Native and Invasive Plants. Invasive plant Ability to spread aggressively outside its natural range...
Transcript of Native and Invasive Plants. Invasive plant Ability to spread aggressively outside its natural range...
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Native and Invasive Native and Invasive PlantsPlants
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Invasive plant Invasive plant • Ability to spread aggressively
outside its natural range• Especially in new habitat
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Invasive plant Invasive plant • Lack insects, diseases and
foraging animals
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Where are they a Where are they a problem?problem?Disrupted habitats•Thrive on disturbed sites like construction areas and road cuts
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Why are they a problem?Why are they a problem?• Threaten native plants and
animals• Insects, micro-organisms, birds,
etc…• Alter habitats and reduce
biodiversity
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Native PlantsNative Plants
Plants growing here for a long time>500 years
◦Christopher Columbus (1492)
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Native Plant DatabasesNative Plant Databaseshttp://www.se-eppc.org/southcar
olina/http://www.scnps.org/http://www.namethatplant.net/http://www.wildflower.org/collecti
ons/collection.php?start=0&collection=SC&pagecount=10&pagecount=100
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BiodiversityBiodiversityThe diversity of animals is linked
to the diversity of plants◦Greater number of plant species
means less competition and increased niches
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BiodiversityBiodiversity2.5 acres of Amazonian rainforest
supports 473 species of treesOnly 134 species of trees in
Pennsylvania
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
Trophic level is the position an organism occupies in food chain.First trophic level: PlantsPlants capture sun’s energy and
turn it into food for the rest of us
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
Second trophic level: HerbivoresTransfer energy from plants to predators and parasites in higher trophic levels
◦Mainly insects
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BiodiversityBiodiversityWorldwide, 37% of animal
species are herbivorous insectsPound for pound, insects contain
more protein than beef96% of birds rely on insects and
spiders to feed young
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone species essential role in maintaining diversity◦Robert T. Paine research
Tidal pool on Pacific Coast◦Simple ecosystem
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species
Simple Ecosystem◦Rivet example
Some rivets on airplane more important than others◦Seat versus engine
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species
Simple EcosystemRemoving some species had little effect on populations of remaining speciesBut removal of a predatory starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) caused a collapse of half the remaining species’ population
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesComplex SystemNo central players
◦Jenga exampleHow vital a block’s role to the tower’s stability is based on the presence of other blocks
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species
Complex SystemEvery time block is removed, role and importance of other blocks changesAlmost any species can be a keystone species depending on circumstances
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Trophic CascadesTrophic CascadesThe impact on other species when removing a keystone species
◦Predator exampleYellowstone wolf population reducedMoose spend less time looking around
◦More time grazingOvergrazing led to erosion, impacting streams, fish, plants, etc.http://www.twp.org/
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Trophic CascadesTrophic Cascades
Yellowstone Wolveshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Qhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GeF25GJleA8
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Aliens colonize areas faster than
nativesAlien plants minimally interact
◦Pass along very little energy Plants 1st trophic level Herbivores (Insects) 2nd trophic level
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)“Pest-free” ornamentals are
primarily selected for landscapeIt takes time for insects to adapt
to specific chemical composition of leaves
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Paperbark tea
tree introduced to Everglades in 1900
Presently, 8 species of arthropods feed on leaves, opposed to 409 back in Australia
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)90% of herbivorous insects are
specialists that have evolved with a specific plant
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Insects develop ability to
overcome physical and chemical defenses of host, but limited to feed on that host only◦Mainly due to leaf chemistry
Insects develop enzymes that detoxify chemistry
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Tannins in oak leaves would bind
protein if we eat them, starving us
Lima beans contain cyanide unless boiled
Cucumber leaves are lethal
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Seeds from a plant commonly called wild potato, known to botanists as Hedysarum alpinum. According to my hypothesis, a toxic alkaloid in the seeds weakened McCandless
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Seeds from a plant commonly called wild potato, known to botanists as Hedysarum alpinum [caused slow-developing severe weakness that brought about starvation].
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)10% of insect
herbivores are generalists that eat several types of plants
Ability to produce very powerful gut enzymes called mixed-function oxidases
Feed on many alien plants, but not enough
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)
Compare diversity and biomass of insects on 4 woody natives versus 5 aliensNative plants produce 4x more biomassSupported 3.2x more species
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)
Compare diversity and biomass of insects on 4 woody natives versus 5 aliensIn terms of caterpillars (most important to birds), 35x more than alien plantsNatives produced 2x as many generalists
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)A plant can become
native regardless of origins
Norway maple introduced from Europe in 1756Still has few insect
feedersCompare to 80 millions
years of coevolution, 250 years isn’t much
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Native applies to local regionsHuman influence is too rapid for
adaption
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)Birds eat fruit after reproductionMost species depend on insect
protein for egg laying and feeding young and nesting
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Non-Native (Alien)Non-Native (Alien)
Non-invasive qualities of alien does not make it nativeClematis vitalba introduced 100 years agoSupports 40 herbivores in homeland but only 1 after 100 years since introduction here
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http://www.wildflower.org/collections/
http://www.wildflower.org/collections/collection.php?start=0&collection=SC&pagecount=10&pagecount=100
http://www.se-eppc.org/http://www.dnr.sc.gov/
invasiveweeds/illegal1.htmlhttp://www.scnps.org/
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http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/by-building-fairy-circles-termites-engineer-their-own-ecosystem/
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Fragmentation Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
Island ecosystem stabilityhttp://www.stri.si.edu/english/
research/facilities/affiliated_stations/bdffp/