NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old Landfills Cardiff City Hall / 23 rd - 26 th...
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Transcript of NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old Landfills Cardiff City Hall / 23 rd - 26 th...
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 11/14/14
Presentation : Thierry CHASSAGNAC
CSD AZUR
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 22/14/14
Report
The old landfills produce biogas and leachates
The environment strongly decreases the impacts in particular conditions
Several dozens thousand sites are concerned in France
Interest to study and to develop the
natural attenuation
Objectives of the study (ADEME)
Estimate the number of sites concerned by the natural attenuation
Identify the mechanisms of the natural attenuation
Propose solutions adapted to old landfills
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 33/14/14
34 evaluation criteria representative of 8 families
- geologic substratum - sensibility of the landscapes and the environments - landfill dimensions - sensibility of groundwater - sensibility of habitat and population - deposit composition - sensibility of surface waters - landfill age
Allocation of a raw note for every criterion (+1 note of doubt by criterion)
34 raw notes (+ 34 doubt notes)
4 environments
Global risk category of the site = Risk category of the most affected environment
Catégory of risk of environment :A, B, C or D
Catégory of risk of environment :A, B, C or D
Catégory of risk of environment :A, B, C or D
Catégory of risk of environment :A, B, C or D
CSD AZUR MethodCSD AZUR Method
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 44/14/14
Principle of the statistical analysis
6 regional diagnoses of landfills : 1410 referenced sites
34 criteria aggregated in the form of risk notes by environments :
surface waters, groundwater, natural environment, human environment
4 category of risks :
A - emergency situation
B - strong to average potential risk
C - average to weak potential risks
D - weak to no potential risks
Global categories of risks
0,39
40,70 40,31
18,60
0,21
24,75
58,44
16,60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Categories of risks
Fre
qu
en
cy
connection with groundwater
all
Study interest
Enumeration
18 % of sites are in direct and permanent
connection with groundwater :
7 % spring zone
11 % backfilling of old water
depressions (quarry)
A : emergency B : strong C : middle D : weak
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 55/14/14
Depth of the groundwater
2,71 1,94
6,20
34,88
54,26
41,35
0,78
19,65
27,09
11,13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance between the base of wastes and the roof of the groundwater
Fré
qu
ency
connection with groundwaterall
> 20 m 10 à 20 m 2 à 10 m < 2 m
Potential groundwaters resources
1,553,88
38,76
27,52 28,29
8,72
13,83
35,25
23,12
19,08
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5
Risks notes
Fré
qu
ency
connection with groundwater
all
1 - no resource
2 - improbable resource
3 - likely resource of moderate importance, exploited or not
4 - important to average resource, recognized, not exploited
5 - important resource, exploited and recognized
Potential surface resources
39,92
21,3225,58
13,18
0,00
58,51
14,6819,15
7,66
0,000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
Risks notes
Fré
qu
ency
connection with groundwater
all
1 - no resource
2 - improbable resource
3 - likely resource of moderate importance, exploited or not
4 - important to average resource, recognized, not exploited
5 - important resource, exploited and recognized
Landfill surface
24,03
43,41
14,7317,83
0,00
28,01
53,40
10,508,09
0,000
10
20
30
40
50
60
Landfill surface (m2)
Fré
qu
en
cy
connection with groundwater
all
< 1000 1000 to 5000 5000 to 10000 > 10000
Typology of sites in connection with groundwater (comparison to the other sites) :
more risks
ground waters :
permeable substratum
potential resources
subsurface groundwater
surface waters :
near streams
high flow
potential resources
nearness and density of population
more vast and less thick
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 66/14/14
Unitarian processes :
filtration
adsorption
precipitation
dispersal
nitrification
dénitrification
degradation of the organic matter
Parameters :
water
oxygen
geometry of the filter
soil condition
pollution burden to be treated
temperature
pH
redox potential
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
1. Underground wet mechanism : the infiltration - percolation
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
1. Underground wet mechanism : the infiltration - percolation
Parameter Input Outflow EfficiencyMLSS 84 23 73%COD 273 68 75%BOD 148 22 85%NTK 40 9 78%
N-NO3 0,2 32
The infiltration percolation allows :The infiltration percolation allows :to hold the polluting particulate elements
to hold inorganic pollutants (sorption)
the degradation of organic pollutants by microorganism
the treatment of the nitrogenous compounds by particular microorganisms
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 77/14/14
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
2. Superficial wet mechanism : lagooning
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
2. Superficial wet mechanism : lagooning
Unitarian processes :
consumption of nitrogen and phosphor
degradation of organic matter
decantation
volatilization
photolysis
waters disinfection
Parameters :
residence time
oxygen
pollution burden
temperature
pH
redox potential
on leachateson domestic waste
waters
BOD5 80-90 %
COD 40-70 % 78 %
MLSS 55 % 79 %
Nitrogen 85 % 60 à 70 %
Phosphor 60 à 70 %
The lagooning allows :The lagooning allows :the decantation of suspended solids and their trapping in the bottom of ponds
the photolysis notably of halogen compounds
the degradation of the organic compounds by microorganisms
the consumption of nitrogen and phosphor by micro and macrophytes
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 88/14/14
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
3. The phytoremediation
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the leachates
3. The phytoremediation Unitarian processes :
phytostabilization in the rhizosphere
adsorption on roots
detention in the roots
rhizodegradation
phytovolatilization
accumulation
degradation
action on the heat flows
Parameters :
water
oxygen
chelates
pollution burden to be treated
plants cycles
The phytoremediation allows :The phytoremediation allows :the consumption of nutriments (nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, micronutrient)
the consumption of trace metals
the degradation of the organic compounds by rhizospheric microorganisms
“ The phytoremediation is the use of plants,
their associated microbiote, amendments and
agricultural technics to eliminate, contain, or
make less toxic environmental pollutants ”
(Cunningham).
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 99/14/14
Mechanisms of natural attenuation for the gas releasesMechanisms of natural attenuation for the gas releases
Parameters :
thickness of the cover
food continuance
organic matter ( use of compost)
vegetal density of the cover
inhibitors
The properties of the cover :
interception of meteoric waters
limitation of the flight of wastes
support of the vegetalization
the oxidation of the methan : methanotrophic microorganisms
510
1520
2530
5°C
10°C
20°C
25°C30°C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ox
ida
tio
n r
ate
of
me
tha
n (
ng
/g/h
)
GroundsTime of
unsteady stateOxidation rate
(mol of CH4.m-2.day-1)
Oxidizedpercentage
Coarse sand 13 days 10.4 61
Fine sand 135 days 6.9 41
Clay 60 days 6.8 40
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1010/14/14
Element of treatment Function
3. Microphytelagoon
Decrease of the organic load Consumption of nutriments Nitrification
4. Superficialfiltration bedwithmacrophytes
Transfer and filtration of theaerobic lagoon effluents
Consumption of the nitrogenand the phosphor
Reduction of the stream byevapotranspiration
5. Undergroundfiltration bed withmacrophytes
Denitrification Metals trapping
Typical solution for sites in spring zone
Element of treatment Function
1. Unaerobiclagoon
Decantation MLSS Metals precipitation Pretreatment of the oxygen need
2. Waterfall
Transfer of waters from a lagoonto the other one
Oxygenation Volatilization
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1111/14/14
Typical solution for sites in backfilling of old water depressions
Element oftreatment
Function
Peripherallagoon withmicrophytes
Decrease of the organic load,Consumption of the nitrogen and thephosphor,Nitrification,Deletion of the hydraulic pressure gradient
Bank betweenlagoons
Filtration,Denitrification,Metals trapping by reduction,Degradation of the organic matter
Lagoon withmacrophytes
Degradation of the organic matter,Consumption of the nitrogen and thephosphor,Nitrification,Possible metals trapping
Poplar zone
Decrease of streams by consumption ofwater,Consumption of possible nitrates « fugitives »,Denitrification,Possibility of cometabolism,Seclusion of pollution,Increase of the acceptability of the site
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1212/14/14
Comparison of the costs of rehabilitation to those of the classic treatmentsComparison of the costs of rehabilitation to those of the classic treatments
1. Case of sites in spring zone1. Case of sites in spring zone
2. Case of a backfilling of an old water depression2. Case of a backfilling of an old water depression
Water-treatmentplant
Physico-chemicaltreatment
Natural attenuationtreatment
Investment 150 k€ 300 k€ 21 k€
Functioning 26 280 €/year 26 280 €/year 3 000 to 5000 €/year
Classic treatmentNatural attenuation
treatment
Investment 600 à 2 200 k€ 400 k€
Functioning 30 000 €/year 5 000 €/year
7 - 14 times less high investment costs7 - 14 times less high investment costs
1,5 - 5 times less high costs1,5 - 5 times less high costs
Typical landfill of 2 hectars on 10 meters in thickness (200 000 m3) and having received 10 000 tons of waste during 20 years
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1313/14/14
Identical costs to those of a classic cover (600 k€ / 2 ha),Identical costs to those of a classic cover (600 k€ / 2 ha),
supplement from 1 to 3 € / msupplement from 1 to 3 € / m2 2 for organic amendmentfor organic amendment
Treatment of the gas releases (case of the weak production of biogas) :
methan oxidation in the cover
Treatment of the gas releases (case of the weak production of biogas) :
methan oxidation in the cover
Composition of the cover (from bottom to top)
screen limiting water input
drainage layer of infiltrated waters
treatment layer of biogas :
mineral layer
organic layer
vegetation
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1414/14/14
Plans of the superficial filtration bed with macrophytes
SECTION
Surface filtration bed : channel type
Surface filtration bed : baffle type
DETAIL SECTION
Soil baffle
PLANE
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1515/14/14
Plans of the underground filtration bed with macrophytes
SECTION
PROFILE
Low permeability
soil
Gravel 0-30
Sand 0-10
Control piezometric tubes
Distorsion of the clogged zone
Clogged zone
Piezometric level
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1616/14/14
Plans of the peripheral lagoon with microphytes
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1717/14/14
Plan of the lagoon with macrophytes
Water level fluctuation zone
Macrophytes zone
Microphytes zone
Macrophytes zone
Optional overpit
NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old NATO CCMS Pilot Study Meeting - Rehabilitation of Old LandfillsLandfills
Cardiff City Hall / 23Cardiff City Hall / 23rdrd - 26 - 26thth may 2004 may 2004
Thierry CHASSAGNAC 1818/14/14
IN :Raw
leachates
OUT
PhragmitesTyphaWillows
COD N-NH4 N-total MLSS
Efficiency mean value (%) 60,4 85,1 62,7 77,7
1
Biological treatment
1
4 3 2
3 42