Natural Environment (Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung)
Transcript of Natural Environment (Shalihudin Djalal Tandjung)
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (Prof. Dr. Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung, M.Sc.)
Introduction
The study of natural environment (or ecosystems, ecological
systems) has become a topical and important subject relevant to
everyone. In recent times human activity has disturbed the natural
environment to an unprecedented extent. We have reached a point in the
earth’s history where a knowledge of ecology or natural environment is
essential for a viable human future. It is therefore important for managers
of society whether in government, business, agriculture, transportation,
industry or education, etc. to appreciate this phenomena.
Ecology is the study of totality or pattern of relationship between
organisms and their environment (Odum, 1971). The ecology is studied
under many different titles such as natural environment, ecosystems,
ecological changes, environmental biology, life science, conservation; and
in many different sorts of department, schools, faculties, and institutions
e.g. anthropology, biology, chemistry, demography, economy, engineering,
forestry and geography under subject title of environmental anthropology,
environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental
demography, environmental economy, environmental engineering,
environmental forestry and environmental geography.
In the context of Natural Environment for General Business
Environment, the issues of our discussion are based on the reciprocal
relationship between business and ecology and the effort to reach out for
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sustainable development (Figure 1). This figure is the resume of natural
environment lecture.
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
(Ecosystems, Ecological Systems)
Business Ecology
Reciprocal relationship
Entropy, Residue
Increasing cost of pollution control
Regulatory demands, Corporate Social Respon- sibility
Public demands for environmental protection
Customer demand for clean processes products
Competitive requirement Ecolabel
International trade agreement
New and alternatives technologies for pollution prevention
Control Regulation Maintenance Restoration Supervision Utilization Development
Business opportunities and threats
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Management System
Natural Resource Conservation
Environmental Pollution:
- Air, Water, Land, Cross Media
Non point polluton: Chemical substances
Figure 1. Natural Environment (Ecosystems)
The reciprocal relationship between business and ecology, and sustainable development
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The background study on the Natural Environment based on two (2)
reasons: the ecological crisis of the world (figure 2) and the UNCED,
United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (figure
3). From those 2 monumental events, the natural environment or ecology
become the object of study at all level of education, from primary school to
university.
Ecological crisis occur all over the world of natural environment; it
took place e g in:
1. Danora Valley USA 1984, toxic air killed 20 people, and 6000 people
suffer of respiratory deseases.
2. London, UK 1952. The smog, toxic substances in the air formed of
chemical reaction between smoke and fog, killed 4000 people.
3. USA, 1962, Silent Spring, the environment without animals, reported
by Rachel Carson. The animals, non target organism killed as an
impact of application of 32 kinds of insecticides.
4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006. Mud Volnanoes Blow Out. The hot mud
spout out at the ground of Lapindo Brantas inc. geothermal project.
Inundated 10,426 houses, 77 mosques, 30 factories, 18 schools and
many other building, and about 1900 people lost their job. No less than
25,000 people evacuated, and about 2000 livestocks of chicken,
sheep, cow, and deer killed (Anonymous, 2008). Farmers suffer from a
loss of 25.61 ha for sugarcane plantation and 172.39 ha for ricefield.
Six hundreds (600) hectars of agricultural and are inundated.
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ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
1. Danora, USA, 1948:
Toxic chemical from factories caused air
pollution which killed 20 people, 6000 suffering
2. London, 1952
Smog pollution killed 4000 people
3. USA, 1962
Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water
exterminated all animals and other living form
4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006
Mud Volcano Blow out. Present: 11.000
buildings/constructions inundated underwater;
25000 person evacuated. Future: river and
ocean pollution forever.
Figure 2: Ecological Crisis of the World
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UN
CED
1972 - 1987
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE
WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)
STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972
Figure 3: Stockholm Conference. UNCED and RIEMA for Sustainable Development
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE, RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOPMENT
RIEM
A 1982 D
AN
1997
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Natural Environment and Sustainable Development
Based on the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No 23 of 1997
concerning the Management of the Living Environment or Environmental
Management Act (RIEMA) 1997 (Undang - undang Pengelolaan
Lingkungan Hidup, UUPLH) the environment is defined: "The living
environment is the spatial entity with all objects, potentials, conditions and
living organisms, including man and his behavior, which influence the
continuance of the life and welfare of man and other living organisms. The
elements of the living environment are resources consisting of human
resource, organic natural resource, inorganic natural resources, and-made
resources. (figure 4).
Human resources
SDH SDF
Organic natural resources
Inorganic natural resources
Man-made resources
Figure 4. The environment consists of organic, natural resources, human resources, inorganic natural resources, and man-made resources
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ABC Environment, The Components of Natural Environment.
The inorganic natural resources (Physical environment, sumber
daya alam non hayati, sumberdaya fisisk, SDF) is Abiotic Environment.
The organic natural resources (Sumber daya alam hayati, SDH) is the
Biotic Environment. The human resources (Sumber daya manusia, SDM)
and man-made made resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB) is combined
as the Cultural Environment (sumberdaya SOSEKBUD). In short, the ABC
environment consists of Abiotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment. Abiotic or
physicochemical environment consists of 3 elements: water, land, and air
Including mineral/in its. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plant
(flora), animals (fauna, satwa) and microbe (bacteria, yeasts, fungi).
Cultural environment (lingkungan SOSEKBUD) consists of individual
environmental interests, individual well-being, social interactions, and
community well-being. Each component of the natural environment, e.g.
the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with
each other and are inseparably interrelated with their abiotic and cultural
environment (figure 5).
Effort to reach out for sustainable development goes together with
conservation of natural resources and management of natural environment
(Anonymous, 2001). Environment management is an integrated effort to
preserve environmental function, which covers regulation (planning policy),
utilization (exploitation), development, maintenance, restoration
(reparation), supervision, and control (RIEMA 1982, 1997).
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Figure 5. The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and c on b-c Interaction of environmental components occur on a-b-c
Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipellago of 17,508 islands stretching between
two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia is 80,791
km (FAO 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the longest in the world.
The abiotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is
composed of:
A. Land …………………………………………………… 1.91 million sq km
B. Ocean
Territorial Waters ………………………………………. 5.1 million sq km
Continental Waters ……………………………………. 3.0 million sq km
EEZ …………………………………………………….. 2.7 million sq km
Total = 12.71 million sq km
Biotic Environment
(B)
Proposed Action
a-bAbiotic Environment (A)
Cultural Environment
(C)
b-ca-ca-b-c
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C. Coastal Area
Coastal length ………………………………………………… 81,000 km
Marshes …………………… ……………………………… 10,000,000 ha
Mangrove …………………………………………………... 3,600,000 ha
Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) ………………………………. 183,000 ha
D. Inland Waters
Open Waters
(lake, river, reservoir, swamp. etc) ……………………….. 13,700,000 ha
Fish pond ……………………………….……………………….. 40,000 ha
Rice Field Waters (for minapadi) ………………… ..…………. 61,000 ha
E. Mountain and Hill
Volcanoes more than one hundred ……………………………….. 100
Biotic Natural Environment
On the 191 million ha land of Indonesia we used to have 143,970
million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38 % of land is covered by forest, the
highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world, (table 3),
Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designet for the:
1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha
2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha
3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha
4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha
Now, the size of tropical rain forest decreasing, due to deforestation.
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Indonesia tropical rain forest plays an important role in maintaining
the atmospheric balance, prevents the global warming or green house
effect, by absorbing the CO2 in photosynthesis process. Industrialized
countries are responsible for the majority of the current and historic
emissions, but many developing countries are significantly increasing
share in contributing GHG (green house gas). Combussion of fossil fuels
in industrial countries are the major contributor to climate change
(Anonymous, 2006). Earlier statement of UNEP (Anonymous, 2006), is an
agreement with United nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of
GHG, has originated in developed countries ((Anonymous, 1999)
Ecosystems Type
Based on the vegetation type ranging from alpine meadows of Irian
Jaya to a wide variety of humid low land forest, the biotic natural
environment forms at least 42 different major natural terrestrial
ecosystems. Based on the physicography of the ocean there are 5 marine
ecosystems in Indonesia.
In terms of species diversity, Indonesia is a very rich country.
Although it occupies only 1.3 % of the world's land area, it possesses up to
about 17 % of the total number species in the world, which include 10% of
the world's flowering plant species, 12% of the world's mammal species
(Table 1).
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Table 1. World's biodiversity of major groups
Total number of species Groups World Indonesia
Mammals Birds Reptile Amphibia Fish Gastropods Insects Plants Moss Algae Fungi Bacteria, and Blue algae
4,0008,9008,0006,000
38,000150,000
1,250,000300,00013,00016,000
210,000100,000
2,700
5151519600
1,0009,500
20,000250,00025,0001,2501,5001,800
12,000300
Indonesia's species-rich forests harbor the world's greates diversity
of palms, more than 400 species of dipterocarps (the most valuable
commercial timber trees in Southeast Asia) and an estimated 25,000
flowering plants as well as rich and diverse fauna. Indonesia ranks first in
the world for species richness for mammal (515 species, 38% endemic),
first for Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic), third for reptiles
(600 species), fourth for birds (1519 species, 28 % endemic), fifth for
amphibians (270 species) and seventh for flowering plants (BAPPENAS,
1993, cit. Anon., 1995). For that reason, Indonesia is called as a
megabiodiversity country.
The biotic natural environment of Indonesia offers a wide range of
genetic resources among both plant and animals which are valuable for
immediate and long-term use. At least 6.000 of Indonesia's native species
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of plants and animals are used on daily by Indonesians for food,
medicines, dyes, and for a great number of other purposes.
The ocean of Indonesia, the biggest part of natural environment,
supports a highest degree of marine biological diversity, as shown in
table.2.
Table 2. Megabiodiversity of marine life in Indonesia
(Soegiarto and Polunin in Haeruman 1985)
Major groups Groups Number of species
Plants
Corals Mollusca
Crustaceae
Echinodermata
Fish
Reptile Birds
Mammalia
Green algae Brown algae Red algae Sea grass Mangrove Scleractinians Gastropoda Bivalvia Stomatopods Portunids Sea lily Sea stars Brittle stars Sea urchins Sea cucumbers Pelagic fish Turtle Sea birds Whales and dolphins
1961344521338
>701,5001,000
901249187
14284
141>200
515824
Overfishing is one of the culprit of the environmental degradation in
Indonesia. Coral reef ecosystems is a home for many species of biota. We
used to have 85,000 km square of coral reef, now we have only les than
50 precent of it, about 40 km2. In 1966 Department of Public Work (PU)
stop the illegal using of the coral reef for construction (Zimah, 2004).
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It is assumed that there are a huge number of Indonesia's marine
biodiversity that are still unknown and underutilized (Anon., 1995).
Indonesia is often called the megabiodiversity country in the world.
Cultural Environment
Indonesia has 300 ethnic groups, and very rich in cultures and
traditions which play an important role of life or her people. The traditions
has various patterns of motifs in which ethnical norms are formulated and
ethical decisions are implemented. (Tandjung, 1982). According to latest
research (Abdullah, 2005) there are 512 ethnic languages in Indonesia. In
conclusion, Indonesia is not only a megabiodiversity but also a
megaecodiversity (figure 6) as well (Tandjung, 2004).
BIOTIC ENV. 25.000 sp
Flowering plants 400 sp Meranti timber 12.000 spVertebrate
515 sp Mammals
ABIOTIC ENV.
CULTURAL ENV.
300 Ethnic groups 512 Ethnic languages
Multicultures
17. 508 Islands 100 Volcanoes 47 Ecosystems
Figure 6: The Megaecodiversity of Indonesia Natural Environment
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Religion and Ecology
Religions play an important role in natural environment
conservation and management. Tandjung (1990) figures out that the role
of Indonesian traditions, values, and beliefs in natural resources
conservation and environmental management are very significant in
Indonesia. In the most cases the traditions symbolized concepts of
ecological wisdoms. The statement is based on the fact of practicable of
the consepts, for instance in Bali. In the survey on the Bali traditional life
style and ecological conservation, an important note is recorded. Some of
the Bali Hindu basic philosophies are Tri Hita Karana, Yadnya Rwa
Bhineda (Semara Ratih) and Awig-awing. In this essay Tri Hita Karana will
be discussed.
Tri Hita Karana
Tri Hita Karana means three causes of goodness. There are
several concepts derived from Tri Hita Karana, e.g. Tri Angga concept
divides everything into 3 components of zones. The implication and
practice of this concept is for instance a home yard consists of 3 parts
Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan. A spatial arrangement is
beginning here. Those 3 spaces have been provided for growing a certain
plants and raring animals.
a. Parahyangan
Parahyangan is a place for growing all kinds of flowers and shrubs and
for the site of pura (offering quarter) usually placed in front of the house
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or at north. Flower is an important material in Hindu Balimese Religion
for offering (sesaji, yadnya) to Sang Hyang Widhi (God Almighty). The
religion is to Balinese both race and nationality. The existence of
Parahyangan is to maintain the relationship between man and his
creator. Their loses automatically the right to be called Balinese if they
changes their faith (Budihardjo, 1986).
b. Pawongan
Pawongan is a place for growing medium size trees of fruits, situated in
the midlle, between Parahyangan and Palemahan. The fruits are given
to neighbours, friends, guests and visitors. The practice of this conduct
is to maintains relationship to other people.
c. Palemahan
Palemahan is a habitat for tall trees animal house and fish pond
lacated at the back of the house, those plants and animals represented
the environment.
There are two important values of the zonation. Firstly that
Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan are three habitats (spaces) for
certain purposes for growing different groups of green plants and raring
animals: Parahyangan for shrubs and flowers, Pawongan for medium
trees of fruits, and Palemahan for tall trees, and raring animals. The three
types of habitat provide variety of species. The resultante of it is the
Spatial Arrangement and Ecological Diversity. It should be remember that
Parahyangan symbolized the relationship between man and Gods,
Pawongan for the harmony of man and man, and Palemahan is the
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relationship between man and the environment. Surveys showed that
there was surprisingly good agreement on the similarity meaning of the
concepts; to me the Parahyangan for Bali Hindu is equal to the
hablumminallah of muslim, and the Pawongan is the hablumminannas in
Islamic teaching (Tandjung, 1988). More study on the Hinduism in Ecology
reported by Chapple and Tucker (2000). The role of religions in Ecology
have been studied by many scientists and sociologist, for example
Barbour (2002), Abdel – Halim (1998) and Canan (1995). Recent
publications on Islam and Ecology (Foltz et al., 2003), and on Judaism and
Ecology (Tirosh – Samuelson, 2002) are from Harvard.
Problems and Issues
The condition of Indonesia environment affected by global changes
and activities. There are also many local or regional activities which
produce a great impact to Indonesia environment. Global climate change
such as green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, green
revolution and sustainable agriculture, and industrial waste dumping are
the examples (See Appendices).
Green House Effect
Green house effect or the increase of temperature in the world
(global warming) is believed to be the result of the trap of heat energy in
our environment. This situation exactly similar to the year around hot and
warm in the experimental glass house or green house. The culprite of
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green house effect is CO2 gas. It is believed that more than 50% of green
house effect phenomena is caused by CO2. Other gases that also promote
the green house effect are CH4, CFC, N2O, and other industrial wastes. It
is important to remember that there are two kind of CO2:
A. Fossil CO2 resulted from burning of fossil fuel such as gasolin,
kerosine, avtur, natural gas, and coal.
B. Present CO2 which are released by life activity as physiological
phenomena. This CO2 is released from man and animal during their
respiration activity and released by plant in the night or in the dark
when this green plant do not conduct physiological activity so-called
photosynthesis. The burning of today material or natural material such
as wood and paper is also releasing present CO2. All the present CO2
or may be we called as natural CO2 is absorbed or used by green
plants for their photosynthesis, phisiological activity, and in return those
plants give us oxygen (O2) for our respiration. If in the night there is no
photosynthesis activity some of CO2 fill the surrounding as a normal
condition in the nature, the absorb the heat of infrared radiation from
suroundig resulted the temperature of the environment in about 15-35
oC in tropical country. Some of CO2 become a part of cloud for that
reason it produces rain water which a normal acidity of pH 5.6. Actually
if some forest is burning the CO2 resulted from this accident will be
absorbed by the forest neigbourhood which are needed for
photosynthesis activity during the day. If The forestfire occur in the
night all of this natural CO2 most probably "waiting" for 12 hours before
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it is used for photosynthesis locally or will be transported to the other
side of the world. This CO2 will not increase the earth temperature
because they only absorb the heat from infra red radiation, and this
infra red radiation only exist during the day when there is a sun in the
sky. And during this time of course all the CO2 will be used for
photosynthesis so there is no way to blame forest fire as a culprit for
the green house effect. In conclusion the green house effect is caused
by excessive production of fossil CO2 from fossil fuel combustion in
industrial activity by developed nations. We believe, it is not fair to say
that the green house effects caused by present CO2 emision. The
issues is that the green house effect may cause the melting of ice in
the polar region. Many scientist believe if the increasing of world
temperature up to 2oC in all parts of the world occur, the flooding will
enundate most of coastal area of American continent and West
Europe, Japan and Korea probably also a part of China land. This
happen because of increasing the ocean surface up to 90 m. This
"doomsday" scares most people who live in those areas mentioned
earlier. The problem rises when the question how to protect the earth
from the green house effect is not agreement with our scientific or our
knowledge to day. May be it is not fair to feel that the question arise by
industrial countries such as how minimize or to reduce the amount of
CO2 the produce. Industrial countries do understand, naturally or
according to natural law, the CO2 will be used by green plant for
photosynthesis. And they understood that the exixtence of green plant
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the year around only on the areas which are not experience fall or
autumn season. The area is the tropical countries. Today Brazillia,
Congo (Zaire), and Indonesia are the biggest country with tropical rain
forest. It is not make a sense when industrial countries ask (hope) that
those three countries not to use their forest or minimize the use of
forest for their economic development. Industrial countries such as the
United States of America considers the tropical rain forest as a carbon
sink. Carbon trading maybe the answer to solve this global warming
problems.
I think every party in world should understand that for the
atmospheric balance it is a must for every country to have about 30-40%
of forest for land cover that green around the year. In tropical country the
efficiency of forest as a green cover is 100% because the forest is green
around the year. In subtropic countries such as in the United States,
Canada, West European Countries and Japan the efficiency is about 41-
50% because during the fall and winter most of the plant have no leaves.
By calculation Indonesia has about 75% of forest land cover the meaning
of this, we may use our forest as half of it or we still have forest two and
half time as much as the amount we need (table.3). And by calculation the
Nederland has 7% and USA has around 15% only (Anon.,1994). Logically
industrial countries have no right to ask tropical countries not to use their
own forest since the still have more than they need, in other way the
industrial countries pollute the air with CO2 that causes green house effect
and hope another country such as tropical country to clean the mess.
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Ozone Layer Depletion
The uses of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or Freon for sprayer, air
condition, refrigerator, and other conviniencies has resulted in depletion of
ozone layer of stratosphere. The stratosphere ozone is the shield of earth,
to protect the life from the danger of the UV light. It is believed that this UV
light may kill microorganisms (for that reason it is used also for
sterilization), affects the physiological activity of plant (causing the
decrease of yield crop, even kills the plants). In human the UV light cause
skin cancer. The only way to avoid those misseries mentioned is to
replace CFC with another chemical compound that not affect the ozone
layer and safely to use. The Dupont Company of the US has been trying to
find the substitute for CFC. The introduce the new formula so called H-
CFC which they believe will not react with O3, the ozone layer.
Table. 3. The distribution of the world's major forest
Temperate & Boreal Forests Country Percent of Forest
The Nedherland USA
Canada Germany
7 15 19 19
Tropical Rain Forest Country Percent of Forest
Indonesia Zaire
Brazilia
75 71 69
(Anonimus, 1994)
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Acid Rain
Acid rain has a the acidity lower than pH 5.6. It is caused by the
emission of Sulphurdioxide from power plants especially coal power plants
which contribute 70% of acidity to acid rain. The other 30% caused by NOx
from automotive and other electric power equipment (Tandjung, 1982).
The problem of acid rain is that the target area is out side the country that
produce SO2 and NOx. Pollution knows no national boundaries, so the acid
rain that fall in the USA for instance in Adirondack of up State New York
comes from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Acid rain in Scandinavian
Countries come from West Central Europe. Because of industrial activity
now become world wide it is posible that acid rain will be a global problem
later. In Indonesia occasionally acid rain occur in Jakarta, Palembang and
Surabaya. The source of the acid perhaps from the Pulau Gadung
Industrial Estase, Oil refinery and Fertilizer Company along the Musi River
dan Surabaya Industrial Estase Rungkut (SIER)
Green Revolution & Sustainable Agriculture
In green revolution movement the usage of pesticide and fertilizer
are encouraged. For that reason the technology to produce pesticide and
fertilizer by the industrial countries are exported to the developing
countries. The target to produce enough food in most countries are met.
However the side effect of using pesticide and fertilizer is very costly.
Ufortunately the so called developed (or industrial countries which involved
in the green revolution export the insecticides that caused silent spring to
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all over the world (see table 4). Environmental pollution and degradation
occur in many places of the worlds. The persistance of pesticide residue in
our water and land may cause environmental pollution. The excesive use
of fertilizer cause eutrophication of reservoir and other water bodies and
this may resulted in lack of water, fish killing because of suffocation
(hypoxia, anoxia : less or lack of oxygen), disturbance of irrigation and
hydropower generation).
Sustainable agriculture is agriculture without destruction of
environment. In this case farmers have to use the pesticide and fertilizer
very carefully or back to the natural farming system or traditional
agricultural system. Natural fertilizer such as green or manure fertilizer
from leguminosae plant and animals are used for fertilizing the soil.
Table 4. The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in the USA
(Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980)
No. Names/Year No. Names/Year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
DDT 1968Aldrin 1975 Dieldrin 1975 Toxaphene 1976 Endosulfan 1976 Kepon 1976Mirex 1976
8. 9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Heptachlor 1978 Chlordane 1978 Endrin 1979 Diazinon 1979 Malathion 1979 Parathion 1979 and 19 other organophosphorus insectisides
Note: 1 – 10 are orghanochlorine insecticides 11 – 14 are organophosphorus insecticides
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Industrial Waste Dumping
The hazardous chemical of industrial waste are shipped by
industrial countries to developing countries. Most of Indonesian scientists
consider this pratice agains the human right. Developed country so called,
understod already that the hazardous chemical, the toxic industrial waste
will kill human being. So, it raises a question about the reason why they
sent those materials to other countries. Many pratice of developed
countries agains human right. For instance in the USA the production of
DDT has been stopped in 1960 and the use of DDT and 31 other
insecticides in this country has been banned since 1968 because they
know the danger of this chemical (table.4). It raised the questions why
they export the pollutants to developing countries.
Air Pollution
The other problem in our natural environment is air pollution,
especially from translportation. The government has to pass laws requiring
that the money from vehicle tax is established for the compensation. The
time of usage of car should regulated, for example in the USA and
Singapore for 10 years.
The action of taking the environment into proper account in this
matter is not to reduce the number of vehicle registration or the ownership,
but the control of emission is a must, a necessity. Environmental
management and natural resource conservation, the tool to conserve our
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natural environment, have to be brought to bear and to solve the
problems.
In effect, as suggested in the inauguration speech, we should
have a regulation, decree or even an act concerning the responsibility for
all people to grow green plant as a universal absorber for absorbing all the
energy and substance that causes the air pollution (Tandjung, 2001).
Perhaps it is needed a law that regulate the sellers of automobile have to
plant a tree for each car they sold.
Indicator of Sustainable Development
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
(UNCSD) and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UNDESA) four major dimensions of sustainable development:
social, economics, environmental and institutional. (Anonymous, 2005). In
term of environment, energy is one of the indicator. Environmental impact
of energy production and use significantly affect the sustainable
development process. Among the environmental dimensions related to
energy production and use are green house gas (GHG), ambient
concentration of air pollutant, air pollutant emission from energy system,
contaminant discharges in liquid effluents, oil discharges into coastal
water, rate of deforestation etc (IAEA, 2005; EEA, 2003; EEA, 2004; EEA,
2005)
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Alternative energy for sustainable development is renewable energy
instead of fossil fuels. Among the renewable energy that are currently in
wide use in many areas of the developing world are:
Biogas for decentralized cooking and electricity
Small Hydro Power for local electricity
Small Wind Power for water pumping and local electricity
Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PV) for local electricity
Solar Collectors for water and space heating
Ethanol and Biodiesel for agriculture and transportation
Large Hydro Power for grid electricity
Geothermal Energy for heat and grid electricity
(Anonymous, 2005)
Finally, we may say that sustainable development in United Nations
Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) must goes together with alternative
energy service (EREC, 2005)
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