Natural solid fuels
Transcript of Natural solid fuels
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NATURAL SOLID FUELS
Huma Nazir
M.Phill 2nd Smester
Institute of Chemistry Punjab University Lahore
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Ntural Solid Fuel 2
Fuel Fuel is a substance which, when burnt,
i.e. on coming in contact and reacting with oxygen or air, produces heat.
The substances classified as fuel must necessarily contain one or several of the combustible elements : carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, etc.
•Heat energy
Chemical energy
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Ntural Solid Fuel 3
TYPES OF NATURAL SOLID FUELS
Wood Peat Lignite Coal
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Ntural Solid Fuel 4
WOODContents of Wood Cellulose Lignin Resins Inorganic materials Water (25-60%)
Composition of dry wood: C 50% O 35% N 7% H 6% Ash 2%
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Calorific value 6500-9200 BTU/poundCarbonization of Wood
combustibles
• Co,H2
• CH4
Saturated hydrocarb
ons
Non-combusti
bles
• CO2
• N2
Wood charcoal
Wood gas
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Advantages of WoodBurns readilySoot and ash produced is smallAsh is reusedEasily availableSuitable calorific value for domestic use
Disadvantages of WoodHigh percentage of water (decrease calorific
value)
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Ntural Solid Fuel 7
PEAT Decayed vegetation (moist condition) Usually accumulates slowly, at the rate of
about a millimetre per yearGeneral Composition:Volatile matter 10.4%Fixed carbon 4.6%Moisture 85%Composition in dry condition:C 57%H2 6.1%Oxygen 34.9%Ash content(mostly) 5-10%
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Greater the decomposition greater the carbon lesser the oxygen
Average Calorific value 6000-9000 BTU/lb
Tar
wax
Fuel gases
(NH4)2SO4
Peat coke
Destructive
distillation
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Advantages of Peat Used as fertilizer As packing material As boiler fuel in form of braquettes
Disadvantages of peat: High water content Burns slowly Low calorific value Not economical
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Ntural Solid Fuel 10
LIGNITE OR BROWN COAL Immature coal May be amorphous, fibrous or woody in
texture It contain small quantity of resins,
moisture (25-40%), high percentage of volatile matter(ignites)
Characterized by high content of noncombustible matter.
Burns with long smoky flame Calorific value 6000-7500 BTU/lb
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carbonization
tar
High pressure hydrogenation
Synthetic petrol
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Ntural Solid Fuel 12
USES Heating boilers Evaporating pans in industry For domestic purposes Fertilizer manufacture
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Ntural Solid Fuel 13
COAL
coal
Absence of air
pressure
Heat of earth
Decayed
vegetatio
n 300 million years
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COMPOSITION Highly complex organic matter with Varying quantity of water Nitrogen (0.75-1.75 %) sulphur
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TYPES OF COALOn the basis of origin
Humic or Banded coal Sapropelic coal
Different grades of coal are Anthracite (86-88% C) Bituminous (78-86% C) Sub-bituminous coal or black lignite Pulverised coal
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ANTHRACITE COAL Final stage of coal formation Hard, compact, black coloured coal,
good semimetallic lusture Highest % of fixed C High Calorific value ( 14000-15000
BTU/lb)
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AdvantagesIntense heat with no smokeUseful for metallurgyFor slow combustion stoves for domestic
purposes
DisadvantagesHigh ash contents
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SUB BITUMINOUS COAL Dull black coal Calorific value < bituminous coal Denser and harder than lignite Moisture content 10-25% Calorific value 7000-15000 BTU/lb
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BITUMINOUS COAL Commercial rank coal Very hard and black Burns with yellow smoky flame Distillation product is coke(remove
sulfur and ash contents) Brittle High calorific value
(11000-15000BTU/lb) Low moisture contents
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TYPES OF BITUMINOUS COALOn the basis of fuel ratio Low volatile coal High volatile coal Super bituminous coal (2.5-5.0) (calorific
value = 12000-15500BTU/lb) HVC burns with long flames so used in
gas industry, coal tar distillation,glass industry