Natural Areas Journal. . . to advance the preservation of natural diversity

A publication of the Natural Areas Association - www.naturalarea.org

© Natural Areas Association

Natural Areas Journal 36:81–87

Distribution of Croton linearis in Miami-Dade

County Preserves with Potential for Supporting the

Federally Endangered Butterflies Strymon acis bartrami and Anaea troglodyta

floridalis

Jennifer Possley1,�

1FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden10901OldCutlerRd.

Miami,FL33156

Stephen Hodges2

Emily Magnaghi3

Joyce Maschinski1

2JoshuaTreeNationalPark

74485NationalParkDrive

TwentyninePalms,CA92277

3TheBotanicGardensatKonaKaiResortandGallery

97802OverseasHwyKeyLargo,FL33037

4Correspondingauthor:jpossley@fairchildgarden.org;(305)667-1651,ext.3514

Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal �1

Natural Areas Journal 36:81–87

•Distribution of Croton linearis in Miami-Dade

County Preserves with Potential for Supporting the

Federally Endangered Butterflies Strymon acis bartrami and Anaea troglodyta

floridalis

Jennifer Possley1,�

1FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden10901OldCutlerRd.

Miami,FL33156

Stephen Hodges2

Emily Magnaghi3

Joyce Maschinski1

2JoshuaTreeNationalPark

74485NationalParkDrive

TwentyninePalms,CA92277

3TheBotanicGardensatKonaKaiResortandGallery

97802OverseasHwyKeyLargo,FL33037

•

R E S E A R C H N O T E

4Correspondingauthor:jpossley@fairchildgarden.org;(305)667-1651,ext.3514

ABSTRACT:ExtremesouthFloridahassufferedrecentlossesofbutterflypopulationsandevenspeciesextinctions. Information about the life histories of rare butterflies and their host plants is needed torecovertheirpopulations.WeassessedurbanfragmentsofpinerocklandfortheirpotentialtosupportthefederallyendangeredbutterfliesStrymon acis bartramiandAnaea troglodyta floridalis.WesampledandmappedthedistributionofthelarvalhostplantCroton linearisandusedGISdataandfirerecordstorankeachofthetenpreservesforsuitabilitytosupporttherarebutterflies.Ourfindingsrevealedthathostplantsarepatchily,butwidely,distributedandaregenerallyabundant.Croton linearispopulationswerelargest infragments thathadexperiencedfirewithinthepastdecade.Intotalweestimatedthat49,813C. linearis individualsoccurredinnineof the tenpreserveswesurveyedin2013.While it ispossible thatnineof the tenpreservescontainingC. lineariscouldsupportpopulationsofeitherrarebutterfly, our suitability matrix showed that not all preserves are equal, enabling us to make recom-mendationsaboutwheretofocusbutterflyrecoveryeffortsandhowtoimproverarehabitatatpreserveswithlowerscores.

Index terms:butterfly,fire,fragmentation,hostplant,pinerockland

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversitylossisaglobalphenomenonthatshowslittlesignofreversing,orevenslowing(Butchartetal.2010).Declineofpollinatorsinparticularhasbeenamajorconcernforwelloveradecade(Kearnsetal.1998;Pottsetal.2010),withLepidop-tera being no exception.The IUCN RedListincludes27extinctbutterflyandmothspecies,andanother50thatareendangeredorcriticallyendangered(IUCN2014).Eu-ropeanbutterflieshavedecreasedby11%inrecentdecades(vanSwaayetal.2006).InNorthAmerica,thedeclineinmigrationsoftheonceubiquitousmonarchbutterfly(Danaus plexippus L.) has been well-documented (Brower et al. 2012), whilerare species have gone extinct or appeartobehangingbyathread(USFWS2003;Minno2010;Schultzetal.2011).

With the most sensitive species alreadygone,scientistsandlandmanagershaveamandatetoactquicklytopreventfurtherextinctions of Lepidoptera, which likelyserve as early warning indicators thatextinctions of other, longer-lived animalandplantspeciesarelooming(Kraussetal.2010).Recoveryofthemostimperiledspecieswillrequirethoroughunderstand-ing of each species’ unique biology andinterspeciesmutualisms,mostnotablywithlarvalhostplants.Scientistswillneed toworkwithlandmanagerstoensurethereisadequatehabitattosustaineachspecies,oftenbalancingonerarespecies’manage-mentneedsagainstanother(Schultzetal.

2011).Someofthemostimportantdatathatareneeded include informationon larvalhostplantdistributionandecology.

Wepresentacasestudyfromthegloballycritically imperiled, highly fragmentedpine rockland (or, pineland) forests ofMiami-Dade County, Florida. This plantcommunityishometotheFloridaleafwing(Anaea troglodyta floridalis F. JohnsonandW. Comstock) and Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami W.ComstockandHuntington)butterflies,bothofwhicharesubspeciesofWestIndianbut-terfliesfoundonlyinextremesouthFlorida(Smith et al. 1994), and both are recentadditions to the list of species protectedunderthefederalEndangeredSpeciesAct(USFWS 2014).The Florida leafwing iscurrentlyfoundonlyintheLongPineKeyregionofEvergladesNationalPark,whileBartram’s scrub-hairstreak is located inLongPineKeyaswell asBigPineKeyin the Florida Keys and in a handful offorestfragmentswithinurbanMiami-DadeCounty(USFWS2014).Theonlyknownlarvalhostplantforbothtaxaispinelandcroton(Croton linearis Jacq.),ashrubbymemberoftheEuphorbiaceae.Inordertoaidconservationplanningforthesenewlyendangered butterflies, we describe thedistributionandabundanceofC. linearis within the heavily fragmented portionof the butterflies’ ranges in Miami-DadeCounty,andweusethesedata,alongwithGISandfirehistoryinformation,torankcountypreservesforsuitabilitytosupportthebutterflies.

�2 Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016

METHODS

Study Species: Croton linearis

Croton linearis isanevergreenshrubthatgrows to twomtall,oftenmaintainingashorterstatureinfrequentlyburnedhabitats(Figure1).Leavesarealternate,entire,andlinear toelliptic toaboutsevencmlong.Individuals are dioecious with racemesof small white male or female flowersoccurringonseparateplants(CorrellandCorrell1982).Croton linearisisfoundintheWestIndiesandinsoutheastFlorida,USA(CorrellandCorrell1982).InFlorida,it is foundonly infivecounties:Martin,PalmBeach,Broward,Miami-Dade,andMonroe(Gannetal.2014).InMiami-Dade

County,C. linearis is foundprimarily inpinerocklands.Pinerocklandsareaglob-allycriticallyimperiledplantcommunityfoundonlyinSouthFlorida,TheBahamas,andintheTurksandCaicosIslands(FNAI2010).WithinthefootprintofMiami,lessthan2%ofthishabitatremainsasisolatedislandsofnaturesurroundedbydenseurbanandagriculturaldevelopment(Figure2).

Survey Methods

Weconcentratedsurveyeffortsintwocoreareasrepresentingthetwolargestareasofpinerocklandoutsideofthemuchlarger,intactLongPineKeyarea inEvergladesNationalPark(Figure2).TheRichmondareais28kmsouthwestofdowntownMi-

ami,andNavyWellsis48kmsouthwestof downtown Miami. Both areas havewell-establishedpopulationsofBartram’sscrub-hairstreak (USFWS 2014). TheFloridaleafwingwasonceestablishedinbothregions,buthasnotbeendocumentedasmaintainingapopulationateitherloca-tioninthepast25years(USFWS2014).Foreachofthetwocoreareas,weselectedpreservestosurveyiftheycontainedpinerocklandandwerewithinfourkmofthecore.Wefurthernarrowedourcriteria toincludeonlypreservesownedandmanagedby Miami-Dade County, thus excludingapproximately250haofpinerocklandintheRichmondarea that are in federalorprivateownership.Withtheserestrictionsinmind,weselected tenpreserves total-

Figure 1. Croton linearis in Miami-Dade County’s Larry and Penny Thompson Park. This male plant is being visited by the federally endangered butterfly, Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak. Photo: J. Possley.

Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal �3

ingapproximately414hatosurveyforC. linearis (Table1).

WesurveyedforC. linearisfromJanuarythroughJuly2013,withlimitedfollow-upsurveysin2014.SurveyorsusedhandheldGPSunitstocollectlocationinformation. When we encountered C. linearis, wescanned within a 2.5-m radius for otherindividualsandrecordedthetotalnumberofplantsobservedwithintheradius.

We implemented two different surveymethods depending on the size of thepreserve. For sites <20 ha (Florida City,NavyWells39,PalmDrive,SunnyPalms,Eachus, andTamiamiPinelandComplexAddition), surveyors walked all pine

rocklandedges,includingfirebreaksandtrails.Forparcelinteriors,wemadeseveralpassesbackand forth througheachunit,attempting to cover as much ground aspossible in the time allotted (1–2 days)(Figure3).

For sites >20 ha (Navy Wells, Larry &Penny Thompson, Martinez, and ZooMiami), surveyors walked all edges, firebreaks, and trails and made passes backandforththroughaportionoftheinteriorso that we sampled at least 10% of thetotalpinerocklandarea.

For all preserves regardless of size, weusedourC. lineariscountstoextrapolatethe number of individuals in the entire

preservebasedon theareasurveyed,ac-cordingtoasimpleproportionalformula:NT=(AT×NS)÷(AS×5),whereNTisthe totalextrapolatedC. linearispopula-tionsize,NSisthenumberofindividualscounted during surveys, AT is the totalareaofpinerockland,andASistheareacoveredduringsurveys.Wemultipliedthetotaltracklengthby5m,thewidthofoursurveyarea(2.5moneachside).Priortoanalysis,weexcluded irrelevantportionsofsurveytracks.Incalculatingthesquaremetersofpinerocklandforeachpreserve,weexcludeddevelopedareas(e.g.,pave-ment, buildings, orchards) and, on rareoccasion,areasthatwereheavilyinfestedwithexoticplants.

Figure 2. Location of Miami-Dade County within southern Florida (inset) and detail showing intact forest (black) in the Long Pine key (LPk) region of Everglades National Park and in scattered fragments in urban Miami-Dade. The two core survey areas, Navy Wells (NW) and Richmond (RM), are indicated on the map as black circles.

�� Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016

Suitability Ranking

In order to rank the ten preserves forsuitability to support Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak and/or Florida leafwing, wecompiledinformationfromCroton linearisgroundsurveys,FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden’sGIS,andMiami-DadeCounty’sburnrecords.Followinginformationavail-able in theUSFWSrule (USFWS2014)andKraussetal.(2010),wechosesevencriteriaandtreatedeachascategoricaldata:(1)presenceofC. linearis,(2)densityofC. linearis (usingextrapolatedtotals),(3)preservesize,(4)preserveisolation,whichwe quantified as distance to the nearestneighboring pine rockland, (5) matrixquality,withnaturalareabeing themostdesirable surroundings for any preserve,followedbynurseriesoragriculture,fol-lowedbybuildings,(6)firehistory,whichwequantifiedasnumberofyearssincethelastfire,and(7)mosaicpotential,whichindicateshowmanypermanentfirebreaksexistwithinapreservethatwouldpromotepatchyburninginsteadoffiresthataffecttheentirepreserve.Withtheexceptionofpresence/absenceofC. linearis,allcrite-riahadpossiblescoresof1,2,or3,withhigherscoresreflectinggreatersuitability.Eachpreserve’sscorewasthentalliedforcomparison,dividedby18(themaximumscore)andmultipliedby100toreflectthepercentageoftotalpossiblescore(ST):ST

=(∑S÷18)×100.

RESULTS

Wesurveyedapproximately71of414ha(17%)intenpreservesforthepresenceofCroton linearis.Onesite,EachusPineland,lacked any C. linearis. In the other ninepreserveswemappedatotalof7642indi-vidualC. linearis (Tables1,2).WhenweextrapolatetheC. linearis populations,weestimatethatthetotalnumberofC. linearisatallsitesis49,815individuals.MartinezPreservehadthehighestextrapolatedpopu-lationat14,800,andNavyWellswasthesecondhighestat12,734.OfthepreserveswhereC. linearis waspresent,PalmDrivePinelandhadthefewestindividuals,with76counted(299extrapolated).

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Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal ��

Our ranking matrix awarded the highestpreserve score for supporting rare but-terflypopulationstothepinelandsatZooMiami (Table 2). The Zoo was the onlysite that receivedamaximumscoreof3inthe“matrixquality”category,becauseitissurroundedonalmostallsidesbypinerockland forest. The next most suitablesiteswereNavyWellsandLarryandPennyThompsonPark.Nopreservereceivedthelowest possible score (28). The lowest-scoringpinelandwasPalmDrive(39).

DISCUSSION

Results from these surveys can be usedto inform conservation planning for theFloridaleafwingand/orBartram’sscrub-hairstreak butterflies in urban Miami’sprotectedpinerocklandforestfragments.Westronglyrecommendthatintroductionsfocus on Zoo Miami, Larry and PennyThompson Park, and Martinez Preservein the Richmond area, and Navy WellsandSunnyPalmsintheNavyWellsarea.Bartram’sscrub-hairstreakreintroductioneffortsmightalsoincludeNavyWells39,since there is a documented population

of that taxon there (Possley, pers. obs.).Additionaleffortstowardtherecoveryofthese butterflies in Miami’s urban frag-mentsshouldincluderestoringhabitatinthese preserves, conducting prescribedfires in amosaicpattern and at frequen-ciesbetweentwoandtenyears(USFWS2014), and perhaps introducing Croton linearistoEachuspinelandoraugmentingthepopulationatPalmDrivePineland.Ad-ditionalmappingandsurveyeffortsmightalsofocusonthepresenceofnectarplantsadjacent toconcentrationsofC. linearis. Inaddition,researchintothelifehistoryofbothbutterflyspeciesisneeded,assomeaspects—especiallyregardingadultinsectbiology—arepoorlyunderstood,yetcouldbecrucialtoconservationplanning.

In Miami-Dade County, the presence ofpinerocklandhabitatisclearlyalimitingfactor forboth rarebutterflies.However,within the core areas of Richmond andNavyWells,abundanceof thehostplantCroton linearisisrelativelyhighandmaynotlimitbutterflyabundance.Theexcep-tion is Eachus Pineland, which lackedC. linearis. Our surveys suggest anotherlimiting factor for the rare butterflies is

fire:siteswithmorefrequentfirehadmoreabundantC. linearis.AmarkedexceptiontothistrendwasMartinezPreserve,whichhadthelargest(extrapolated)populationofC. linearisdespitenothavinghadarecentfire.MartinezPreserve contains remnantmarlprairie,whichmaymakeitlessvul-nerable to invasion by native hardwoodsthatreducesuitabilityforC. linearisandthebutterfliesthatdependonit.ItisalsonoteworthythattheLongPineKeyareaofEvergladesNationalParksupportspopula-tionsofbothrarebutterflies,despitehavingafire-returnintervaluptotenyears(US-FWS2014).However, thepine rocklandfragmentsinurbanMiamilikelyrequireashorterfire-returninterval,astheyexperi-enceedgeeffectsandpropagulepressurefromurbantreeplantings(nativeandnot)toamuchhigherdegreethanforestedareasofthenationalpark.

Finally, inconsideringwhether the tech-niquesweemployedmightworkforotherplant–pollinator relationships, it is prob-ablymostsuitedforcaseslikeoursinwhichararebutterflyhasco-evolvedwithalarvalhost plant that is relatively common.Aswithourefforts,anysimilarsurveysneedtoconsiderthetrade-offbetweenprecisioninhostplantcountsversustheavailabletimeandfunding.Incaseswhereboththeinsectandtheplantareexceedinglyrare,effortsmightbebetterspentmappingindividualplantsandexploringhowtoincreasetheirabundance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

MajorfundingwasprovidedbyUSFishandWildlifeServiceAgreementF12AP01170.WegratefullyacknowledgeMarkSalvatoandDanaHartley,UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService,whosupportedoureffortsthroughoutthisproject.AdditionalfundingwasprovidedbyFairchildTropicalBotanicGardenandMiami-DadeCounty’sEnvi-ronmentally Endangered Lands programthrough Resolution #R-808-07 and Mi-ami-DadeCounty’sDepartmentofParks,RecreationandOpenSpacesthroughReso-lution#R-688-13.WethankthefollowingMiami-DadeCountymanagers,biologists,andpermitproviders:RobinGray-Urgélles,CynthiaGuerra,TimJoyner,JoeMaguire,

Figure 3. Example of spatial data collected during Croton linearis surveys at Tamiami Pineland Complex Addition. Surveys (white line) were only conducted in pine rockland habitat, which in this case is the northern 7 of the preserve’s total 12 ha. Aerial photo, taken in 2012, from www.labins.org.

�6 Natural Areas Journal Volume 36 (1), 2016

Tiffany Melvin, Sonya Thompson, andAlicieWarren.LydiaCuni,FrankRidgley,JuliaGehring,AlanaEdwards,andDustinSmithhelpedwithfieldwork.

Jennifer Possley is a field biologist at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden. Her interests include linking ecology with natural areas management, rare species monitoring, and tropical fern biology.

Stephen Hodges is a botanist with a wide variety of experience ranging from the coastal rock barrens of the Florida Keys to the jungles of Panama. He has special interests in Florida Keys botany, ethno-botany, and plant medicine.

Emily Magnaghi is a botanist at The Botanical Gardens at Kona Kai Resort in Key Largo, Florida. She is involved with ethnobotanic and environmental education, local conservation and restoration efforts, and has many environmental interests including sustainable agriculture and landscaping with native plants.

Joyce Maschinski is a conservation ecolo-gist at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden and adjunct professor at Florida Interna-tional University, University of Miami, and Northern Arizona University. Her recent research explores plant reintroduction.

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isto

ry

(yrs

)

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ote

nti

al

(# u

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sourc

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ield

surv

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Fie

ld s

urv

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GIS

GIS

GIS

NA

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IS

1)

<50

1)

1–37

1)

>1

1)

Urb

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1)

>10

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51–100

2)

38–74

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0.1

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“Mat

rix”

and

“F

ire

hist

ory”

cat

egor

ies;

in th

e “M

atri

x” c

ateg

ory,

this

indi

cate

d a

pres

erve

was

sur

roun

ded

by m

ore

than

one

cat

egor

y of

mat

rix,

and

in

the

“Fir

e H

isto

ry”

cate

gory

, thi

s in

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that

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of t

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rve

burn

ed d

urin

g th

e pe

riod

.

Volume 36 (1), 2016 Natural Areas Journal ��

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