bateman et al. 2006, Barton 2002, Choe et al. 1996, Carson & Mitchell 1993, Desvousges 1987). In the case of water quality improvement, we can supplement our estimates with alternative costs, i.e. the value of water quality improvements from an NTS should be at least equal to the least costly equivalent alternative to an NTS.

The non-market valuation literature also contains many primary studies on the value of flood control (Mitsch & Gosselink 2000), carbon sequestration (Creedy & Wurzbacher 2001; Stavins 1999), constructed habitat (Chapman & Underwood 2011), and biodiversity (Amigues et al. 2002; Garrod & Willis 1997; Splash & Hanley 1995; Barbier et al. 1995).

There are several methods to transfer estimates from primary studies: unadjusted, simple adjusted, benefit function, and slope coefficients (Barton 2002). Information regarding Los Angeles and primary study demographics and socioeconomic conditions will be collected and used for the above methods. Simple adjusted transfers are adjusted to income. Benefit function transfers use regression coefficients of significant explanatory variables (e.g., population size, mean income, unemployment rates) from the primary study and apply them to the context in question.

Flood control valuation estimates can also be supplemented by analyzing information on flood risk assessment and insurance (Hsu et al. 2011; Speyrer & Ragas 1991) through an avoidance cost lens. A reduction of flood risk insurance an individual pays is equal to the value of an NTS that reduces the equivalent flood risk. Carbon sequestration can also be valued using market prices of carbon (U.S. EPA 2013).

Benefit transfer methods have limitations with a major concern regarding the accuracy of the primary study. Other limitations include the requirement of a primary study, context-dependent estimates and their transferability, and inherent uniqueness of a study site. The use of these

12      

methods to valuate NTS ecosystem services may also identify where original valuation estimates are most needed.

Objective 4: Permitting, construction, maintenance, and other relevant costs will be recorded for each representative NTS. We will apply standard government discount rates to costs and estimated benefit elements to calculate their net present value. These values will be compared to non-natural alternatives that include non-biological NTS.

RELATED RESEARCH:

Our current USC Sea Grant award just began and focuses on biofilters in Los Angeles with pilot studies at UC San Diego. Research will determine the location of existing biofilters, identify those linked to the ocean, observe different configurations and construction designs, examine their influence on plant and animal ecology, and evaluate ecosystem services provided. This related research provides the seeds for the current project, which will include biofilters in addition to other natural treatment systems and low impact development modes. Several other USC Sea Grant projects address upstream contamination (e.g., The role of small upstream reservoirs in trapping organic carbon, nutrients, and metals in the San Francisco Bay area [Rademacher & Faul]; developing a dialog/decision-support tool for climate-smart restoration and adaptive strategies in coastal wetlands of southern California [Stein & Ambrose]) but none address the best management practices that are the focus here.

A recent NSF PIRE award has funded an interdisciplinary group of southern California scientists from UC Irvine, UC Los Angeles, and UC San Diego, and Australian researchers from Monash University and the University of Melbourne, to train U.S. students to work internationally in the field of water sustainability. The project, focused on research in Australia, is examining new technology for treating runoff and grey water; identifying benefits and risks associated with low energy option (LEO) adoption relative to public health, energy consumption, and GHG production/emission; examining regulatory, economic, and social innovations to promote LEO adoption; and determining if LEOs improve stream hydrology and ecosystem health through case studies. Our participation in this program (which is nearing its end) has helped develop a network of water researchers and regulators that will (a) provide valuable expertise and insight, (b) be able to apply advances we make on ecosystem services in a variety of contexts, and (c) provide outreach and education opportunities to undergraduate and graduate students (including underserved students) that will extend the reach of our proposed research. Specifically we hope to introduce the ecosystem services framework into lecture presentations made for the UC Irvine UPP (Undergraduate Pire Program) students who spend six intensive weeks learning about water issues in southern California and Australia.

RESEARCH QUALIFICATIONS: PI Levin’s current research has focused on the ecology of biofilters (Grant et al. 2012; Levin & Mehring 2015; Askarizadeh et al., in press; Mehring & Levin, in review), with an emphasis on the role of soil invertebrates in providing water services. This proposal presents an expansion into new types of natural treatment systems with a focus on ecosystem services. While the field of ecosystem services is advancing rapidly and has been applied to systems such as coral reefs, built ecosystems such as NTS have largely been bypassed.

13      

Associate Investigator Carson has done extensive work on the economic benefits of ecosystems and their services. PhD student, Jennifer Le, has a background in both ecology and economics and will bring rigorous quantitative analytical skills to this project. Le has several years of research experience in the natural and social sciences, incorporating tools and theory as an innovative thinker and researcher.

BUDGET-RELATED INFORMATION:

Salary

Support is requested for 0.5 mo/y of support for L. Levin who will oversee the project, promote interactions with stakeholders, and advise PhD graduate student Jennifer Le and SRA II Jennifer Gonzalez. L.Levin will also contribute approximately 0.54 months of effort each year of the project in the form of matching. Trainee support is requested for Jennifer Le whose PhD research focuses on ecosystem services of natural and built ecosystems. J. Le, who has undergraduate degrees in economics and ecology, will conduct assessment of NTS ecosystem structure, function and services, estimate service values and conduct cost-benefit analyses. We request 2.8 mo of support in year 1 and 2.5 mo in year 2 for Jennifer Gonzalez who will assist with literature compilations, data gathering from city and regional agencies, mapping, field visits and on-site measurements of infiltration, biota, site configuration and context assessments. R. Carson will contribute economics expertise in the form of matching support (0.25/mo per year). He will advise J. Le on NTS cost-benefit analyses, and assessment of ecosystem services. We anticipate engaging one or more students from the SIO Masters of Advanced studies, SIO SURF and SIO 199 research students in this research as well.

Salary recharge rates are calculated for actual productive time only (except for non faculty academic sick leave). The rates include components for employee benefits, provisions for applicable merit increases and range adjustments in accordance with

University policy, except postdoc rates which do not include components for downtime, so those rates are calculated for all working hours. Staff overtime or remote location allowance may be required in order to meet project objectives, and separate rates are used in those cases.

Supplies

Research supply funds are requested to cover costs of laboratory supplies, field supplies (infiltration ring), and field guides.

IOD computer support costs are requested and are for computer software maintenance and consortium costs related to the use of laboratory computers supporting hardware and software development. These costs are allocated based on direct effort reported by staff in support of the proposed project.

14      

Project specific costs are requested and include research telephones, tolls, voice and data communication charges, photocopying, faxing and postage. Supply and expense items, categorized as project specific, and computer and networking services are for expenses that specifically benefit this project and are reasonable and necessary for the performance of this project.

Equipment: No equipment is requested.

Travel. Funds are requested for four 3-day trips to Los Angeles each year (from San Diego) to meet with relevant watershed managers/regulators and to visit NTS study sites. Trips will be made by Levin, Gonzalez and Le.

ANTICIPATED BENEFITS:

This project will develop tools and a framework for the identification, quantification, valuation, and assessment of NTS ecosystem services, which may potentially be adapted to other systems in need of an environmental decision-making framework. Currently, there is very limited attention to ecological characteristics and processes that drive the provision of socially beneficial services. The underlying function and structure of these services are important to understand to improve NTS design, increase regional resiliency to drought, and protect environmental and human health in an economically and socially effective manner. This project will produce information regarding NTS categories provides what water and associated ecosystem services, how individual services are affected by specific conditions, and what economic values each NTS category and each service. The resulting tools and framework will inform urban planners, developers, and regulators for efficient NTS design and land use.

Beneficiaries include the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation (Wing Tam), the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the Port of Los Angeles, and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board. These local government agencies will benefit with a tool for urban planners, developers, and regulators that can identify where NTS are needed and what category would be most effective. Other beneficiaries include other government agencies (the Southern California Stormwater Monitoring Coalition, California Coastal Commission, the State Water Resources Control Board, the California Department of Water Resources), industry (e.g., Kimley-Horn, Geosyntec, Rick Engineering), and non-profit organizations (Heal the Bay, the Council for Watershed Health [Mike Antos], Treepeople [Edith de Guzman]).

COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS: The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) will help us communicate findings to their 14 member agencies (including the State Water Board, the Southern California Regional Boards, city and county municipal wastewater treatment plants, and regional flood control agencies (see letter from S. Weisberg). We envision doing this through distribution of printed materials, joining relevant meetings and public seminars in the SCWWRP series. We plan to work with and communicate results to the UC San Diego Campus Storm Water Management Program to evaluate the effectiveness of on-campus NTS (see letter from K.

15      

O’Connell). This group has been pro-active in implementing a range of NTS (Figure 4). Initial meetings have shown tremendous interest in using UCSD NTS for research that tests and increases their effectiveness. The proposed work will provide opportunity for collaboration between varied disciplines and departments such as economics, urban planning, and engineering. This project will provide education opportunities via courses and student research. We plan to engage of masters students through the Masters of Advanced Studies at Scripps Institution of Oceanography via capstone projects and will engage underserved undergraduates through the SIO SURF program (funded by NSF), Faculty Mentor programs, and SIO 199 research for class credit. Research findings will be included SIO courses taught or co-taught by Levin (including Wetlands Ecology Conservation and Management, Benthic Ecology, and others). Information generated by this project will be included on the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Water webpage that will be created during our current USC Sea Grant award to discuss water issues, sustainability, and resiliency. The results of this project will be made freely available online, in terms of both access and content, to the general public. REFERENCES:

Aguirre P. 2015. Biofilters in San Diego County: a descriptive analysis of their stormwater management implications, the water regime’s role, and the way forward. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Masters of Advanced Studies Capstone.

Alm EW, J Burke, A Spain.

2003. Fecal indicator bacteria are abundant in wet sand at freshwater beaches. Water Research, 37:3978-3982.

Amigues JP, C Boulatoff, B Desaigues, C Gautheir, and JE Keith. 2002. The benefits and costs of riparian analysis habitat preservation: a willingness to accept/willingness to pay contingent valuation approach. Ecological Economics, 43:17-31.

Askarizardeh A, MA Rippy, TD Fletcher, A AgahKouchak, BF Sanders, D Feldman, S Jiang, and SB Grant. In press. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.

Barbier EB and BA Aylward. 1996. Capturing the pharmaceutical value of biodiversity in a developing country. Environmental and Resource Economics. 8:157-181.

Barton DN. 2002. The transferability of benefit transfer: contingent valuation of water quality improvements in Costa Rica. Ecological Economics. 42: 147-164.

Bateman IJ, MA Cole, S Georgious, DJ Hadley. 2006. Comparing contingent valuation and contingent ranking: a case study considering the benefits of urban river water quality improvements. Journal of Environmental Management. 79:221-231.

Bay S, BH Jones, K Schiff, L Washburn. 2003. Water quality impacts of stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay. Marine Environmental Research, 56:205-223.

16      

Bean EZ, WF hunt, and DA Bidelspach. 2007. Field survey of permeable pavement surface infiltration rates. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 133(3):249-255.

Blecken GT, Y Zinger, A Deletic, TD Fletcher, M Viklander. 2009a. Impact of a submerged zone and a carbon source on heavy metal removal in stormwater biofilters. Ecological Engineering, 35:769-778.

Blecken GT, Y Zinger, A Deletic, TD Fletcher, M Viklander. 2009b. Influence on intermittent wetting and drying conditions on heavy metal removal by stormwater biofilters. Water Research, 43:4590-4598.

Bouwer H. 2002. Artificial recharge of groundwater: hydrogeology and engineering. Hydrology Journal. 10:121-142.

Bratieres K, TD Fletcher, A Deletic, Y Zinger. 2008. Nutrient and sediment removal by stormwater biofilters: a large-scale design optimization study. Water Research, 42:3930-3940.

Burgy RH and JN Luthin. 1956. A test of the single- and double-ring types of infiltrometers. Transactions, American Geophysical Union. 37(2).

Carson RT and RC Mitchell. 1993. The value of clean water: the public’s willingness to pay for boatable, fishable, and swimmable quality water. Water Resources Research. 29(7):2442-2454.

Choe K, D Whittington, DT Lauria. 1996. The economic benefits of surface water quality improvements in developing countries: a case study of Davao, Philippines. Land Economics. 72(4):519-537.

Council for Watershed Health. Elmer Avenue Retrofit. Accessed 27 June 2015. http://watershedhealth.org/programsandprojects/was.aspx?search=elmer

Creedy J and AD Wurzbacher. 2001. The economic value of a forested catchment with timber, water and carbon sequestration benefits. Ecological Economics. 38:71-83.

Desvousges WH, VK Smith, A Fisher. 1987. Option price estimates for water quality improvements: a contingent valuation study for the Monongahela River. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 14:248-267.

Dwight RH, DB Baker, JC Semenza, BH Olson. 2004. Health effects associated with recreational coastal water use: urban versus rural California. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4):565-567.

Daily GC and PR Ehrlich. 1992. Population, sustainability, and Earth's carrying capacity. Bioscience. 42:761-771.

Gaffield SJ, RL Goo, LA Richards, RJ Jackson. 2003. Public health effects of inadequately managed stormwater runoff. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9):1527-1533.

Garrod GD and KG Willis. 1997. The non-use benefits of enhancing forest biodiversity: a contingent ranking study. Ecological Economics. 21:45-61.

17      

Gobel P, C Dierkes, and WG Coldewey. 2006. Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 91:26-42.

Grant SB, JD Saphores, DL Feldman, AJ Hamilton, TD Fletcher, P Cook, M Stewardson, BF Sanders, LA Levin. RF Ambrose, A Deletic, R Brown, SC Jiang, D Rosso, WJ Cooper, and I Marusic. 2012. Low-energy options for making water. Wastewater Science. 337:681-686.

Hatt BE, TD Fletcher, A Deletic. 2008. Hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of fine media stormwater filtration systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 42:2535-2541.

Hsu WK, PC Huang, CC Chang, CW Chen, DM Hung, and WL Chiang. 2011. An integrated flood risk assessment model for property insurance industry in Taiwan. Natural Hazards. 58:1295-1309.

Huong L, LJ Sharkey, WF Hunt, and AP Davis. 2009. Mitigation of impervious surface hydrology using bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering. 14(4):407-415.

Kim HL, EA Seagren, AP Davis. 2003. Engineered bioretention for removal of nitrate from stormwater runoff. Water Environmental Research, 75(4):355-367.

Levin LA and AS Mehring. 2015. Optimization of bioretention systems through application of ecological theory. WIREs Water.

Li YL, A Deletic, L Alcazar, K Bratieres, TD Fletcher, DT McCarthy. 2012. Removal of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and F-RNA coliphages by stormwater biofilters. Ecological Engineering, 49:137-145.

Lopes TJ and DA Bender. 1998. Nonpoint sources of volatile organic compounds in urban areas – relative importance of land surfaces and air. Environmental Pollution, 101:221-230.

Los Angeles Municipal Code § 64.70.01.

Los Angeles Municipal Code § 64.70.05.

Los Angeles Municipal Code § 64.72.

Los Angeles Stormwater Management Division. 2000. Reference Guide for Stormwater Best Management Practices.

Mann ME and PH Gleick. 2015. Climate change and California drought in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(13):3858-3859.

Mehring A and LA Levin. Can animals improve the efficiency of water-sensitive urban design? Submitted to Bioscience.

Meyer JL, MJ Paul, WK Taulbee. 2005. Stream ecosystem function in urbanizing landscapes. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24(3):602-612.

18      

Millennium Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.

Mitsch WJ and JG Gosselink. 2000. The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting. Ecological Economics. 35:25-33.

Novotny V and H Olem. 1994. Water Quality: Prevention, Identification, and Management of Diffuse Pollution. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Payne EGI, TD Fletcher, PLM Cook, A Deletic, and BE Hatt. 2014. Processes and rivers of nitrogen removal in stormwater biofiltration. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 44(7):796-846.

Pitt R, SE Chen, SE Clark, J Swenson, CK Ong. 2008. Compaction’s impacts on urban storm-water infiltration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 134(5):652-658.

Rademacher L and K Faul. 2012. The role of small upstream reservoirs in trapping organic carbon, nutrients, and metals in the San Francisco Bay area. USC Sea Grant funded project.

Spash CL and N Hanley. 1995. Preferences, information, and biodiversity preservation. Ecological Economics. 12:191-208.

Speyrer JF and WR Ragas. 1991. Housing prices and flood risk: an examination using spline regression. Juornal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. 4:395-407.

Stavins RN. 1999. The costs of carbon sequestration: a revealed-preference approach. The American Economic Review. 89(4):994-1009.

Stein E and R Ambrose. 2015. Developing a dialog/decision-support tool for climate-smart restoration and adaptive strategies in coastal wetlands of southern California. USC Sea Grant funded project.

Susca T, SR Gaffin, and GR Dell’Osso. 2011. Positive effects of vegetation: urban heat island and green roofs. Environmental Pollution. 159:2119-2126.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress (2004).

United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2013. The Social Cost of Carbon. Accessed 27 June 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/economics/scc.html

Verbist K, S Torfsa, WM Cornelisa, R Oyarzunc, G Sotob, and D Gabrielsa. 2010. Comparison of single- and double-ring infiltrometer methods on stony soils. Soil Science Society of America. 9(2):462-475.

Yang X, Y Mei, J He, R Jiang, Y Li and J Li. 2014. Comprehensive assessment for removing multiple pollutants by plants in bioretention systems. Chinese Science Bulletin. 59:1446–1453.

19      

Zhang Z, Z Rengel, T Liahati, T Antoniette, K Meney. 2011. Influence of plant species and submerged zone with carbon addition on nutrient removal in stormwater biofilter. Ecological Engineering, 37:1833-1841.

Projected Work Schedule

PROJECT TITLE: Ecosystem service-based strategies for optimizing natural treatment of stormwater in southern California

Activities 2016-2017 F M A M J J A S O N D J Objective 1 a. NTS identification b. NTS characterization c. Infiltration d. Contaminant removal e. Water storage

X X

X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X

X

Objective 2 a. Literature review b. Data conversions

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

Activities 2017-2018 Objective 3 a. Literature review b. Benefit transfer

X

X

X

X X

X X

X

Objective 4 a. Data compiling b. Cost-benefit analysis

X

X

X X

X X

X

Report, publication, and presentations

X X X

OMB Control No. 0648-0362Expiration Date 1/31/2018

SEA GRANT BUDGET FORM 90-4

GRANTEE: UCSD Scripps Inst of Oceanography GRANT/PROJECT NO.:

DURATION (months):February 1, 2016 - January 31, 2017

12 months 1 Yr.A. SALARIES AND WAGES: man-months

1. Senior Personnel No. of PeopleAmount of Effort Sea Grant Funds Matching Funds

a. (Co) Principal Investigator: Lisa Levin, UCSD SIO 1 0.5 14,183 10,021b. Associates (Faculty or Staff): Richard Carson, UCSD Economics 1 0.3 0 6,849

Sub Total: 2 0.8 14,183 16,870

2. Other Personnela. Professionals:b. Research Associates: Jennifer Gonzalez, UCSD SIO 1 2.8 21,731c. Res. Asst./Grad Students:d. Prof. School Students:e. Pre-Bachelor Student(s):f. Secretarial-Clerical:g. Technicians:h. Other:

Total Salaries and Wages: 3 3.6 35,914 16,870

B. FRINGE BENEFITS: See Below** 3,727Total Personnel (A and B): See Below** 35,914 20,597

C. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT:

D. EXPENDABLE SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT: 1,866

E. TRAVEL:1. Domestic 3,0002. International

Total Travel: 3,000 0

F. PUBLICATION AND DOCUMENTATION COSTS:

G. OTHER COSTS:1 Research supplies and shipping 5282 IOD Computer Support Costs3 Project Specific 564567

Total Other Costs: 528 56

TOTAL DIRECT COST (A through G): 41,308 20,653

INDIRECT COST (On campus 55% ): 44 22,719 11,359INDIRECT COST (Off campus % of $ ):

Total Indirect Cost: 22,719 11,359

TOTAL COSTS: 64,027 32,013

** UCSD SIO:Salary recharge rates are calculated for actual productive time only (except for non-faculty academic sick leave). The rates include components for employee benefits, provisions for applicable merit increases and range adjustments in accordance with University policy, except postdoc rates which do not include components for downtime, so those rates are calculated for all working hours. Staff overtime or remote location allowance may be required in order to meet project objectives, and separate rates are used in those cases.

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Lisa Levin

UCSD #2016-0025BRIEF TITLE: Ecosystem Service-Based Strategies For Optimizing Natural TreatmentOf Stormwater In Southern California

OMB Control No. 0648-0362Expiration Date 1/31/2018

SEA GRANT BUDGET FORM 90-4

GRANTEE: UCSD Scripps Inst of Oceanography GRANT/PROJECT NO.:

DURATION (months):February 1, 2017 - January 31, 2018

12 months 2 Yr.A. SALARIES AND WAGES: man-months

1. Senior Personnel No. of PeopleAmount of Effort Sea Grant Funds Matching Funds

a. (Co) Principal Investigator: Lisa Levin, UCSD SIO 1 0.5 14,466 9,912b. Associates (Faculty or Staff): Richard Carson, UCSD Economics 1 0.3 0 6,849

Sub Total: 2 0.8 14,466 16,761

2. Other Personnela. Professionals:b. Research Associates: Jennifer Gonzalez, UCSD SIO 1 2.5 20,083c. Res. Asst./Grad Students:d. Prof. School Students:e. Pre-Bachelor Student(s):f. Secretarial-Clerical:g. Technicians:h. Other:

Total Salaries and Wages: 3 3.3 34,549 16,761

B. FRINGE BENEFITS: See Below** 3,706Total Personnel (A and B): See Below** 34,549 20,467

C. PERMANENT EQUIPMENT:

D. EXPENDABLE SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT: 3,017

E. TRAVEL:1. Domestic 3,0002. International

Total Travel: 3,000 0

F. PUBLICATION AND DOCUMENTATION COSTS:

G. OTHER COSTS:1 Project Specific Costs 48023 554567

Total Other Costs: 480 55

TOTAL DIRECT COST (A through G): 41,046 20,522

INDIRECT COST (On campus 55%): 65% 22,575 11,287INDIRECT COST (Off campus of $ ):

Total Indirect Cost: 22,575 11,287

TOTAL COSTS: 63,621 31,809

** UCSD SIO:Salary recharge rates are calculated for actual productive time only (except for non-faculty academic sick leave). The rates include components for employee benefits, provisions for applicable merit increases and range adjustments in accordance with University policy, except postdoc rates which do not include components for downtime, so those rates are calculated for all working hours. Staff overtime or remote location allowance may be required in order to meet project objectives, and separate rates are used in those cases.

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Lisa Levin

UCSD #2016-0025BRIEF TITLE: Ecosystem Service-Based Strategies For Optimizing Natural TreatmentOf Stormwater In Southern California

BRIEF CURRICULUM VITAE NAME ___________Lisa A. Levin___________________________ Address ___9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0218, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218 Phone (work) 858_-_534-3579 _____ _ Email llevin@ucsd.edu EDUCATION Postdoctoral Scholar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Instittution 1982-1983 PhD., Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, CA, 1982 B.A., Biology, Radcliffe College, Harvard University 1975 (Summa cum Laude) POSITIONS HELD 2011- Present Distinguished Professor, Oliver Chair, Director, Center for Marine Biodiversity and

Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla 1995 - 2011 Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla 1992 - 1995 Associate Professor, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD,La Jolla 1989 - 1992 Associate Professor, Dept. of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 1983 - 1989 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh SELECTED PUBLICATIONS LAST 8 YEARS Levin, Lisa A. and Andrew. S. Mehring. Optimization of bioretention systems through application of

ecological theory. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water 2: 259-270. (2015) doi: 10.1002/wat2.1072. Levin, Lisa A. Kon-Kee Liu, Kay-Christian Emeis, Denise L. Breitburg, James Cloern, Curtis Deutsch,

Michele Giani, Anne Goffart, Eileen E. Hofmann, Zouhair Lachkar, and 10 others. Comparative biogeochemistry-ecosystem-human interactions on dynamic continental margins. J. Marine Systems. In press (2014).

Mengerink, K.J., C.L. Van Dover, J. Ardron, M. Baker, E. Escobar-Briones, K. Gjerde, J. A. Koslow, E. Ramirez-Llodra, A. Lara-Lopez, D. Squires, T. Sutton, A.K. Sweetman, L.A. Levin A Call for Deep-Ocean Stewardship. Science 344: 696-698. (2014)

Nordstroem, M., C. Currin, T. Talley and C. W.hitcraft, and L. Levin. Benthic food-web succession in a developing salt marsh. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Series. 500: 3-55 (2014)

Frieder, C.A., Gonzalez, J.P., Bockmon, E.B., Navarro, M.N., Lisa A. Levin. Evaluating ocean acidification consequences under natural oxygen and periodicity regimes: Mussel development on upwelling margins. Global Change Biology 20: 754-764. (2014)

Mora C, Wei C-L, Rollo A, Amaro T, Baco AR, et al. Biotic and human vulnerability to projected changes in ocean biogeochemistry over the 21st Century. PLoS Biol 11(10): e1001682. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682 (2013)

Sperling, E.A., Frieder, C.A., Raman, A.V., Girguis, P.R., Levin, L.A. and Knoll, A.H. Oxygen, ecology and the Cambrian radiation of animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1312778110. (2013)

Neira, C., Levin, L.A., Mendoza, G., Zirino, A. Alteration of benthic communities associated with copper contamination linked to boat moorings. Marine Ecology 36: 46-66 (2013)

Henry S. Carson, Paola C. López-Duarte, Geoff S. Cook, F. Joel Fodrie, Bonnie J. Becker, Claudio DiBacco, and Lisa A. Levin.. Temporal, spatial, and interspecific variation in geochemical tags within fish otoliths, bivalve larval shells, and crustacean larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 473:133-148. (2013)

Grant, S.B., J.D. Saphores, D.L. Feldman, A.J. Hamilton, T. Fletchers, P. Cook, M. Stewardson, B.F. Sanders, L.A. Levin, R.F. Ambrose, A. Deletic, R. Brown, S.C. Jiang, D. Rosso, W.J. Cooper, and I. Marusic. Low-energy options for making water from wastewater. Science 337:681-686. (2012)

López-Duarte*, P.C., Carson, H.S., Cook, G.S., Fodrie, F. J., Becker, B.J., DiBacco, C. and Levin, L.A. What Controls Connectivity? An Empirical, Multi-species Approach. Integrative and Comparative Biology doi: 10.1093/icb/ics104 (2012)

Levin, L.A. and M. Sibuet. Understanding Continental Margin Biodiversity: A New Imperative. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142714 (2012)

Levin, L.A. and Crooks, J. Functional consequences of species invasion. Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science Vol 7 chapter 4. (2012)

Currin, C.A., L.A. Levin, T.S. Talley, R. Michener, D. Talley. The role of cyanobacteria in southern California salt marsh food webs. Marine Ecology 32: 346-363 (2011)

Neira, C., Mendoza, G. Levin, L.A., Zirino, A. Delgadilloo-Hinojosa, F., Porrachia, M. Deheyn, D. Macrobenthic community response to copper in Shelter Island Yacht Basin, San Diego Bay, California. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 62: 701–717 (2011)

Carson, H.S., G. Cook, M. Paola López-Duarte and Lisa A. Levin. Evaluating the importance of demographic connectivity in a marine metapopulation Ecology 92: 1972-84. (2011)

Moseman, S.M., K.Armaiz-Nolla and L.A. Levin. Wetland response to sedimentation and nitrogen loading: diversification and functional decline of nitrogen fixing microbes. Ecological Applications. doi: 10.1890/08-1881 (2010)

Carson, H.S., Lopez-Duarte, M.P., Wang, D. and Levin, L.A. Time series reveals how reproductive timing alters coastal connectivity. Current Biology 20: 1926-1931. (2010)

Levin, L.A. and Dayton, P.K. Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 606-617 (2009)

Middelburg, J. and Levin, L.A. Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences 6, 1273-1293. (2009)

Grosholz, E.D. Levin, L.A., Tyler C. and Neira, C. Changes in community structure and ecosystem function following Spartina alterniflora invasion of Pacific estuaries Chapter IN: Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: a Global Perspective. B. Silliman, E. Grosholz, M. Bertness (editors). Pp 23-40. (2009)

Levin, L.A. W. Ekau, A. Gooday, F. Jorrisen, J. Middelburg, C. Neira, N. Rabalais, S.W.A. Naqvi, J. Zhang. Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos. Biogeosciences 6, 2063-2098 (2009)

Neira, C., Delgadillo-Hinojosa, F., Zirino, A. Mendoza, G., Levin, L.A., Porrachia, M., Deheyn, Fine spatial distribution of copper in relation to recreational boating in a California shallow-water basin. Chemistry and Ecology 25:417 — 433 (2009)

Whitcraft, C.R., L.A. Levin, D. Talley and J.A. Crooks. Utilization of invasive tamarisk by salt marsh consumers. Oecologia 158: 259-272. (2008)

Moseman, S., Zhang, R., Qian, P.Y. and Levin, L.A. Diversity and functional responses of nitrogen-fixing microbes to three wetland invasions. Biological Invasions. 11: 225-239. (2008)

Whitcraft C.R. and Levin, L.A. Light-mediated regulation of the sediment ecosystem by salt marsh plants. Ecology 88: 904-917 (2007)

Neira C., Levin, L.A., Edwin D. Grosholz & Guillermo Mendoza. Invader plant succession structures macroinvertebrate communities through soil modification. Biological Invasions. 9: 975-993. (2007)

In review:

Askarizadeh, A., Rippy, M., Fletcher, T., Feldman, D., Peng, J. , Bowler, P., Mehring, Winfrey, B., Jiang, Sanders, B., Levin. L.A., Taylor, S. Grant, S. A. From rain tanks to catchments: Use of low-impact development to prevent and cure the urban stream syndrome. Environmental Science and Technology

Mehring, A. and L.A. Levin Potential roles of soil fauna in improving the efficiency of rain gardens used as natural stormwater treatment systems. J. of Applied Ecology.

BRIEF CURRICULUM VITAE NAME ___________Richard T. Carson___________________________ Address ___9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0508, University of Californis – SD, La Jolla CA 92093 Phone (work) 858_-534-3383 ______ Email rcarson@ucsd.edu A. PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION

UC Berkeley: Ph.D., Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 1985. M.A., Department of Statistics, 1985. George Washington University: M.A., School of Public and International Affairs, 1979. Mississippi State University: B.A. French/Political Science, 1977. B. APPOINTMENT (Current)

UCSD: Professor, Department of Economics [at UCSD since 1985]

C. Five Relevant Recent Publications

Carson, R.T., J.J. Louviere, J.M. Rose and J. Swait (2015), “Frontiers in Modelling Discrete Choice Experiments: A Benefit-Transfer Perspective,” in R. Johnston, J. Rolfe, R. Rosenberger, and R. Brouwer, eds., Benefit Transfer of Environmental and Resource Values: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners (Springer).

Vincent, J.R., R.T. Carson, J.R. Deshazo, Kurt A. Schwabe Ismariah Ahma, Chong Siew Kook, Chang Y. Tan and M.D. Potts (2014), “Tropical Countries May Be Willing to Pay More to Protect Their Forests,” Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 11(28), 10113-10118. .

Carson, R.T. and K. Novan (2013), “The Private and Social Economics of Bulk Electricity Storage,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(3), 404-423.

Carson, R.T., W.M. Hanemann and T.C. Wegge (2009), “A Nested Logit Model of Recreational Fishing Demand in Alaska,” Marine Resource Economics, 24(2), 101-129.

Carson, R.T., M. Damon, L.T. Johnson, and J.A. Gonzalez (2009), “Conceptual Issues in Designing a Policy to Phase Out metal-based Antifouling Paints on Recreational Boats in San Diego Bay,” Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2460-2468.

D. Five Earlier Significant Publications

Auffhammer, M. and R.T. Carson (2008), “Forecasting the Path of China’s CO2 Emissions: Using Province Level Information,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55, 229-247.

Fernandez, L. and R.T. Carson (eds.) (2002), Both Sides of the Border: Transboundary Environmental Management Issues Facing Mexico & the U.S. (Boston: Springer).

Carson, R.T., R.C. Mitchell, W.M. Hanemann, R.J. Kopp, S. Presser, and P.A. Ruud (2003), "Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill," Environmental and Resource Economics, 25, 257-286.

Carson, R.T. and R.C. Mitchell, (1993), "The Value of Clean Water: The Public's Willingness to Pay for Boatable, Fishable, and Swimmable Quality Water," Water Resources Research, 29, 2445-2454.

Mitchell, R.C. and R.T. Carson (1989), Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method (Johns Hopkins University Press).

E. SYNERGISTIC ACTIVITIES 1. Consultant to several government agencies and research organizations including: Alaska Department of Law, Australian Resource Assessment Commission, California Water Resources Control Board, Electric Power Research Institute, Environment Canada, Interamerican Development Bank, NOAA, OECD, Research Triangle Institute, United Kingdom Department of Environment, Transportation, and Regions, United Nations

Development Program, U.S. DOJ, U.S. EPA, U.S. Forest Service, and World Bank. 2. Service on editorial boards: Contemporary Economic Policy, Environmental and Resource Economics, Foundations & Trends: Microeconomics (co-editor), Journal of Environment and Development and Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 3. Association of Environmental and Resource Economists: Past President, Fellow, and Program Chair for Second World Congress. 4. National Research Council: Member of Committee on Oil Spill Research and Development and Committee to Evaluate U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Planning Procedures. 5. UCSD: Chair, Economics Department; Chair, Advisory Committee on Sustainability; Faculty Chair of the Social Science Computer Facility; Senior Fellow, San Diego Supercomputer Center; Research Director for International Environmental Policy, UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.

E.  COLLABORATIVE  RESEARCH  2010-‐2014  (a) Coauthors/coeditors: I. Bateman (East Anglia), Jorge Araña (U. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) , G. Atkinson (LSE), K. Boyle (VPI), L. Burgess (UTS), T. Cenesizoglu (HEC), M. Conaway (Alabama), M. Czajkowski (Warsaw), B. Day (East Anglia), J.R. DeShazo (UCLA), D. Dupont (Brock), C. Eckert (UTS), B. Frischknecht (UTS), T. Flynn (UTS), J. Graff-Zivin (UCSD), T. Groves (UCSD), D. Hensher (Sydney), A. Holbrook (Illinois), T. Islam (Guelph), Y. Jeon (UCSD), B. Kanninen (BK Econometrics); P. Koundouri (Athens S. Econ.& Bus.), J. Krosnick (Stanford), A. Krupnick (RFF), John List (Chicago), J. Louviere (UniSA), A. Marley (McGill), P. Metcalf (LSE), R. Meyer (Penn), R. Mitchell (Clark), S. Morimoto (Kyoto), S. Mourato (LSE), C. Nauges (Toulouse), S. Navrud (Norwegian U. Life Sciences), P. Nunes (FEEM), R. Parker (Boeing), S. Presser (Maryland), R. Paterson (IEC), D. Philens (UTS), M. Potts (Berkeley), S. Polasky (Minnesota), J. Rose (UniSA), R. Scarpa (Waikato), K. Schwabe (UC Riverside), W. Schlenker (Columbia), K. Smith (Arizona State), J. Strand (World Bank), D. Street (UTS), J. Swait (UniSA), S. Thorpe (UTS), J. Vincent (Duke), E. Wei (UniSA), J. Wooldridge (Michigan State). (b) GRADUATE COMMITTEE [UCB]: W.M. Hanemann (Chair), Peter Berck, Leo Breiman. (c) GRADUATE STUDENTS[29] (major advisor, these are not included in E[a]): Paola Agostini (World Bank), Anna Alberini (Maryland), Nelson Altamirano (Tsukuba), Max Auffhammer (Berkeley), Maria Damon (NYU), Sam Dastrup (NYU), Susana Ferreira (Georgia), Nicholas Flores (Colorado), Jeff Grogger (Chicago), Andreas Heinen (Universidad Madrid, Carlos III), John Horowitz (Maryland), Jacob LaRiverie (Tennessee), Francis Lim (Australian National University), Anthony Liu (Resources for the Future), Kathy Kiel (Holy Cross), Donald McCubbins (Abt Associates), Jason Murray (South Carolina), Kevin Nolan (UC Davis), Jeffrey O’Hara (Chicago Climate Exchange), Ciaran Phibbs (Stanford), Tess Scharleman (U.S. Treasury), Tamara Sheldon (South Carolina), Chris Steiner (Penn State) Nada Wasi (Michigan), Steve Waters (Research Triangle Institute), Jarrod Welch (Compass-Lexcon), Megan Werner (Florida), Anthony Westerling (UC Merced). Postdoc: Theresa Munoz (UNED Madrid).

PROJECT TITLE: ECOSYSTEM SERVICE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMIZING NATURAL TREATMENT OF STORMWATER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

OBJECTIVES: The long-term goal of this project is to develop a framework to incorporate the full value of natural treatment systems (NTS) into decision-making of urban planners, developers, and regulators. This will be achieved by developing tools to optimize the processes that improve water quality, enhance water supply, and provide important ecosystem services. Specific objectives of this proposal are to:

(1) Develop a template for quantifying water infiltration, contaminant removal, and water storage services of NTS in Los Angeles. We will evaluate categories of Los Angeles NTS and choose representative NTS for each for application of the template, using UC San Diego NTS as training sites. (2) Identify the market and non-market ecosystem services each NTS category provides and estimate potential rates of functions and processes based on existing data and the literature. (3) Estimate the value of services provided by each NTS category using economic tools. (4) Conduct cost-benefit analysis of each NTS category to compare to non-natural alternatives that treat stormwater in transit to the coastal ocean.

METHODOLOGY: A combination of data from our current USC Sea Grant project (Cleaning urban stormwater on its way to the ocean: ecosystem services from natural treatment systems), field work, literature reviews, and economic tools will be used to quantitatively assess water and ecosystem services provided by Los Angeles NTS.

Water infiltration rates will be measured directly while contaminant removal and water storage will be estimated using NTS attributes, e.g. age, size dimensions, design, plant species, soil invertebrates, surrounding land use, proximity and connectivity to the ocean. NTS characteristics will also be used, in combination with existing studies on relative efficiency of plant species for contaminant removal and water retention, to compile a list of ecosystem services and their potential rates of function. Other ecosystem services may include flood and erosion control, carbon sequestration, habitat support, pollination services, biodiversity support, and aesthetic value. We will use these estimated rates of provision to evaluate their context-dependence with regression and principle component analyses. UC San Diego NTS will serve as pilot studies.

We will rely on existing valuation estimates to assign preliminary economic values to identified services. Estimates from published studies will be transferred to a southern California context using benefit transfer methods, which will be supplemented by other nonmarket valuation techniques such as avoidance costs. Permitting, construction, maintenance, and other relevant costs will be recorded for each representative NTS to calculate their net present value. These values will be compared to non-natural alternatives that include non-biological NTS.

RATIONALE: There is urgent need for low energy, multi-disciplinary, and multi-benefit approaches to sustaining adequate water resources. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of southern California droughts, magnifying the California water crisis and allowing contaminants to accumulate. These contaminants can enter ponds, streams, wetlands, and the coastal ocean where they can cause waterborne illnesses and poison marine life.

Current approaches for improving water quality and enhancing water supply are energy and capital intensive. NTS are low-energy alternatives that are designed to use natural processes to remove contaminants (trace metals, organic compounds, and pathogens) and enhance infiltration to groundwater. They not only provide the above mentioned water services, but are also associated with a host of ecosystem services. These services create value for society and should be accounted for when making urban planning and regulation decisions. A substantial portion of southern California’s water demand could be offset by identifying locations that would benefit the most from a specific category of NTS and employing a diverse array of capture and treatment systems across the urban landscape.

This proposal will focus on determining the efficiency of different NTS categories and the associated services they provide. Understanding the rate and value of these processes will identify which employed system will reap the most benefits under different contexts, resulting in a useful urban planning, development, and regulation tool.

DATA SHARING PLAN: Information generated by this project will be included on the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Water webpage that will be created during our current USC Sea Grant award to discuss water issues, sustainability, and resiliency. The types of data generated will be concerning which categories of NTS provide which services, and under what configurations and conditions; and which NTS category would be most beneficial at certain locations. The results of this project will be made freely available online, in terms of both access and content, to the general public.

The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) will help us communicate findings to their 14 member agencies (including the State Water Board, the Southern California Regional Boards, city and county municipal wastewater treatment plants, and regional flood control agencies (see letter from S. Weisberg). We envision doing this through distribution of printed materials, joining relevant meetings and public seminars in the SCWWRP series. We plan to work with and communicate results to the UC San Diego Campus Storm Water Management Program to evaluate the effectiveness of on-campus NTS (see letter from K. O’Connell). This group has been pro-active in implementing a range of NTS (Figure 4). Initial meetings have shown tremendous interest in using UCSD NTS for research that tests and increases their effectiveness. The proposed work will provide opportunity for collaboration between varied disciplines and departments such as economics, urban planning, and engineering.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F C A L I F O R N I A

BERKELEY • DAVIS • IRVINE • LOS ANGELES • MERCED • RIVERSIDE • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO

SANTA BARBARA • SANTA CRUZ

THE HENRY SAMUELI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

544 Engineering Tower Irvine, CA 92697-2575

7/1/2015

RE: Sea Grant proposal entitled, “Ecosystem service-based strategies for optimizing natural treatment of stormwater in Southern California” As Director and Principal Investigator of the U.S. National Science Foundation Partnerships for International Research and Education (NSF-PIRE) project entitled “Low Energy Options for Making Water from Wastewater”, I would like to express my enthusiastic support for, and commitment to collaborate with, the Sea Grant proposal led by Professor Lisa Levin entitled, “Ecosystem service-based strategies for optimizing natural treatment of stormwater in Southern California”. First a little background. Our particular NSF-PIRE links five different universities (UCI, UCLA, UCSD/SIO, University of Melbourne, and Monash University) in two water-stressed regions of the world (southwest U.S. and southeast Australia) with unique and complementary expertise in the development and deployment of rainwater tanks, biofilters, and waste stabilization ponds for potable substitution and watershed protection. Research activities are conducted in four complementary research layers as follows. Layer 1: improve the removal of pathogens, nutrients, and micropollutants in storm water runoff by improving biofilter designs and the design of urban drainages; Layer 2: investigate the risks and benefits of distributed adoption of integrated urban water management technologies on public health, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions; Layer 3: identify social, economic, and policy barriers to integrated urban water management adoption, quantify their unpriced benefits and propose economic instruments, regulations, and public education measures to foster their adoption; and Layer 4: quantify the impact of distributed adoption of integrated urban water management on urban stream hydrology, water quality, and ecology. More information about the program, including research publications, outreach activities, and press releases can be found at our website: http://water-pire.uci.edu/ The urban water challenges facing the US and Australia have a number of important parallels (e.g., many features of the “urban stream syndrome” are common to urbanized

2

areas in both countries) and distinctions (e.g., the importation of water in southern California fundamentally alters the water balance here, as compared to other areas, such as Melbourne, where most of the drinking water is sourced locally). Over the past 3.5 years we have learned much about Australia’s response to the Millennium Drought, and the various cutting edge Natural Treatment System (NTS) technologies they deployed. Indeed, their innovative use of NTS allowed Melbourne to cut its per capita consumption by over 50%--an accomplishment we would do well to reproduce in Southern California! Indeed, as our NSF project winds down over the next 1.5 years, we will be looking for opportunities to translate our findings in Australia closer to home, and Professor Levin’s proposed project precisely fits that bill. Importantly, our NSF PIRE (by design) does not support domestic focused research, and thus Professor Levin’s proposed project complements, but not duplicates, our research program in Australia. The Sea Grant results on ecosystem services also will feed exciting information into our PIRE undergraduate education program on water sustainability, with reach to students in engineering and biology. In summary, I hope it is clear from the above that my U.S. and Australian colleagues and I are very keen to see Professor Levin’s proposed project funded. Please let me know if you have any further questions or concerns. With best regards, Stanley B. Grant, PhD

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science (courtesy appointment) University of California, Irvine, USA Visiting Chair of Hydrology and Water Resources Department of Infrastructure Engineering University of Melbourne, Australia

"',========------=-~--=---~~~~=====~================~=======

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

BERKELEY • DAVIS • IRVINE • LOS ANGELES • MERCED • RIVERSIDE • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO SANTA BARBARA • SANTA CRUZ

ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY, 0920

June 17, 2015

9500 GILMAN DRIVE LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA 92093-0920 PHONE (858) 534-3660 FAX (858) 534-7982

LETTER OF SUPPORT: ECOSYSTEM SERVICE-BASED STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMIZING NATURAL TREATMENT OF STORMWATER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

On behalf of the Storm Water Management Program at UC San Diego, this letter is to express support for the proposed project to evaluate the efficiency of different natural treatment systems to infiltrate, store and clean urban storm water runoff in Southern California and to evaluate their ecosystem services provided. This project supports state-wide efforts to identify innovative ways to offset potable water use in response to the ongoing drought. Storm water runoff is a highly underutilized resource that could offset demand on the State's water supply. Millions of dollars are spent each year on treatment systems to remove pollutants from urban runoff before it goes into our creeks, rivers, and oceans. This project will evaluate ways to reuse the runoff instead of having it discharge into our waterways, providing multiple ecosystem services including water quality protection, ecosystem protection, flood prevention, and drought relief.

As part of this project, staff from multiple departments at UC San Diego who are responsible for implementing the Campus Storm Water Management Program will work with the project team and provide access to existing storm water collection and treatment systems on campus for study to evaluate the effectiveness of different bioretention systems, rain gardens, and bioswale designs in removing pollutants from storm water.

The campus is very excited by this project and looks forward to collaborating with the project team .

. Sincere.Iy, O'~

~onnell Storm Water Program Manager Environment, Health and Safety Department 0: (858) 534-6018 C: (858) 583-3259

June 25, 2015

Lisa A. Levin

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

UC San Diego

9500 Gilman Drive

La Jolla, CA 92093-0218

Dear Lisa,

Please accept this letter of support for your proposal to the University of Southern California Sea

Grant Program, entitled “Ecosystem service-based strategies for optimizing natural treatment of

stormwater in southern California”. This proposal is logical extension of your present Sea Grant

work, expanding the scope of examination of ecosystem services from biofilters to include other

natural treatment systems. This area clearly deserves more attention as Southern California

continues to urbanize and increase local water retention and recycling efforts.

The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority (SCCWRP) is a public

agency formed in 1969 to conduct coastal environmental research and convey scientific

understanding to Southern California’s water quality management community. Originally formed

to study the effects of wastewater discharge on the coastal ocean, SCCWRP has grown to

examine a diverse array of water quality and aquatic habitat issues, spanning coastal watersheds,

urban stormwater, wetlands, beaches, bays, and the marine shelf. Our programs examining the

effects of nutrients and contaminants from stormwater and urban runoff on people and marine

organisms in Southern California are ongoing, and your efforts clearly overlap with SCCWRP’s

goals of understanding the links between human activities, watersheds and the coastal ocean.

SCCWRP is pleased to support this proposal in several ways. First, our scientific activities form

a foundation for the management decisions of our 14 member agencies, which include the State

Water Board, the Southern California Regional Boards, City and County municipal wastewater

treatment plants, and regional flood control agencies. We are glad to serve as a bridge to link

your project’s outputs to these and other end users. We would also be delighted to have you

speak about this project and your findings at one of our monthly seminars as an additional way

of helping you reach the management community.

In closing, I enthusiastically endorse the proposed research. If I can be of further assistance,

please contact me at (714) 755-3203 or stevew@sccwrp.org.

Sincerely,

Stephen Weisberg, Ph.D.

Executive Director