NATO-ATC: Integrating Humanitarian Operations
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Transcript of NATO-ATC: Integrating Humanitarian Operations
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Integrating humanitarian operations
David Alexander University College London
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Setting the stage...
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Hazard
x Vulnerability
= Risk
Impact
Response
Exposure
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Vulnerability & marginalisation in the Peruvian Andes, Eastern
Cordillera
Debris slide-falls
Houses destroyed
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"informal settlement"
Normal river level
Flood level
Buriganga River, central Bangladesh
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Urbanisation spreads onto the floodplain in Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia
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In places like Port au Prince, Haiti, and Luanda, Angola, the status
quo ante has often seemed as bad as any disaster impact.
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The "informal housing" of the poor is usually
relegated to the least safe places
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The 'megacity' problem
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Tehran
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Tehran
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Kathmandu
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Kathmandu
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İstanbul
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İstanbul
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Relatively minor damage to transportation systems can paralyse a megacity
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• can have very complex patterns, but these are capable of being understood
• results from knowledge not utilised
• poses complex problems of rescue
• casualties are heavily concentrated in urban-metropolitan areas
• reveals poverty-vulnerability linkage.
Seismic vulnerability
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Stairwells are often the most vulnerable part of the building during earthquakes, and the first part that people use as they try to escape.
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Humanitarian missions
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Situations that are complex • logistically • culturally • ethically • morally
...requiring huge levels of
sustained commitment...
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• typically in internationally declared disasters up to 70 nations participate in the relief effort
• in the Haiti earthquake of 2010 more than 120 countries contributed
• very large fluxes of relief goods managed with inadequate port facilities
• disputes arose over distribution priorities
• ad hoc strategy does not take adequate account of all factors.
The problem of international co-ordination
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The dilemmas of humanitarian assistance in the modern world:-
• faced with situations of injustice and political polarisation it may be impossible to maintain neutrality
• humanitarian assistance can cause unexpected and undesired effects
• the strong reaction to major disasters masks a lack of prevention and preparedness
• badly planned assistance can do more harm than good.
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• 12 nations affected = 12 different disasters - complex situation
• temporary export of European health and civil protection systems to Asian countries
• huge imbalance of donations
• the Swedish case (SEMA)
• difficulties with mass mortality: body handling arrangements, arrangements for the bereaved.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec. 2004
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• International assistance should complement, not substitute, local resources
Humanitarian assistance should help a country reach general development goals, not only help disaster victims to survive.
Two principles
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• it is slow to mobilise
• it is constrained by national sovreignty
• it includes highly varied motivations and levels of professionality
• it is a reactive system that does little or nothing to reduce disaster risk.
The international disaster relief system is expensive and inefficient
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• 43 FFHs studied in three disasters
• average cost: $2000/bed/day
• occupancy <50%
• "No FFH arrived early enough to provide emergency medical trauma care".
Foreign field hospitals: Von Schreeb et al. [2008 - PDM 23(2): 144 et seq.]
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Non era una situazione insolita.... In the Bam, Iran, earthquake of 2003, 1,600 rescuers from 43 nations saved only 30 people
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In the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti only 133 people were rescued, and only nine of them after day five
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• lacking in the necessary equipment
• inefficient and often ineffective
• dangerous for the responders
• dangerous for the rescued person
• no substitute for professional rescue.
Operations such as this are...
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• areas at risk need local fully trained and equipped SAR groups
• technology and expertise need to be transferred preventatively to where they are needed
• twinning, exchange between SAR groups
• better building standards, more understanding of SAR requirements.
To avoid scenes like this...
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More than 1000 humanitatian agencies work in Dhaka, capital of Bangladesh
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The essential role of governance: decision making by
democratic participation
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• logistical support adequate in the field?
• can disaster-related problems be distinguished from endemic ones?
• can local leaders and stakeholder groups be identified and dialogue started?
• what sort of assistance is really needed?
• is inter-agency co-ordination adequate?.
Some practical considerations
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The controversy over transitional shelter: post-disaster shelter solutions have seldom considered urban area problems:- • lack of space for building • need for high-density solutions • intensive provision of services.
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Analyse the context
Assess needs
Build scenarios
Set priorities Plan the
response
Issue a consolidated
or flash appeal
Monitor and revise
Report on actions
UN-OCHA Humanitarian Actions
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UN-OCHA Clusters:- • Emergency telecommunications • Water and sanitation (WASH) • Emergency shelter • Infrastructure • Early recovery • Agriculture • Education • Health • Food
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• radical changes are needed to adapt the world relief system to new realities
• currently the system is inefficient and still too heavily based on reaction rather than prevention
• integration is a matter of voluntary collaboration among a heterogeneous group of agencies, according to a somewhat arbitrary set of rules.
In synthesis...
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• emerging risks, pandemics
• climate change & sea-level rise
• millennial events
• poverty/vulnerability complex
• wealth gap.
The imperatives:-
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